4.4%. Concentration of a gas mixture. A mixture of noble gases [helium (1), argon (2), krypton (3), and xenon (4)] is at a total pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 400 K. If the mixture has equal mole fractions of each of the gases, determine: a) The composition of the mixture in terms of mass fractions. Solution: Basis: 100 kmole of the mixture ORIGIN: Jemole = 1000-mole 4 25 4 | kg motes =|” |anote MW:= _ —— 25 238 | tmole mass > (moles MW) 25 1313. 100 iio 4 ae 3 [ke total= mass, total = 6.478 x 10° kg 2095 x 10 e 3.283 x 10° = mass ots mass_fraction = total 0.134 smass_fraction = 0323 0.507 b) The average molecular weight of the mixture. Solution Jmole = 1000 mote total Mee” 76 sanale kg Myy = 0065 nol c) The total molar concentration. ‘Solution T=400K ‘kPa = 1000-Pe P:= 20042 Bon cri Hl R= 83144Pam male” 1K RT 3 4) The mass density Solution ‘ p=oMy, p= 3396-84.23, Concentration of a liquid solution fed to a distillation column. A solution of carbon tetrachloride (1) and carbon disulfide (2) containing 50% by weight each is to be continuously distilled at the rate of 4,000 kg/h Determine: a) The concentration of the mixture in terms of mole fractions. Solution Basis: 100 kg mixture ORIGIN = 1 0 15382 mass=[~ |e MW: = 50, 76.13 } imate 2 total= 7 mole, sno fraction = HOleE int total 0331 smole_fraction = 0.669 b) The average molecular weight of the mixture. Solution 100. My «0100 #8 M, ay total mol ) Calculate the feed rate in kmol/h Solution mg = 4000-kg br mol mp a np = 10.9094.39, Concentration of liquified natural gas. ‘A sample of lquified natural gas, LNG, from Alaska has the following molar composition: 93.5% CHy, 4.6% C2Hs, 1.2% C3Hg, and 0.7% Cp, Calculate: a) Average molecular weight of the LNG mixture. Solution famote = 1000-mole 0935 16083 004 0.070 ye Me He oo12 44093 | iomote 0.007 anno Reve May = 0017 $8 ») Weight fraction of CH in the mixture. Solution Basis: 100 kmoles of LNG ap = 10D4mole 15x10 arery 138322 4 52912 =>, i x 30807 ist imp = 1.722 10° kg mass, ti oy =0871 ORIGIN = 1 a= 1000Pe kg cc) The LNG is heated to 300 K and 140 kPa, and vaporizes completely. Estimate the density of the gas mixture under these conditions, Solution TeM0K Palouse Rx 8314 I PMay Be p 0967 = RT s4.4°, Concentration of a flue gas. ‘A flue gas consists of carbon dioxide, oxygen. water vapor, and nitrogen. The molar fractions of CO and O2 in a sample of the gas are 12% and 6%, respectively. The weight fraction of HzO in the gas is 6.17%, Estimate the density of this gas at 500 K and 110 kPa Solution Basis: 100 kmole of gas mixture Let x = molar fraction of water in the mixture (as a percent) fmote = 1000-mote Wa = 1000-Pe neat ie Initial estimate a3 massggg = 12-44 massggg = 528 masigg = 632 mesigg = 192 massyyo(® = 118 messy (0) = @2- 9-28 massy70(@) = 234 assy) = 1932 x 10° assyn0 wee BO Tea saunoG) + mane Kd + meB=G) + mEFICOD) From the given water weight fraction (0.0617) Given water ff) = 00617 x= Find) x= 9996 012 “é 8 ue]? | 8 pao “| ie | inate Myy=¥M 072 Fe T=00K = P= 1104Pa May Pr RT p= 0772,4.5°, Material balances around an ammonia gas absorber. A gas stream flows at the rate of 10.0 m/s at 300 K and 102 kPa, It consists of an equimolar mixture of ammonia and air. The gas enters through the bottom of a packed bed gas absorber ‘where it flows countercourrent to a stream of pure liquid water that absorbs 90% ofall ofthe ammonia, and virtually no air. The absorber vessel is cylindrical with an intemal diameter of 2.5 m. 2) Neglecting the evaporation of water, calculate the ammonia mol fraction in the gas leaving the absorber. Basis: 1 second $ V=10 s oe T=300-K P= 102-kPa ayn y= e200 waxes A= ammonia B = air ae Reoni4 Je Aging = OF-n7 Pain” 20444 moleK ORIGIN ol Apout™= 1 Main Sagat = WAaT mol pig = OS ny pin = 204.474 = Aout "Bout ~ "Bin Yaout™ 0091 Yaou™ oe (Pacut + Bout) b) Calculate the outlet gas mass velocity (defined as mass flow rate per unit empty tube cross-sectional area). ‘Solution: iy Mga 38 pRaia imo immote (40uMa + SBoutMp) Su = Fy kg aD’ Gy = 1279-8. cs ns 1.6°. Velocities and fluxes in a gas mixture. ‘Agas mixture at a total pressure of 150 kPa and 285 K contains 20% He, 40% Oz, and 40% H2O by volume. The absolute velocities of each species are -10 m/s, -2 mis, and 12 mis, respectiely, allIn the direction of the z-axis. a) Determine the mass average velocity, v, and the molar average velocity, V, for the mixture. Solution . =10 y=] 4 en)“ 4 2 Molar average velocity, V Veyy vale 3 Mass average velocity, vin Basis: 1 kmole of gas mixture 2 kg 4 m=} 32). x ianole — ee | 18 mess = (9M) mase=| 0013 |S mol E 002 — amp = J) mass, yy = om es i 0353, Yu ov Yq 27842 ° b) Evaluate the four fluxes: joa, no, Joa. Noa Solution: P= 150-kPs iol op = 61.159 — T a —2 1am e= (ery) =| 24asa |B 3 aaasa) m mol Nog = -tzaaie ms Joa'= er (%-¥) Jon = 146.701 St msMy = 9M Myy = 002-88 m ‘mol Pr= eT May pr- tae © ‘onad kg = (o-p7) p =| 0783 |S oa } mi fog = PLY jon P1(%,- %a)4.7®, Properties of air saturated with water vapor. Air, stored in a 30-m3 container at 340 K and 101.3 kPa is saturatedwith water vapor, Determine the following properties of the gas mixture: a) Mole fraction of water vapor. b) Average molecular weight of the mixture. ¢) Total mass contained in the tank. d) Mass of water vapor in the tank Solution 2) Antoine equation for water vapor aA el fone 2089 _ Ga= 73 + 2635, 4 Py = 2733 x 10°Pa Pease For a saturated mixture =P PA Parte Ya™ = Yac Oo >) ke ley, + (1- Myy ~ 0026 Moy = [1844 mick av ia = 1000Pa ° Teaaik fsnole = 1000-mote joule PMyy R=83i4 # noleK RT ORIGIN = 1 v= 0m muse p-9 mass = 27.985kg, a) Mg =18 a = PaMa kg si = 017458 Pata Parola’ maseg = PAV matey = 5224kg 41.8°, Water balance around an industrial cooling tower. The cooling water flow rate to the condensers of a big coal-fred power plant is 8,970 ka/s. The water enters the condensers at 29 °C and leaves at 45 °C. From the condensers, the water flows to a cooling tower where it is cooled down back to 29 °C by countercourrent contact with air (see Figure 1.11). The air enters the cooling tower at the rate of 6,500 ka/s of dry air, at a dry-bulb temperature of 30 °C and a humidity of 0.016 kg of water/kg of dry air. It leaves the cooling tower saturated with water vapor at 38 °C. 2) Calculate the water losses by evaporation in the cooling tower. Solution Consider the air leaving the tower saturated at 38 °C. Antoine equation for water vapor: Pa = 14Pa on{ 20 - me | (B+ 26353 Py = 6603 x 10°Pa Pow 10134Pe gm Mp = 29-2 Bee mole >, M A Ma x, as Yiyg = 0048 mor @-Fa) Ma ne kg iyi = 0016 ing = 6500 E = water lost by evaporation in the air Es mp (Vimo ~ Yr) Eats b) To account for water losses in the cooling tower, part of the effluent from a nearby municipal wastewater treatment plant will be used as makeup water. This makeup water contains 500 mg/L. of dissolved solids. To avoid fouling of the condenser heat-transfer surfaces, the circulating water is to contain no more than 2,000 mg/L of dissolved solids. Therefore, a small amount of the circulating water must be deliberately discarded (blowdown). Windage losses from the tower are estimated at 0.2% of the recirculation rate. Estimate the makeup-water requirement. Solution W = windage losses Xm = 500 ppm xe = 2000 ppm M = makeup water rate B = blowdown rate w= 0002-8970. 48. w= 179488 ° = 10048. Waterbalance = Ma B+ W+E Solids balance: 500: = 2000-(8 + W) 1M (") ~FindM.E) yea pe aie * 5 51.9°. Water balance around a soap dryer. Itis desired to dry 10 kg/min of soap continuously from 17% moisture by weight to 4% moisture in a countercourrent stream of hot air. The air enters the dryer at the rate of 30.0 m/min at 30 K, 101.3 kPa, and initial water-vapor partial pressure of 1.6 kPa. The dryer operates at constant temperature and pressure. a) Calculate the moisture content of the entering air, in kg of water/kg of dry air. Solution Pa = 16KPS P= 10134P Mg, = 18: e ‘mole mole yaa th MA 3 P-e4) Mp Yip = 9.961 x 10 kPa = 1000-Pe ') Calculate the flow rate of dry air, in kg/min, 7 Solution Resaia itl 3 q-0 Fema ORIGIN = 1 rnin (P- Pa) Mp RT mp = 0.497 © ) Calculate the water-vapor partial pressure and relative humidity in the air leaving the dryer. Solution Mass_dey_sosp = 10-(1 - 017)“ 1 dey soup = 0.138 5 : ‘Mass_water_evaporated = Mass_dey_soep ( Mass_water_eveporated = 0023 58 ® Wter_entesing sir = 4900 x 107 3 *E ‘Water_entesing_air-= Yjqv-mp ‘Woter_leaving_sir:= Water_entering_air + Mass_water_evaporated ‘Weter_leaving_oir = 0.028 “8 y= Water Jeaving. ir ‘out mB You 2 0.055‘Water_moler_fraction_out = 0.082 Weter_molar_fraction_out = (2 wae PA_out = Weter_molar_faction_outP x] PA_out ™ 8299 x 10° Pe Calculate water vapor pressure at 350 K 379939 Antoine equation for water vapor: Py DePecenp] 16262 - 7289 _ A a G0 = 273 + 226.35) 4 Pa = 4191 x10"Pe PA_out par = FALout RH =0.198 Pa1.10°, Activated carbon adsorption; material balances. A waste gas contains 0.3% toluene in air, and occupies a volume of 2,500 m? at 298 K and 101.3 kPa. In an effort to reduce the toluene content of this gas. it is exposed to 100 kg of activated carbon, initially free of toluene. The system is allowed to reach equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure, Assuming that the air does not adsorb on the carbon, calculate the equilibrium concentration of toluene in the gaseous phase, and the amount of toluene adsorbed by the carbon. The adsorption equilibrium for this system is given by the Freundlich isothem(EAB Control Cost Manual, 3rd. ed., U. S. E. P. A., Research Triangle Park, NC, 1987.): . w= 0208p! where Wis the carbon equilibrium adsorptivty, in kg of toluene/kg of carbon, and p” is the equilibrium toluene partial pressure, in Pa, and must be between 0.7 and 345 Pa kPa= 1000 Pe anole = 1000-mole Ree 314 tue mole K ORIGIN = 1 Solution Vn 2500-n? T= 298K P= 10134Pa S400 PY Yai mAs aj = 306651 mol My =92 ‘Ai RT ae Ae pole Pv(1-ya) G 3° — fag = 1019 x 10° mot B aT B M = mass of carbon M= 100g moles of toluene adsorbed = 100-male Initial estimates Pa 100Pex= 295.26 mol pan 1321Pe Yam aq tlisx 1074 Fraction_toluene_adsorbed = Fraction_toluene_adsorbed = 0.963 4.11. Activated carbon adsorption; material balances. Itis desired to adsorb 29.5% of the toluene originally present in the waste gas of Problem 1.10. Estimate how much activated carbon should be used if the system is allowed to reach equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure. ‘Solution 0005.04. PA” (otra, +m) Pa 1524Pa x= 0995.04; x= 305118mol Max M A Ot (x M~= 1288kg 0208| — 1Pa,Dag(TP.Ma.Mp.on.cp.taxep1) = 4.12% 4. Estimation of gas diffusivity by the Wilke-Lee equation. EM. Larson (MS thesis, Oregon State University, 1964) measured the diffusivity of chloroform in air at 288 K and 1 atm and reported its value as 0.083 cm*/s. Estimate the diffusion coeficient by the Wike-Lee equation and compare it with the experimental value. Solution From ea 3402 og = 5389 ‘Appendix 5 ep = 97 op = 362 My = 1194 Mp=29 = 298 013 ean(ea-eR) Fapi(?AtetBy) = fPAKPBE {trata caBHPAk By) a= 106036 b= 0.15610 © = 019300 d= 0.47635 el = 103587 Sire aOR g= 176874 b= 389411 1 iia Map(Ma.Mp) = 2(— + 'ap(Ma Mp) (a is] +T.eAi Bi) ww [: o- 2% Dap{T.P.Ma Mp.c,.cp.eayepy) = 914% 107° 41.43% 4, Esti of gas diffusivi by the Wilke-Lee equation (ap(Ma Mg) 2 Poap(ta.op) (7 24i"p1) (Mala Mp) g a — a a Bat ate) AT eaetmy) © BAT AaLem)a) Estimate the diffusivity of naphthalene (CioHg) in air at 303 K and 1 bar. Compare it with the experimental value of 0.087 em?/s reported in Appendix A. The normal boiling point of naphthalene is 491.1 K, and its critical volume is 413 em®/mol Solution ep" 97 op 362 Mg = 1282 Mg =2 a Vea = 413 3 cA ca it (o2tsv,4!2®) ogettit Tyg OL BA aren Ag Tha, e ay 564765 T= 3B i Dye = Dap{T.P.Ma-Mp.oa.op.2a%pt) Dyyy = 6953 107 Experimental value en? Pater sere et.= Pas Tans Error = -0.201 bb) Estimate the diffusivity of pyridine (CsHgN) in hydrogen at 318 K and 1 atm. Compare it with the experimental value of 0.437 cm/s reported in Appendix A. The normal boiling point of pyridine is 388.4 K, and its critical volume is 254 em*/mol. Solution ep, = 397 op = 23807 My = 791 Mg =2 £ wanes = 11a(o2s-y, soy? che cA 04-5373 Tya = 3804 oA, mgr BT, mynd Ta318 P= 1013 Dye Dap(T.P.Ma.Mp.c,.op-2a%-%By) Dy = 2935x107 9Experimental value Dape = 0437 ws (Owr-Pap Dape ee Error = -0099 ¢) Estimate the diffusivity of aniline (CgHyN) in air at 273 K and 1 atm. Compare it with the experimental value of 0.061 cm/s (Guilliand, E. R., Ind, Eng. Chem., 26:681, 1934). The normal boiling point of aniline is 457.6 K, and its critical volume is 274 em?/mol. Solution eae 7 op= 362 My 921 Mpi 29 a Vea 1048)? oa = oq 112 (025,41) As ca oa = 5518 Toa = 4575 ba way 1ST Al ba, ay" 52624 =m P= 1013 2 Dye Dap(T-P.MaMp.c,.op.2aopy) Dyyy = 7021 x 107 © ° Experimental value Dape = 0.06 (Pw - Daze) Dape He Error = 01511.144. Diffusivity of polar gases Ifone or both components of a binary gas mixture are polar, a modified Lennard-Jones relation is often used, Brokaw (Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Design Develop., 8:240, 1969) has suggested an alternative method for this case. Equation (1-49) is still used, but the collision integral is now given by Wp = dipole moment, debyes [1 debye = 3.162 x 10°25 (Je m3) a) Modify the Mathcad” routine of Figure 1.3 to implement Brokaw/s method. Use the function name DABpIT, P, Ma, Mp, HA. 118. VA. VB, Tha, Tog) Solution 1940-4” 2 s 19. FalHa¥a Toa) Weta ép(hp-Yp-Tep) = ts YeTee Sqp[Ha.Va:Tea she YE. Top) = (Fa[Ha-VA-Tha) S5(HB-VE Toe) i 3 1585-¥ y oalta¥a-Te4) =| ———— 14138,(H4.VA-Toa) 1585-¥g op(us.Ya.Tep] 14 13%p{up.¥p,Tep Canlta-Ya-Tha-Hp-YB Tee) = (Calta Ya-Toa) oBlHB YB Top) canta Va-Tpa) = 118: (: +13 Balboa Yates) Tha2 epy(p-¥B-Top) = 118 (: +13%p(hp.Vp.Typ) "te eapi(Ha-Ya-Toa-HB-Yp-Tbp) = JeAKHA-VA-Tba) "BKB YB-TbB) T {Ta ¥asTpastp-¥p. Typ) = —-—____ { ) Papi(HaYATeaHe YB: Tp) a 106036 b= 013610 c= 019300 d= 0.47635 el = 1.03587 fil 50% 20411 O0(T.Wa.VA-Tha-He-VB Top) = AT HaVa-Toa Hp ¥B Top) + STATA Teas oT) et EATER Ton HB YB Top) g + = AT 4,¥q-Toa HB YB-Tep) O(F-Ha.Va-Tea-He-Yp-Tep) = 00(T Hy. Va Tha He-YB-Tep) AT. Ha-¥a-Toa-He-¥B-Top) Dapi(t..Mg Mg) D, T,P,M, .Mp,pa.Va.Tpa-bp Vp. Ty Se apa{T-P.Ma.Mp,a.VA.Tha-Hp-VB-Tep) Olt naYa-Toa-bo-Yp-To)DapolT-P-My Mp-Ha-Va-Tha-te-Ye-Tp) Dapp(T Poa Ma Ha Va-ToashprVyTyp) * eA AT ATSB cap(Ha-YA-ToaHe-YB Ths) b) Estimate the diffusion coefficient for a mixture of methyl chloride and suifur dioxide at 1 bar and 323 K, and compare it to the experimental value of 0.078 cm*/s. The data required to use Brokaw's relation are shown below (Reid, et al., 1987): Parameter Methyl chloride Sulfur dioxide Tp K 249.1 263.2 Vp. em*/mol 50.6 43.8 up, debyes 1.9 1.6 M 50.5 64.06 Solution Pel T=33 My = 505 Mp = 6406 bas 19 bp '= 16 Va = 506 Vp B88 Tyg = 201 Typ = 2632 Dwip™ Dapp(T.P.Ma.Mp,ta.Va.Tpa-bp-¥p.Tep) Dyip= one4Hzen? om’ Dy ~Dape Bane 00re-S2 aor = PWLp~ PaBe baie 786% sec Dape 1.159, Diffusivity of polar gases Evaluate the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen chloride in water at 373 K and 1 bar. The data required to use Brokaws relation (see Problem 1.14) are shown below (Reid, et al., 1987): Parameter Hydrogen chloride Water Tp. K 188.1 373.2 Vb , em3/mol 30.6 18.9 lip, debyes 1.11.8 M365 18Solution Pel T=373 Mg = 365 Mp = 18 basdd tip 18 Va = 06 Vp 189 Tea = 1881 Typ = 3732 Dye =Dapp(?-P Ma Mp.ity.\a.Tba-He.Vp.Top) Dyytp = 0266 Hen" 4.164. Diffusivity of polar gases Evaluate the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen sulfide in sulfur dioxide at 298 K and 1.5 bar. The data required to use Brokaw relation (seeProblem 1.14) are shown below (Reid, et al., 1987) Parameter Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide Tb, K 189.6 263.2 Vb , cm3/mol 35.03 43.8 up, debyes 0.9 1.6 M 34.08 64.06 Solution Pls T= 28 Mg = 3408 Mp = 6406 Ha = 09 bp 16 Vp = 35.03 p= 38 Typ 1896 Typ 2632 Dwip=Dapp(T-P.Ma.Mp-ta.Va-Tpa.#p-Vp-Tpp) Dyytp = 0065Hzem”1.1794, Effective diffusivity in a multicomponent stagnai nt gas mixture. Calculate the effective diffusivity of nitrogen through a stagnant gas mixture at 373 K and 1.5 bar. The mixture composition is: 2 15 mole % CO 30% C02 35% Np 20% Sol: ion Calculate mole fractions on a nitrogen (1)}free basis: oxygen (2); carbon monoxide (3); carbon dioxide (4) 015 035 lls = 0187 at 2 oa ” Y4" ag 0x0 a =0375 3" oa ¥ vgn 0437 Calculate binary MS diftsivities from Wike-Lee equation T=33 Mg=2% = oy 3798 equ tla Mg=32 op = 3467 py = 1067 oy +op Sap(2a.%8) = —> tapyltatetBy) ™ (FAR EBL T 4Tean*ay) "> PapKEAK BK) a= 106036 b= 015610 c= 019300 40.7635 et = 103587 al es 176874 hin 389411 Marfa Me) ~2( 5 (aura) » —2— T.easepy ‘1 P Bisel Aaa) * Taal)3 S| en? wd (203- 098 |e [Masta Mp) sec Dap{TPD2= Dap(T.P.Ma.Mp.c,.op.2ai-*Ey) 2 5 Poag(t4.on) ‘O(T 2airtpi) Mapa Mp) emt Dyz = 0218S Mg=2 op = 368 ep, 917 Dis Dasa. lp oa, eae) Dyg= 0215 Mp=4% op = 3941 ep 1952 Dig DaplTP Ma. Mp.ca.op Paks) Dyg= ote ® -1 3M i= | 5-45 tp 3 Dy Dig Dig Dyes 1.18%, Mercury removal from flue gases by sorbent injection. Mercury is considered for possible regulation in the electric power industry under Title Il of the 1880 Clean Air Act Amendments. One promising approach for removing mercury from fossil-fred flue gas invohes the direct injection of activated carbon into the gas. Meserole, et al. (J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 49:694-704, 1999) describe a theoretical model for estimating mercury removal by ‘the sorbent injection process. An important parameter of the model is the effective diffusivity of mercuric chloride vapor traces in the flue gas. ifthe flue gas is at 1.013 bar and 408 K, and its composition (on a mercuric chloride-free basis) is 6% Oz, 12% CO2, 7% H20, and 75% No, estimate the effective diffusivity of mercuric chloride in the flue gas. Assume that only the HoClz is adsorbed by the activated carbon, Meserole et al. reported an effective diffusivity value of 0.22 ems. Solution HgClp (1) Op (2) COp (3) HpO (4) No (5) yg = 006 yg 012 yq= 007 5-075 P= 1013 T= 408 Mg = 27152 oan 45s cay 750Mg = 22 op 3467 ey 1067 Dy Dap(T.P.Ma Mp.c, .op-2at-py) cnt Dy soi 3 Mg = 44 op = 3941 ep, = 1952 Dy3 = Dap(T.P.MaMp.ca.op.tan-pt) Dyg = 0.108 Mp =18 op 2641 ep = 209.1 Dye Daal Pa Ma.en.op.Panra) ope 3 en 714 Dis Dap(T-P.MaMp.oa.op-eai- By) Dys = 0168 2 1 b m3 4 ie | 5-45 fo ta. e (Din Dig Dig Das Dig noe4.199, Wilke-Chang method for liquid diffusivity. Estimate the liquid difusivty of carbon tetrachloride in dilute solution into ethanol at 298 K. ‘Compare to the experimental value reported by Reid, et al. (1987) as 1.5 x 10° em4/s. The eritical volume of carbon tetrachloride is 275.9 cm*/mol. The viscosity of liquid ethanol at 298 K is 1.08 cP. Solution 1.048 Mg = 4607 Vg = 0285-2759! Vg = 10298 bg = 108 T= 298 ty 15 7410 "Thy Ma) > on? 3 a 5 en Dove 6 geo Dyye = 1.052 x 10 bea & et? D ~Dape Dape= 1510 Enror= = ABE Bron = -29849% see Tanz 4.20°, Diffusion in electrolyte solutions. When a salt dissociates in solution, ions rather than molecules diffuse. In the absence of an electric potential, the diffusion of a single salt may be treated as molecular diffusion. For dilute solutions of a single salt, the diffusion coefficient is given by the Nemst-Haskell equation (Hamed, H.S., and B. B. Owen, “The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions," ACS Monogr. 95, 1950) a) Estimate the diffusion coefficient at 298 K for a very dilute solution of HC! in water. Solution T= 28 F = 96500 pus * 1 Sinus} Aetug = 308 plus Dinise * 763 R834 7h -1 a? RT oo + Sinus ) ae Der Fare i = Iotus + Animas 3 em? Dp = 3333 x 10" b) Estimate the difusion coefficient at 273 K for a very dilute solution of CuSOz in water. The viscosity of liquid water at 273 K is 1.79 eP. T=73 F = 96500,bey 179 lige | ps” Sa aay in a aay R=3314 tag * 24658 Aeiniag = 3653 2 Dgy = 3588 10° 4.219. Oxygen diffusion in water: Hayduk and Minhas correlation. Estimate the diftusion coefficient of oxygen in liquid water at 208 K. Use the Hayduk and Minhas correlation for solutes in aqueous solutions. At this temperature, the viscosity of water is 0.8 ¢P, The eritical volume of oxygen is 73.4 em®/mol. The experimental value of this diflusivty was reported as 2.1 105 cm/s (Cussler E. L., Diffusion, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1897). Solution 1.048 gg sein Va = 2571 Ta 28 gn 08 £3 ti e=-0747 Ya 2 -8 -019 152 6 cm Digg = 1281 (04° oa) Sem? Dag = 193 10? 2 Dum - D, Dyer te ics TPA ny1.224. Liquid diffusivity: Hayduk and Minhas correlation. Estimate the diffusivity of carbon tetrachloride in a dilute solution in n-hexane at 298 K using the Hayduk and Minhas correlation for nonaqueous solutions. Compare the estimate to the reported value of 3.7 x 10°5 cm/s, The following data are available (Rei, et al., 1987) Solution asad Typ = 319 Tey = 5564 Typ = 5075 Poy, = 456 Pj = 301 nee Negra bg = 03 V4, = 0285.49 Vq = 10298 T= 298 1048 Vpn 0.285-¥ ep) Vg = anne Toa 1 Tora(Toa-Tea) = eB tlToa-Tea) =a Tle. Toe) =F ealTba: Tea +Poa) = 09076: al Tap(Tp-Tep} (72) Typ.Tep Pep) = 09076.) 1+ @. The reaction at the surface may be assumed to be instantaneous, therefore, next to the carbon surface, there is virtually no ‘oxygen. The temperature of the gas film is 600 K, and the pressure is 1 bar. Estimate the rate ‘of combustion of the carbon, in kg/m?-min. Solution T= 600 60 (1), C02 (2), 02 8) Calculate binary MS diffusivities from Wilke-Lee Mg =2 Mg = 32 og = 369 type SLT op = 3.467 cpp = 1067 onslente)= "82 samn(taxten) * fax BR T Teeaptpp) = ATsaesaa) eapiltak-tBR) a= 106036 b= 0.15610 c= 0.19300 d= 0.47635 el = 1.03587 file = 176ar4 hin 399411 a1 Mgp(Ma.Mp) = 24 —— ralMy=2 Mp = 44 oy = 368 egy 917 My=4 Mp = 32 on = 3941 a 2 8 eqy = 1952 on = 3.467 ty = 106.7 KPa = 1000-P Dag = DapT.P.Ma.Mp.on.op-FAk-BR) P= 100P2 = 1mm Appendix C-2: Solution of the Maxwell-Stefan equations for a multicomponent mixture of ideal gases by orthogonal collocation (NC = 3). Orthogonal collocation matrices 990 13514 -5352 2827-100 ‘0.000 2472 -0016 3500-1524 0517 0173 A=| 0747 2672 000 2672-0747 n= |0300 0517 1529 -3500 0016 2472 osa7 100 -2827 5352 -13.514 9990 1.000, ‘The pressure and temperature in the vapour phase are ORIGIN = 1 P= 100.107 Pa T= 60K The Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefiicicients are 2 DI2= 5725 D3= 7381 DB = 5755 e 566 seThe length of the diffusion path is 8 = 0001.m ‘The density of the gas phase follows from the ideal gas law 3 R= o3ig te mole-K 1 ky = 1148 mole 1 yg 148 — rece 1 hog = 114—mole Initial estimates of the fluxes k Nt % Initial estimates of the concentrations N2}=) ki " y N37 [{1512) | yy |= loa v3) 02 yly=05 yly=05 yig= 05 yls=05 yq.= 05 yy = 05 ylg= 05 ys =05 Given ylpN2-y2_N1 Ag VL + Ay gloat hy g¥lg + My g Vlg § +A, sl 4 2595 ylyN3-(1-ylg-y2))-N op ee AE EE hy yy M1 ylyN2 1 98+ Ba 989+ By V85+ By 924) « $F FA 5:95 y2gN3-(1-ytp—y2q}-N2 kya +ylyN2~ y23.N1 (Bor 9ti+ Agata hy gts gry) = tha 575 ylyN3~-(1=ylq= 923). yig Nl ~ yl N2 1781 +a hy 929+ By 4924) ~ § pag saes y23.N3~(1~ylq~y23)-N2 py ea kg ylgN2-y2g NL (Ag 7t t8g 2 at Ag gia Rg g Ya) = i 12 TAG Sas yigN3-(1-y1g—924).41 + ky yay NI ~ yg N2 (4g.1 9214 8g 2922 4Ag 9923 + Ag 924) ————— sengpoe v4 ( a ¥l4~ vq} N2 SS ly N2 ~ y25.N1 (Asp + As ovat As gla ts gvlg) = a HAS S718 ylg.N3~(1—yls~y2s)NL ky yas NI -ylsN2 rVA ts V+ As a ¥23+As 4 ¥24) ky +A 5 525 _PSNB(t ovis -785)N2 kya N= NI 3-15.41) Stoichiometric relations w5+ ¥5 (No oxygen)MI N2 NB vl ee 14] o 44 |= Find( N1,N2,N3, yp, 713,91 qn¥15.¥29.523,92q.925) 7 yy1 «0160-1 mole x nts ' Poy3 2027+ mot w, = v2. B= (1-yl-y2) z= (18) ‘yay yam | 923, vq 25, 02 0165 =| 0099 0.034 N2=-0169 + mole ns 04 04 oats oat yi=|04es y2=| 0456 ora 0.3 os 0512 ° 13x04 z=] sx104 |m 827 x10" 1x10"06 048 Rate_combustion = 12-2. mmole = 0243 a 024 oH 012 11.26, Steady-state, one-dimensional, liquid-phase flux calculation. A crystal of Glauber salt (NaaSOq 10H20) dissolves in a large tank of pure water at 288 K. Estimate the rate at which the crystal dissolves by calculating the flux of NagSOq from the erystal Surface to the bulk solution. Assume that molecular diffusion occurs through a liquid fm uniformly 0.085 mm thick surrounding the crystal. At the inner side of the film (adjacent to the crystal Surface) the solution is saturated with NazSOq, while at the outer side ofthe film the solution is. virtually pure water. The solubility of Glauber's salt in water at 288 K is 36 g of crystall 100 g of water and the density of the corresponding saturated solution is 1,240 kg/m3 (Perry and Chilton, 1973). The diffusivity of NagSOq in dilute aqueous solution at 288 K can be estimated as suggested in Problem 1-20. The density of pure liquid water at 288 K is 999.8 kgim®; the viscosity is 1.153 oP. Solution i A= NagSO, 8 = H20 Vas Wy = 0091 eee? AY T+ A Calculate xq, (saturated solution)gasis: 100 g H20 (36 g of dissolved crystal) gm gm 26 Mogyet = 22221 My = 1420522 Moyet = em cays. aati A aa Mp ee Ma mA ex ma = 15871 gm Mad ™ Meryst MA, jyyg ~ 20.129 em amg = 100-gm + yyy mp = 120.29 n, ‘4 PAT a ng = 0.112mole eee np = 6674mole A Mp a, A x Eq) = 00165 AL” Shag ‘AL mag0 (Pure water) mole = 1000-mole Mage ar Ma* (1a) Mp a a ole " kg errs af = M Tey gy = 6187x108 2S a ke = 998 5S eae Po Qe4 mol ae oy = 5544 x 108 2 eat = 586561 tonote 2 3 ni Calculate ditusivty T= 28 F = 96500 Pptus™! Sinus ™ 2 ayy = 1453 x 5017 i oT it gy 8 Fa R=8314 Aptas = 37-467 Ainiag “59828 1 1) ent RT (noing” + Opis = DEL Ce 2 Dg ~ 8286 x 10 6 2 2 = 0085-mm Ny w A DeLS {Pan %a2 - ® Yam *ar wget SL nt Rate_of dissolution = Na Mery, Rate_of dissolution = 12921 = el 1.27% 4. Molecular diffusion through a gas-liquid interface Ammonia, NH3, is being selectively removed from an air-NH mixture by absorption into water. In this steady-state process, ammonia is transferred by molecular diffusion through a stagnant gas layer S mm thick and then through a stagnant water layer 0.1 mm thick. The concentration of ammonia at the outer boundary of the gas layer is 3.42 mol percent and the concentration at the lower boundary of the water layer is esentially zero. The temperature of the system is 288 K and the total pressure is 1 atm. The diffusivity of ammonia in air under these conditions is 0.215 em@/s and in liquid water is 1.77 10° cm/s, Neglecting water evaporation, determine the rate of diffusion of ammonia, in kg/m?-hr. Assume that the gas and liquid are in equilibrium at the interface.Solution 2 Dg= 0215 beim ¥agnt Tapo't Px Latm T= 28K 3 Pom ig en R= 8314, = 1000.48 Myy = 182 role ate 2 el” ole Pavt. 4 Cat eget 7 3.556 x 10 Mot a a= 0.1mm ag := Sun vay = 00342 43" 00 DoF (1-van N, = ‘in| DL tev ala = poe Mau)» Ee of intial estimates: Yaq= 00 ap" 002 Given Nao(¥aa)*Natlisa) — y,5 20121 + 0013ta(¢43) Yar = Findlya2. () ind(y2.%a2) a2 o.o29s8 xan) (ser 1074 Nago(vag) = 2685 « 1074 mole Napleaa) = 2685 x 1074 54> Nag(¥a2) Ma Ea Mg = 17 = Ae mole ng= 0050 Ene! x1.28°. Steady-state molecular diffusion in gases. ‘A mixture of ethanol and water vapor is being rectified in an adiabatic distillation column. The alcohol is vaporized and transferred from the liquid to the vapor phase. Water vapor condenses (enough to suply the latent heat of vaporization needed by the alcohol being evaporated) and is transferred from the vapor to the liquid phase. Both components diffuse through a gas film 0.1 mm. thick. The temperature is 368 K and the pressure is 1 atm. The mole fraction of ethanol is 0.8 on tone side of the flim and 0.2 on the other side of the film. Calculate the rate of diffusion of ethanol and of water, in kg/m*-s. The latent heat of vaporization of the alcohol and water at 368 K can be estimated by the Pitzer acentric factor correlation (Reid, et al., 187) where cis the acentric factor. Solution A= ethanol 8 = water T= 38K Calculate ethanol heat of vaporization Tea = 5139.K og = 0644 cA. A R= e314 Oe T Nas z Tyg = 0716 cA, tiga =[702(6 739) 1095mq(1-T)] on AH a = 3634 x 10) Calculate water heat of vaporization Typ = 643K op = 0344 T Tg= Typ = 0.569 BTS B 0.354 0.456 attyp =[708 (1 ~ Tp) +10950p/(1- Typ) |r big = at ot AH, Ratio = 8 Ratio = -1.159 ABA Ratio Bara Wa = 7293 AY T+ Ratio a Estimate diflusivity from Wilke-Lee Mahe Mgnt T= 38 P= 1013o,= 433 ey = 3626 op = 2641 ep = 2001 o4 +05 easleaee) = 8 eapultanpr) = (PAK BK T Te ~—1_. Ate Areata) FaplPAw Bt) a= 106036 b= 015610 0.19300 4 = 0.7635 1 = 103587 Keg = 176874 hx 380411 “1 1 Mag(M,.Mg) = 2 (a + a) O[T.24y-em) = {ean 4 al E g fATcapem) DAT AAL By) A AT ehotaid ont 10" ‘ 03 a Jr = Fare Ta Mp) Dap(T.P.My.Mp.c,.op.tay,epy) = P. eap(ea.ce)” a(t. Fak BK) [Mas (M,Mp) Dwr = Dap(T.P.Ma.Mp.ca.op.2ax-epy) 2 Dyp= 172x107 = Yay = 08 ¥ag~02gm | spe NpMp oa, NBT 6. = -0057 38 ms “4. Analogy among molecular heat and mass transfer. Ithas been obsened that for the system air-water vapor at near ambient conditions, Le = 1.0 (Treybal, 1980). This obsenation, called the Lewis relation, has profound implications in humidification operations, as will be seen later. Based on the Lewis relation, estimate the diftusivity cf water vapor in air at 300 K and 1 atm. Compare your result with the value predicted by the Wilke- Lee equation. For air at 300 K and 1 atm:Cp = 1.01 ku/kg-K, k = 0.0262 Wim-K, w= 1.848 = 10°5 kgim-s, and p = 1.18 kg/m®. Solution soy Soule patie t p= ist ek meee nt k= 00262 284 aK Pr=0712 vara Se=LePt Se =0712 Dee a p=o219¢s tem? Estimate diffusivity from the Wilke-Lee equation Ngee Nees T=20 P= 1013 o4 = 302 fay 970 op = 264 ep 809.1 Dy Dap(T.P.Ma .Mp.ca,.op.2ax-®py) 2 Dyyp = 0225 D- Dy. ® Pemteaste ( } Difference = -2.255%1.30°:4, Steady-state molecular diffusion in gases. Water evaporating from a pond at 300 K does so by molecular diflusion across an air fim 1.5 mm thick. Ifthe relative humidity of the air at the outer edge of the film is 20%, and the total pressure is 1 bar, estimate the drop in the water level per day, assuming that conditions in the film remain constant. The vapor pressure of water as a function of temperature can be accurately estimated from the Wagner equation (Reid, et al., 1987) Solution Yael z= 15mm nee T= 8K Ty = 673K Py = 206-ba tel 0.46 . Py = 003130 Pw = FRyrUlal Ya" 02a yg 6269% 1079 2 Dyp = 0263 From Appendix A Dape (1-9; AB ha y, | 1 Pf) aa . on 4 eel wy BB Seay! 1 2 ™ . ogres Yan Vq=2813ady7 * AL 1.319, Steady-state molecular diffusion in a ternary gas system. Calculate the fluxes and concentration profiles for the temary system hydrogen (1), nitrogen (2), and carbon dioxide (3) under the following conditions. The temperature is 308 K and the pressure is 1atm. The diffusion path length is 86 mm. At one end of the diftusion path the concentration is 20, mole% Hp, 40% Nz, 40% CO2: at the other end, the concentration is 50% Hp, 20% Nz, 30% CO». The total molar flux is zero, N= 0. The MS diffusion coefficients are Dia = 83.8 mm/s, Dig = 68.0 mm/s, Dz3 = 16.8 mm/s, Solution Appendix C-1: Solution of the Maxwell-Stefan equations for a multicomponent mixture of ideal gases by orthogonal collocation (NC = 3). Orthogonal collocation matrices (9990 13514 -$352 2827-100 000 -24n -0016 350-1524 0517 018 a=|o7a -262 000 2672-0747 n= [0500 0517 1529 -3500 0016 2472 om 100-287 $352 -13514 9.990 1.000 ‘The pressure and temperature in the vapour phase are ORIGIN = 1 P= 1013.10°Pe T= 308K The Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficicients are 2 Di2= 838 Di3 = 68 = D3 = 168 The length of the diffusion path is 8 = 86.20 The density of the gas phase follows from the ideal gas law Pan? R= 8314 nok K 1 yg = 0039 —— mele nis 1 Tge tit omeZS lyre Fg at si ae Initial estimates of the fuxes Initial estimates of the concentrations mt) (“12 v1) 02) 2) =] kyo yay |= oa N3, ky ¥3y 04, yls=05 yl3=03 ylg= 04 y2y 203 yg = 02 yaq202 — y25202 _ yigNt-yynt Agr TI Ay gala th gist golg 9 ky +A, sl Aa s¥I5 a N3-(1-y1g-y2))-NI ais yay N1~ylyN2 (Aa 1921 + Ap a922 4 Aa 9923+ Ay 44) = om thy 5925 y2y'N3~ (1 yy ~y2p)-N2 cal ks ylgN2~y2_.N1 hy yag Ni ~ylyN2 (Bay 921+ Aa, 920 hs 99234 Ay.) ify somes = . yagn3~ (1 =ylg ~y2q)-N2 ne ee or} ylgN2~ yg Nt (bar 9+ Ag ala + Ag a 13+ Ag gta) =< kia Ay s¥ls ylgN3-(1-ylg-y2q)-NI pee Se ARMS ky3yg Ml = ylgN2 (4.19% +g a0 8g 99234 Ma, g 4) —<——— hia Ag 595 24 N3~ (1 ylq—y24):N2 paler SRA RAN ky vig N2-y25.N1 nT tMs gat As 3 Vat As gM) As Sia 15:N3 - (1 -yl5~y2s)-NI 13 YagNI~yl5 2 (45,1921 +s 29224 As 9923 45,4924) § %; 12 AS 5925 y25N3- (1=y1y—yas)-92 EP Da N1+NQ+N3 NI N2 N3 yilg A 913 | = Find(V1,N2,N3, yg. g.¥14q 2.923724) yhg ¥2 ¥3 34, ay Nts -Oorngm'smole 2= 5629108 mole N3 = A745 x 10 BL nis atsrs 0251 yi=|o30 ce 0.448 0238 v4 os 02 04 t —> 0381 znd) y= loos Da z=|006 |m 031s ian 03 ‘08s 05 04 y Ben 0% 2 on Fe 026 02 oO 002 004 006 oof 01 El»2.19, Mass-transfer coefficients in a gas absorber. A gas absorber is used to remove benzene (CeHg) vapors from air by scrubbing the gas mixture ‘with a nonvolatile oil at 300 K and 1 atm. At a certain point in the absorber, the benzene mole fraction in the bulk of the gas phase is 0.02, while the corresponding interfacial benzene gas- phase concentration is 0.0158. The benzene flux at that point is measured as 0.62 gim?-s. a) Calculate the mass-transfer coeficient in the gas phase at that point in the equipment, expressing the driving force in terms of mole fractions Solution zn en y= 002 y,- 00138 aye My = 72 Na=— Ny = 794x107? 1 mote Ma ns by oe 34 = = 1393 1073 1 tonote y-% 5 Z 3 famole = 10° mole SERED 3 Went Reeaid imate b) Calculate the mass-transfer coefficient in the gas phase at that point in the equipment, expressing the driving force in terms of molar concentrations, kmol/m? Solution T= 300K P= 10134Po ty RT m k= k, = 0047 = P . ) At the same place in the equipment, the benzene mole fraction in the bulk of the liquid phase is 0.125, while the corresponding interfacial benzene liquicephase concentration is 0.158. Calculate the mass-transfer coefficient in the liquid phase, expressing the driving force in terms of mole fractions. Solution 0125 x= 0158 tt i “TJ Fy = 2068 x 107“ tanole j 7 2.29. Mass-transfer coefficients from naphthalene sublimation data. In a laboratory experiment, air at 347 K and 1 atm is blown at high speed around a single naphthalene (CgHa) sphere, which sublimates partially. When the experiment begins, the diameterof the sphere is 2.0 em. At the end of the experiment, 14.32 min later, the diameter of the sphere is 1.85 om. a) Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient, based on the average surface area of the particle, expressing the driving force in terms of partial pressures, The density of solid naphthalene is 1.145 gfom®, its vapor pressure at 347 K is 670 Pa (Perry and Chilton, 1973). Solution =2en = 185-cm 1145 2 4p; 2 dye 1.85-cs Pp 1.145: 3 emt *(43-42 am pp 3-(4i- 4°) Abin 1 iO Pag Mg = 1232 2 o mole 2 Soi + Spe Na~ Ng = 7978 «107? + mote M,St we POPs 6 _ mole ig 1st x 107 §—202 _ en’ seo kPa b) Calculate the mass-transfer coeficient, for the driving force in terms of molar concentrations. Solution T=39K Kym igRT k= 3.435 c 2.3", Mass-transfer coefficients from acetone evaporation data. In a laboratory experiment, air at 300 K and 1 atm is blown at high speed parallel to the surface of a rectangular shallow pan that contains liquid acetone (C3Hg0), which evaporates partially. The pan is 1m long and 50 cms wide. It is connected to a reservoir containing liquid acetone which automatically replaces the acetone evaporated, maintaining a constant liquid level in the pan. During an experimental run, it was observed that 2.0 L of acetone evaporated in 5 min. Estimate the mass- transfer coefficient. The density of liquid acetone at 300 K is 0.79 g/em®; its vapor pressure is 27 kPa (Perry and Chilton, 1973). Solution AV = Diter p= 070-2 Am= pAv Am=158kg zn Ss 1m30em Mg = 52 Ae pole t= SimiFg= 5859 1074+ tenote née fig titi tas, 2.4°. Masstransfer coefficients from wetted-wall experimental data. A wetted-wall experimental set-up consists of a glass pipe, 50 mm in diameter and 4.0 m long Water at 308 K flows down the inner wall. Dry air enters the bottom of the pipe at the rate of 1.04 m/min, measured at 308 K and 1 atm. it leaves the wetted section at 308 K and with a relative humidity of 34%. With the help of equation (2-62), estimate the average mass-transfer coefficient, with the driving force in terms of molar fractions. Solution Meo P= 10134 = PM tg cM a1 Pw aT ° 3 i D= 20mm Gian xD g, on 6-030 + ianote ™ 3 as Z=te pase _ DGitn(d = RED, T=38K2.7°, Mass transfer in an annular space. a) In studying rates of difusion of naphthalene into air, an investigator replaced a 30.5-cm section of the inner pipe of an annulus with a naphthalene rod. The annulus was composed of a 51-mm-OD brass inner pipe surrounded by a 76-mm-ID brass pipe. While operating at a mass velocity within the annulus of 12.2 kg of air/m?-s at 273 K and 1 atm, the investigator determined that the partial pressure of naphthalene in the exiting gas stream was 0.041 Pa, Under the conkitions of the investigation, the Schmidt number of the gas was 2.57, the viscosity was 175 \!P, and the vapor pressure of naphthalene was 1.03 Pa. Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient from the inner wall for this set of conditions, Assume that equation (2-52) applies. Solution famole = 1000-mole 4, = 76mm L=W5em gu_ 122, ole aise 1 oot + imote as Ra = O08 RH = 004 108 -Gint - RH 4} 4 “=” ky = 8721074 moe nis b) Monrad and Pelton (Trans, AIChE, 38, 583, 1942) presented the following correlation for heat-transfer coefficient in an annular space: where dy and dy are the outside and inside diameters of the annulus, dg is the equivalent diameter defined as Write down the analogous expression for mass transfer and use it to estimate the mass-transfer coefficient for the conditions of part a). Compare both results. Solution 4, = d, = 0.025mkg p= 175107 Gq = 122 msec msec Sar Re= Re= 1.743 x 10° Se=257 # 2 4) -02,.3 Sty 0023]— | Rese e Ay Stp = 2122 x 107 by=5ip6 yeti mo nis 928-372 Eno Enor = 2385% 2.8°. The Chilton-Colburn analogy: flow across tube banks. Winding and Cheney (ind, Eng. Chem., 40, 1087, 1948) passed air at 310 K and 1 atm through a bank of rods of naphthalene. The rods were in a staggered arrangement, with the air lowing at right angles to the axes of the rods. The bank consisted of 10 rows containing alternately five and four 38-mm-OD tubes (d= 38 mm) spaced on 57-mm centers, with the rows 76 mm apart. The mass- transfer coefficient was determined by measuring the rate of sublimation of the naphthalene. The data could be correlated by: Where G' is the maximum mass velocity through the tube bank, in kg/m?-s, and kg is in kmol/m?. sPa a) Rewrite equation (2-88) in terms of the Colburn jp -factor. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 310 K and 1 atm is 0.074 em?s. Solution Properties of dilute mixtures of naphthalene in air at 310 K and 1 atm: Pay = batn T= 310K weal ‘mole pata 5g si p= 188-10) a wine Dap 0074 Dimensional constant in the given correlation: anole Se= x Se= 2229 peep d= 3-mm ost so (1)py are OM 2 = 0.551 b) Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient to be expected for evaporation of n-propyl alcohol into carbon dioxide for the same geometrical arrangement when the carbon dioxide flows at a maximum velocity of 10 m/s at 300 K and 1 atm. The vapor pressure of n-propyl alcohol at 300 K is 2.7 kPa Solution Properties of dilute mixtures of propyl alechol in carbon dioxide at 300 K and 1 atm: Poy bat T= 300K nn a kg pres - 2 pete? 2 mea Dap = 0076 “ Se Se = 1.089 m Fis vee ped a 4501 x 104 28 Re) = 4390 x i JpRe) = 4299 x 10 Sips ind 0.667 se Gq =P Gy = 1848 ms G, 7 eee eg = 1.868 x 10 ope Pam as ©) Zakauskas (Adv. Heat Transfer, 8, 93, 1972) proposed the following correlation for the heat- transfer coefficient in a staggered tube bank arrangement similar to that studied by Winding and Cheney: Use the mass-transfer expression analogous to equation (269) to estimate the mass-transfer coefficient of part b). Compare the results. Solution Re eata ioe noleK Sh = 0.453 Re 3-056 Sh = 207 681 ShD, w= 8 5 mol 1 RTa eg = 1.665 x 107° BSE 2, Pa ns Differences = 1865— 1665 Difference% = 10867% 12682.9°. Mass transfer from a flat plate. ‘A 1-m square thin plate of solid naphthalene is oriented parallel to a stream of air flowing at 20 m/s, The air is at 310 K and 101.3 kPa, The naphthalene remains at 290 K; at this temperature the vapor pressure of naphthalene is 26 Pa. Estimate the moles of naphthalene lost from the plate per hour, if the end effects can be ignored, Solution ‘kPa= 1000-Pe ‘kamole = 1000-mole R= 3314 aus inoleK 7. UM T= 20K Pos Late 2 p= 10-48 pH 185107 Pace Dap = 0069. Rew SE Rey = 1.276 x 108 Sew + » Dap Se= 2272 Shy, = 0036-Rep®. 3299 Sh, = 3677 x 10° Shap -5 1 -_—— = 1003 x 10°“ —— kmole-kPa ‘so RTL *o avs -7 1 Pa=26Pa Na kPa Na = 2609 x 10" ’ — tmote me 2 a1 S= 21m Ny S = 1879 mole be 2.10°, Mass transfer from a flat plate. A thin plate of solid salt, NaCl, measuring 15 by 15 em, is to be dragged through seawater at a velocity of 0.6 m/s, The 291 K seawater has a salt concentration of 0.0309 g/cm®, Estimate the rate at which the salt goes into solution if the edge effects can be ignored. Assume that the kinematic viscosity at the average liquid flm conditions is 1.02 < 1088 m2/s, and the diffusivity is 1.25 x 10°9 m/s. The solubility of NaCl in water at 291 K is 0.35 g/em®, and the density of the saturated solution is 1.22 g/em3 (Pemy and Chilton, 1973) Solution m 2 mole v= tonto 8 Le 150m eeLaminar flow 9 nt Dag 125107? Sex cy De Se = 816 el sty = 06640 33 sonia At the bulk of the solution, point 2: ao = a p2= 1022 faq onan My = 52452 om cm mole em Mp = 192 Be pole Et a 3 eal osm qq = 951 x10 Ah, fae Ma Mp Mz = 18385kgkmote”! At the interface, point 1 em =i2n& = 035-2 epi ca 0 Mg = 5848 om cam ole en Mg = 192 a mole SAL Mg a? FF Boy a fat, PI fa rar = OL Ma, Mp My = tay Ma + (1-41) Mp My = 22459 kgimote™!= 1 My cy = 54321 — kmole 3 ley + ¢; - ew Lt 2) c= 54956 + tanote 2 3 ® eD, _ Fp SE SPAR y= aaa 1074 jane tL we Ng = 9052 x 10" 2 “a a= NySMy ora = 0857 eg 2.11°. Mass transfer from a flat liquid surface. During the experiment described in Problem 2.3, the air velocity was measured at 6 mis, parallel to the longest side of the pan. Estimate the mass-transfer coefcient predicted by equation (2-28) or (2-28) and compare it to the value measured experimentally. Notice that, due to the high volatility of acetone, the average acetone concentration in the gas film is relatively high. Therefore, properties such as density and viscosity should be estimated carefully. The following data for acetone might be needed: Te = 508.1 K, Pe = 47.0 bar, M = 58, Ve = 209 cm/mol, Z = 0.232 (Reid, et al., 1987). Solution Average fim properties: a7+0 Py kPe Pa = 135kPa P= 10134Pa T=30K P, a= ao A Mg = 58-—— Mg = 29-—— yap Yq 70.133 a mole A mole M=y,-Ma + (1-¥a}Mp M=322863kghmote! ou p= 133548 RT 2 Estimate the viscosity of the mixture from Lucas Method 155.107 >.Pe-sec Estimate the diflusivty from the Wilke-Lee equationDap = 0112 Dap one =e wh B Re= Se= “ Dap Rey = 5167 x 10° Se= 1037 08.53 Shy = 0.036-Re,”*Sc Sy = 1.386 10? 17-536 336 96Difkerence = 529% 2.12°. Evaporation of a drop of water falling in air. Repeat Example 2.9 for a drop of water which is originally 2 mm in diameter. Solution yntos dy = 0897 dy y= 1.794 107 Fm = 995.48 ke = Pp- ppm s-as p= 1054.5 Ppr™ Pp-P a # = Ks y Baga win 195107 S poise # 3 445-2: pre ou» “4 Peart Ga= 2139 «10° au ( 3} 3 exten’ wos yon 3194 42153-02387 + 0.01068." y= 2364 y= 634"Pedy 1 Sh=2+0552\ReSe? m = 01935 Ke 3 2 Wan dy My kegs 243 am Pp pt ba “A distence = ty Re = 638.065 Sh= 14333 eyes c 4p Mg = 18 = 0961-2 Ae nol “a 3 a 8 ke wae 32x10 8S Am = 2084 x 10" “kg t= 6165s distance = 300676m2.13°. Dissolution of a solid sphere into a flowing liquid stream. Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient for the dissolution of sodium chloride from a cast sphere, 1.5 com in diameter, if placed in a flowing water stream. The velocity of the 291 K water stream is 1.0 mis. ‘Assume that the kinematic viscosity at the average liquid flm conditions is 1.02 x 10° m@/s, and the mass diffusivity is 1.25 x 10°® m/s. The solubility of NaCl in water at 291 K is 0.35 glem3, and the density of the saturated solution is 1.22 g/cm? (Perry and Chilton, 1973) Solution ‘it mole = 1000-mote eStats Resta ae 2 velo re -9 mt eee see Dag 1asad 2 ae Se= 216 Pep = ReSe Pep = 12107 a 3 Sh = 10LPep Sh= 231.232 Po 1013%Pa From Prob, 2.10 em 55-tmale 2 SheDgy Re -31 % Bo 10591079 mote as 2.44. Sublimation of a solid sphere into a gas stream. During the experiment described in Problem 2.2, the air velocity was measured at 10 m/s. Estimate the mass-transfer coefficient predicted by equation (2-36) and compare it to the value measured experimentally. The following data for naphthalene might be needed: Tp = 491.1 K, Ve = 413 cm/mol, Solution For air at 347 K and 1 atm px one “8 = 2075.10 -Pasec 24185 * mn oe 019m De py Re Se Re=9.259 x 10° 2 Estimate Dag from the Wilke-Lee equation Lennard-Jones parameters for naphthaleneTy = O1LK tay LIST y vy o2esv,10@ 2 og = 18%? Dap = 0091-— 1 Sh=2+052Re-sc? T= Uk ShDap . ke Ra, Ky eo L191 = 147 1191 2.15, Dissolution of a solid sphere int Vo=4l3 eg 564765K Vp = 157.167 oy = 6368 Se=—# Se = 2285 PDap Sh = 68154 wee! 1117 x 107 Smote-cm™ Difference = 6 213% (0 a flowing liquid stream. The crystal of Problem 1.28 is a sphere 2-cm in diameter. It is falling at terminal velocity under the influence of gravity into a big tank of water and Chilton, 1973). F at 288 K. The density of the crystal is 1,464 kg/m? (Perry a) Estimate the crystals terminal velocity. Solution dy 20 ono 8 F Ppe= Pp-P ws = 464248 Poe = 3 445 °P Poe B one HP Pees ay x= 5804 Ga=3652x 107 w= 11524072 poise y=-3.1944 21534-0238" + 0.01068" y=33731 3 nad 48 Pp y 2 3p m = 0558 = ‘% ; b) Estimate the rate at which the crystal dissolves and compare it to the answer obtained in Problem 1.28 Solution se PDap Pep = ReySe Pep = 1.254. 10" 1 Sh 10LPep? Sh = 234636 SheDap az Fy = 6.125 107 ‘. Fan ta2 nan waryef SAE Fam *ar Mx a1. ole Sata n=1291 8p! mx From Prob. 1.26 From Prob. 1.26 Xqy = 001647 xa? 20 — kmole Ng = 1113 107° + tonote2.16°. Mass transfer inside a circular pipe. Water flows through a thin tube, the walls of which are lightly coated with benzoic acid (C7HgO2). The water flows slowly, at 298 K and 0.1 cm/s. The pipe is 1-cm in diameter. Under these conditions, equation (2-63) applies, a) Show that a material balance on a length of pipe L leads to where vis the average fluid velocity, and c* is the equilibrium solubility concentration. b) What is the average concentration of benzoic acid in the water after 2 m of pipe. The solubility of benzoic acid in water at 298 K is 0.003 g/cm?, and the mass diffusivity is 1.0 x 108 em@/s (Cussler, 1887). Solution mole 1000-mole pense veo px oe p= 09:07? poise Reig noe K 2 Dap = 10132 — se “ pr Sem ar Re = 11.089 PDAB Se = 901.204 igs Pep = ReSe Sh= 162P 0° (2) m-s88 ShDap - ea Ky = 5968 x 10) 1139x107 mem? 2.17°, Mass transfer in a wetted-walll tower. Water fows down the inside wall of a 25-mm ID wetted-wall tower of the design of Figure 2.2, while air flows upward through the core. Dry air enters at the rate of 7 kgim?-s. Assume the air is everywhere at its average conditions of 309 K and 1 atm, the water at 294 K, and the mass-transfer coeficient constant. Compute the average partial pressure of water in the air leaving if the tower is 1m long. Solution Do 25m P= Latm Zain PM PO RTy GqD int 3 2 Rex Re = 9.459 x 10 cm 7 Dap 026-S sen Se = 0.4607 Shix 0023 R97. 504 PDaB “ - see Sh = 36.838 P mol G, ¢ e= 40.422 80 im mol c= G= 241379 82 RTy 2 7 a ms _ of 48862 Pap "| 3 RH = 0642 op’ For water at 294 K kPa 1000-Pa P, + en[ 62a - — 394-273 + 226335, P,=2450%Ps P, = RHP, ‘Aout “RHP, Prout LSTBKPe 2.18°. Mass transfer in an annular space. In studying the sublimation of naphthalene into an airstream, an investigator constructed a 3-m-iong annular duct. The inner pipe was made from a 25-mm-OD, solid naphthalene rod; this was surrounded by a 50-mm-ID naphthalene pipe. Ali at 289 K and 1 atm flowed through the annular space at an average velocity of 15 m/s. Estimate ‘the partial pressure of naphthalene in the airstream exiting from the tube. At 289 K, naphthalene hhas a vapor pressure of 5.2 Pa, and a diffusivity in air of 0.08 cm/s. Use the results of Problem 2.7 to estimate the mass-transfer coefficient for the inner surface; and equation (2-47), using the equivalent diameter defined in Problem 2.7, to estimate the coefficient ftom the outer surfaceSolution In this situation, there will be a molar flux from the inner wall, Nat, with specific interfacial area, a1, and a flux from the outer wall, Na2, with area az, A material balance on a differential volume. element yields: Define: (rors + Koza) = (Fo) Then: Faout™ Fae [: - eal-tio ag? 2] ‘ al Dy = 25mm D, 1 T= 29K P= Leatm Mx 29.2 vais ‘mole ee expe p= 12038 Ra ni ip M Sees = 0633 hole ns On = 8 Pap OM p= 17e107° #8 pew ome r meee aa Re= 2576 x 10 u se mia Se = 24% For the interior wall: 05 moet) ara? agenoaa? 1igi = —— gy = 1475 x 107 oy = 53003 m For the outer wall 0m 044 SEEDERS” ooh Sh = 155673 ShDap 2" Br, 5 _ mole y fgg = 1.555 x 107? ole sn? seckPa 4D, a = 106 667 + p?-D; “" mn oaett = Fors + fo sone = 2448 10-3 sm seckPa 23m Rit = 0691 Py 52Pe Prout 3594P0OE (Nar + Maze) o®, P a = (har tt + Kan) Pac - Pa)2.19°. Benzene evaporation on the outside surface of a single cylinder. Benzene is evaporating at the rate of 20 kg/hr over the surface of a porous 10-cm-diameter cylinder. Dry air at 325 K and 1 atm flows at right angle to the axis of the cylinder at a velocity of 2 m/s, The liquid is at a temperature of 315 K where it exerts a vapor pressure of 26.7 kPa. Estimate the length of the cylinder. For benzene, Te = $62.2 K, Pe = 48.9 bar, M = 78, Ve = 259 om®/mol, Ze = 0.271 Reid, et al., 1987) Solution Calculate the average properties of the film po Tp= 0K Pam 2 frmole = 1000-mot R= a3t4 Ue oleK 267 7 013 v7 0268 ne sam 1000 Ps ntn ye yaoi 2 1 M=35458kg inmate p=ae passé RT 3 x ex? From the Wilke-Lee equation Dag = 0.1087 ee From - rom the Lucas Method wn toni w - pvd ositen . er Re= 1647 x 104 se= 1117 From 4. 2-45 ky 028 Re “4s<9%gy= 41391074 tonote 2, ns Na = 1266 1074 : ne ”, see $= 0562? NaMa L=174m 2.20°. Mass transfer in a packed bed. Wilke and Hougan (Trans. AICHE, 441, 445, 1845) reported the mass transfer in beds of granular solids. Air was blown through a bed of porous celite pellets wetted with water, and by evaporating ‘this water under adiabatic conditions, they reported gas-film coefficients for packed beds. In one run, the following data were reported: effective particle diameter 5.71 mm gas stream mass velocity 0.816 kg/m?-s temperature at the surface 311 K pressure 97.7 kPa Kg 4.415 10°? kmol/m?-s-atm With the assumption that the properties of the gas mixture are the same as those of air, calculate the gas-film mass-transfer coefficient using equation (2-55) and compare the result with the value reported by Wilke and Hougan Solution Gq = 0816 SE T=3K P= S774Pa ni sec -5_ke PM = 19:10 EM ® meee PORT px 1056 =& Opp Rex Re = 246.527 -0415 : jp LITRE jp= 0119 From the Wilke-Lee equation So pDap Se = 0.676 o- - ms 3 Epinse “9 F= 4346 x 10”int hg = 4507 x 107 Fkamote:m Nige 4415.10 = a2 goe-atm Kee lao Difference = 2.081% 2.21, Mass transfer and pressure drop in a packed bed. Air at 373 K and 2 atm is passed through a bed 10-cm in diameter composed of iodine spheres 0.7-cm in diameter. The air flows at a rate of 2 mis, based on the empty cross section of the bed. The porosity of the bed is 40%, 1a) How much iodine vill evaporate from a bed 0.1 m long? The vapor pressure of iodine at 373 K is 6 kPa. Solution e=04 07cm D=10-cm a we gn P= 2atw T=373K M=2 gn My = 2532-22 anole ian 232 PM kg pn tM pn iss 48 pean) 38 i meee From the Wike-Lee equation: Boon Dap Se= 1719 dane G, cal Re=1223%10° 0415 : jp = 1u7Re 3 D ip = 0061 gE Sip i lt se? -54 ge 2951 107? tno es a= 514286 g Z=01m Py = 6kPa —wg a PZ Paout™ Pet |G Pout = 5331KPa 3 Q=vin? Q-0016™ 4 ¢ OProu™, 3 wae wa= 0411 kgmin” ! bj Estimate the pressure drop through the bed. Solution arn [ tice ay] Boat Fdyp2.22, Volumetric mass-transfer coefficients in industrial towers. ‘The interfacial surface area per unit volume, a, in many types of packing materials used in industrial towers is virtually impossible to measure. Both a and the mass-transfer coefficient depend on the physical geometry of the equipment and on the flow rates of the two contacting, inmiscible streams, Accordingly, they are normally correlated together as the volumetric mass- transfer coefficient, Kea, Empirical equations for the volumetric coefficients must be obtained experimentally for each type of mass-transfer operation. Sherwood and Holloway (Trans. AICHE, 36, 21, 38, 1940) obtained the following correlation for the liquid-flm mass-transter coefficient in packed absorstion towers: The values of a and n to be used in equation (2-71) for various industrial packings are listed in the following table, when SI units are used exclusively. a) Consider the absorption of SO2 with water at 294 K in a tower packed with 25-mm Raschig rings. If the liquid mass velocity Is L’ = 2.04 kg/m?.s, estimate the liquid-fim mass-transfer coefficient. The diffusivity of Oz in water at 294 K is 1.7 = 10°% mis. Solution L204 9 mt hae Pape p= 1000-48 2 soni pte a= 426 axon For dimensional consistency, add the constants: eyetm? atm Le)" 05 eS DAB ee | : 4 PDap a= 6701 x 10774 b) Whitney and Vivian (Chem. Eng. Progr, 45, 323, 1949) measured rates of absorption of SO2 in ‘water and found the following expression for 25-mm Raschig rings at 294 K ‘where kya is in kmole/m2-s. For the conditions described in part a), estimate the liquid-film mass-transfer coeficient using equation (2-72). Compare the results. Solution amole = 1000 moleaa 0273 tanote a's on 5556x108 BS 6.701 ~ 4909 6701 difference = difference = 26.742% 2.23°. Mass transfer in fluidized beds. Cavatorta, et al. (AIChE ¥., 45, 938, 1999) studied the electrochemical reduction of ferrycianide ions, {(Fe(CN)g}®°, to ferrocyanide, {Fe(CN)g}™, in aqueous alkaline solutions. They studied diferent arrangements of packed columns, including fluidized beds. The fluidized bed experiments were performed in a 5-cm-ID circular column, 75-cm high. The bed was packed with 0.534-mm spherical glass beads, with a particle density of 2.612 g/cm. The properties of the aqueous solutions were: density = 1,083 kg/m®, viscosity = 1.30 cP, dif usivty = 5.90 x 10°19 m/s. They found that the porosity of the fluidized bed, «, could be correlated with the superficial liquid velocity based on the empty tube, vg, through where vy is in emis. a) Using equation (2-56), estimate the mass-transfer coefficient, k, if the porosity of the bed is. 60% Solution kg b= 0013 poise dy = 0534 man eal p= 1083 “8 317 = 2 vgs 8800 m 10, me a ne <7 001s Dap 5910 Pvg - poe SH — p= ‘(oor + 028 _ # Re _ gag re sent Se = 2035 x 10° pDap pe ene Ds 45 k= 578 x10 °S 3b) Cavatorta et al. proposed the following correlation to estimate the mass-transfer coefficient for their fluidized bed experimental runs: where Re is based on the empty tube velocity. Using this correlation, estimate the mass-transfer coefficient, k,, if the porosity of the bed is 60%. Compare your result to that of part a). Solution otf 7 2 Rie. ip = 0.469 JDYs aS kyo 535 0107S se? 6Dittrence » EHF Difference = 11.073% 2.24°, Mass transfer in a hollow-fiber boiler feedwater deaerator. Consider the hollow-fber BFW deaerator described in Example 2-13. If the water flow rate increases to 60,000 kg/hr while everything else remains constant, calculate the fraction of the entering dissolved oxygen that can be removed, Solution kg kg 5 my = 60000 58 p= 1000-8 Dag 1931075. " ee * Ey == =o017 = as o = OL m D=0376m o=— vp 2015 Ee) = 2p 4 b= 0009 poise a oiren py o=04 Sex eis PDap # Re = 48.366 Se = 466321033 Sh 053(1- 11 5 ( o Sh= 1456 ShDap a 4 = 969 10 7S ° =1¢ tiees=7) a = ‘ny = 0926Hzkmole 5 tanole ag 27a6i0* aed! aL A ag A=0755 vp 024m? ang M a= 624007! = 100 Given » vr peed aw Me +4] Xo'= Find) yo" 17:74 -1 SibsttilnBy Removal = 94.17% 2.25, Mass transfer in a hollow-fiber boiler feedwater deaerator. a) Consider the hollow-fiter BFW deaerator described in Example 2-13. Assuming that only oxygen diffuses across the membrane, calculate the gas volume flow rate and composition at the lumen outlet. The water enters the shell side at 298 K saturated with atmospheric oxygen, which means a dissolved oxygen concentration of 8.38 mgiL. Solution 3 mx soo a sec liter4,09 ng = 2878 x10 gps ani} find yee are ya = 0.096 apRT 250" 6 kmole hg ~ 5 kanole ny = 3013 x 10 T= mK Pos tatm Ocjo = 44201 Ht b) Calculate the mass-transfer coefficient at the average conditions inside the lumen. Neglect the thickness of the fiber walls when estimating the gas velocity inside the lumen, Solution Calculate the average flow conditions inside the fibers 0+ 42 titer 3 ag S482 Be gg = 70171074 m D=0376m ye = x Ep qo Caleulate the average oxygen molar fraction in the gas 040.056 me santos en My = 32 Mp = 28 are ole Bee ole M= 28192 kgiamote” PM Pr pa 1is3 48 e 4,= 29010 ered, Res in From the Wilke-Lee equation o=04 m yn 0016= M = ya-My + (1- ya)-Mp From Lucas method for pure No 5 _ke p= 210 Re = 0.2642 Dap = 0218 mn a oF PDAs Se = 0.796 Hest Pep = 021 L= 216m (From Example 2.13) (3) Sh= 00493.19, Application of Raoult’s law to a binary system. Repeat Example 3.1, but for a liquid concentration of 0.6 mole fraction of benzene and a temperature of 320 K rie ince oo iene =e se = SE aoa oc y= fen - 22 vyetoasin Pex Py + xP) P=23511kPa Py 3.2°. Application of Raoult's law to a binary system. a) Determine the composition of the liquid in equilibrium with a vapor containing 60 mole percent benzene-40 mole percent toluene ifthe system exists in a vessel under 1 atm pressure, Predict the equilibrium temperature Solution area 51 PCT) = exp( 15.9008 ~ 3096.52 1D ol: T a) PD = v(is0n z 2) P= 760 Initial estimates, a =03 T=30 Given Pox PT + (1- x) PD 41 PD ~ P 06 Fine 1) = (sem)'b) Determine the composition of the vapor in equilibrium with a liquid containing 60 mole percent benzene-40 mole percent toluene if the system exists in a vessel under 1 atm pressure. Predict the equilibrium temperature, Solution = 06 P= 760 Given =H PD + (1-4) PD T= Find) T3608 1PD ae y= 0791 3.34. Application of Raoult's law to a binary system. Normal heptane, n-GrHjg, and normal octane, n-CaHje, form ideal solutions. At 373 K, normal heptane has a vapor pressure of 106 KPa and normal octane of 47.1 kPa, a) What would be the composition of a heptane-octane solution that boils at 373 K under a 93 kPa pressure? Solution Py = 1064Pa Py = 4014s P= 934Pa P-P, = a 0779 Figo b) What would be the composition of the vapor in equilibrium with the solution that is described in @? Solution Py 12 3.49. Henry's law: saturation of water with oxygen. A solution with oxygen dissolved in water containing 0.5 mg O2/100 g of HzO is brought in contact with a large volume of atmospheric air at 283 K and a total pressure of 1 atm. The Henry's law constant for the oxygen-water system at 283 K equals 3.27 « 104 atm/mole fraction ) Will the solution gain or lose oxygen? b) What will be the concentration of oxygen in the final equilibrium solution? SolutionAt equilibrium: mgm = 0001-gm 4 H= 327.10 atm 5 a x= 6422 x 107% Basis: 1 L water (1 kg water) ng = 1 ke hg = 55.356mole a 8 ny = ¥ tp -4 ny = 3.568 x 10" “mole em my = ng 32 tol my = 114l7 magn Equilibrium concentration, cg = 11.42 mg oxygen/L. Initial conditions: 0Smgm 1000 on Does (COtiesh man 100-gm liter c=5- The solution gains oxygen 3.5°, Material balances combined with equilibrium relations. Repeat Example 3.3, but assuming that the ammonia, air, and water are brought into contact in a closed container. There is 10 m? of gas space over the liquid. Assuming that the gas-space volume and the temperature remain constant until equilibrium is achieved, modify the Mathcad program in Figure 3.2 to calculate: a) the total pressure at equilibrium Solution 3 T=m0K V= 10m wea Raa3id Py = 1051-atm Plan aie Initial guesses rato ly=3 A 4505 sits P=10 Given La ATI(8-La) YA" ipT=Ly) Ya = 0156 + 0.622-x4 -(5.765-xq - 1) Pras.) (1197 -L4)-8314300 P 101013 * yA ta |= Foden ta-tacta.®) La P *®| (162 ya] | 014 va [=| 045 t,| [oe 1755 P Answer: P = 1.758 atm the equilibrium ammonia concentration in the gas and liquid phases. ‘Answer: Ya = 0.162 145: Kae 3.6°, Masstransfer resistances during absorption. In the absorption of component A (molecular weight = 60) from an airstream into an aqueous solution, the bulk compositions of the two adjacent streams at a point in the apparatus were analyzed to be pa g = 0.1 atm, and ca. = 1.0 kmol of A/m? of solution. The total pressure was 2.0 atm; the density of the solution was 1,100 kg/m®. The Henry's constant for these conditions was 0.85 atmimole fraction. The overall gas coefficient was Kg = 0.27 kmolim?-hr-atm. 1f57% of the total resistance to mass transfer resides in the gas flm, determine a) the gas-fim coefficient, ke: Solution Kg 027 ae Po 2atm a-e-otmKy=KgP Kyo 5x10" 4 imate & ai ys vy = 2682 107 4 eote nts ign ig = 13161074 noe at ‘ ns b) the liquid-fim coefficient, ky; ‘Solution H= 085atm i 1-057 kg ke My = 028 My x18 & mole a mole Basis: 1 m3 of aqueous solution ng = Lisnole — A= Oy My my = kg, Hyp mg = 1.04% 10° kg xq = 0017 = 58778 — kmole m1 ky, = 0.908 cm br ©) the concentration on the liquid side of the interface, xa i: Solution Xa =A Yao = 005 Initial estimates of interfacial concentrations:Yair 001 ray 05 (vag Yai) = ke(Eai- aL) Yai= ™e%Ai d) the mass flux of A. Solution Nay Gai-*an) Ng = 6415 107° mote nis a= NaMa ay 132642 ne! Py Check this result by calculating the gas-phase flux a= Ma ty (vao- vai) ay 13862! an3.7°, Massransfer resistances during absorption. For a system in which component A is transferring from the gas phase to the liquid phase, the equilibrium relation is given by ‘where pa,ji8 the equilibrium partial pressure in atm and xa is the equilibrium liquid concentration in molar fraction. At one point in the apparatus, the liquid stream contains 4.5 mole % and the gas stream contains 9.0 mole % A. The total pressure is 1 atm. The individual gas-fim coefficient at this point is kg = 3.0 mole/m?-s-atm. Fifty per cent of the overall resistance to mass transfer is known to be encountered in the liquid phase. Evaluate a) the overall mass-transfer coefficient, Ky; ‘Solution Pole mole ign 30 wig? tyes Loma Brees yrtor yd Kye oaly teyot5 1 mot see seu ag 009 Xp = 0.045 Yao = M, Was = Ae = ™e%AL Yay 0.036 ya) Na=Ky(vao- vad) Ng =00et + mote we c) The liquid interfacial concentration of A. Solution a £S-_ y= 2.4L mole yy ate 5 aie Xgj= 0.079 & 3.84, Absorption of ammonia by water: use of F-type mass-transfer coefficients. Modify the Mathoad program in Figure 3.6 to repeat Example 3.5, but with Ya. = 0.70 and xa. = 0.10, Everything else remains constant.Solution Hap = 010 yao= 07 Fg= 20a msec Initial quesses yaslo xq = 02 Fees An 7 To, 175 1- ‘s) -(t-m[ ya = 105144 yy $0156 + 0622p, (57652p -1) oe v4 | = Bind{xa, 47a) 7h, TA 02 Ya |=| 0598 ya) \o24 19a Na= Fol 1 YAG, Ng = 0636 — mole 3.94. Absorption of ammonia by water: use of F-type mass+ransfer coefficients. Modify the Mathcad program in Figure 3.6 to repeat Example 3.5, but with F_ = 0.0050 kmol/m?-s. Everything else remains constant. Solution iste zap = 012 yaa 06 Fg=20 Initial uesses tawto xy 302 ints Fie Given tex.) (+ yach| [= *A ya = 1Sbya 4,Ya = 0156 + 0.622-x, [5765-xy - 1) H Ya, | = Find{x.¥4.74) on - 0. Ya. ya |=| 0435 ra} Ao 1 Ng = 0618 mote “ a's 3.10°, Masstransfer resistances during absorption of ammonia. In the absorption of ammonia into water from an air-ammonia mixture a 300 K and 4 atm, the individual flm coeficients were estimated to be k, = 6.3 em/hr and kg = 1.17 kmolim®-hratm, The equilibrium relationship for very dilute solutions of ammonia in water at 300 K and 1 atm is, Determine the following mass-transfer coefficients a) ky Solution mole = 1000 mote kg = 17. = etn P= Let y= kg? y= 328x104 1 tote ws ») iy Solution 632 aa heke 97m x10 4 tot ns ©) Ky Solution my = 164 = (bean) vy-021 no 4d) Fraction of the total resistance to mass transfer that resides in the gas phase. Solution TT Fraction = 64.59% 3.41, Mass+ransfer resistances in hollow-fiber membrane contactors. For mass transfer across the hollow-fiber membrane contactors described in Example 2.13, the overall mass-transfer coefficient based on the liquid concentrations, Ki, is given by (Yang and Cussler, AIChE ¥., 32, 1910, Now. 1986) where k,, ky. and ke are the individual mass-transfer coefficients in the liquid, across the membrane, and in the gas, respectively; and H is Henry's law constant, the gas equilibrium concentration divided by that in the liquid. The mass-transfer coefficient across a hydrophobic membrane is from (Prasad and Sirkar, A/ChE J., 34, 177, Feb. 1988) where Dag = molecular diffusion coefficient in the gas filing the pores, q= membrane porosity, “y= membrane tortuosity, membrane thickness. For the membrane modules of Example 2.13, eyy= 0.4.%4,= 2.2, and 3= and Sirkar, 1988). 25 x 10° m (Prasad a) Calculate the corresponding value of ky Solution For oxygen in nitrogen at 288 K and 1 atm:en? Dan= 0218 y= 22 = 0025-ma %°° y= 13855 ) Using the results of part (a), Example 2.13, and Problem 2.26, calculate K,, and estimate what fraction of the total resistance to mass transfer resides in the liquid film. Solution From Example 2.13: H = 45000 From Prob. 2.25: Virtually all of the resistance resides in the liquid phase. 3.12. Combined use of F- and k-type coefficients: absorption of low-solubility gases. During absorption of low-solubility gases, mass transfer ftom a highly concentrated gas mixture to a very dilute liquid solution frequently takes place. In that case, although it is appropriate to use a k-type mass-transfer coefficient in the liquid phase, an F-type coefficient must be used in the gas phase. Since dilute liquid solutions usually obey Henry's law, the interfacial concentrations during absorption of low-solubility gases are related through ya, = mx, a) Show that, under the conditions described above, the gas interfacial concentration satisfies the equation Solution 1 Fai In the gas phase: Na Foal 1 Yao,In the liquid phase: Saat For Henry's Law: xqja A me Then: Rearranging: b) In a certain apparatus used for the absorption of SO2 from air by means of water, at one point in the equipment the gas contained 30% SOz by volume and was in contact with a liquid containing 0.2% SOz by mole. The temperature was 303 K and the total pressure 1 atm. Estimate the interfacial concentrations and the local SO molar flux. The mass-transfer coefficients were calculated as Fg = 0.002 kmol/m?-s, kx = 0.160 kmol/m?-s. The equilibrium SOz solubility data at 303 K are (Perry and Chilton, 1973): kg SO2/100 kg water Partial pressure of SOz, mm Hg (tor) 000 0.5.42 1.085 4.5129 2.0176 2.5224 Solution Yao 03 Zeyh Od ole Fg = 0.002 2 msec iy = 0160 oe P= 760-tore msec Define: w = kg SOz/100 kg water p= Partial pressure of SOz, mm Hg (tom)i=0.5 2 a |, pe ont geal i P 0 (28 5 1.404 x 107 2205 x 107? 4201 x 1073 594x107? 6982 x 10"? o4 7 a 1 0 005 oot x @ina sme = linSt(e,9,F) me = 41456 y= m sy = 41456 Initial guess: yaj= 025 oven Kevai rat Kota tn(t - ya) - ta(t - yqq) =0 (Ya) SoG * ig tt Yad) wai Findlya,) am Yai | a] 0055 oui2 uy 0232 01295, ye3.13¢. Distillation of a mixture of methanol and water in a packed tower: use of F-type masstransfer coefficients. At a different point in the packed distillation column of Example 3.6, the methanol content of the bulk of the gas phase is 76.2 mole %; that of the bulk of the liquid phase is 60 mole %. The temperature at that point in the tower is around 343 K. The packing characteristics and flow rates at that point are such that Fg = 1.542 x 10° kmol/m?ss, and Fy = 8.650 x 10°° kmol/m?s. Calculate the interfacial compositions and the local methanol flux. To calculate the latent heats of vaporization at the new temperature, modify the values given in Example 3.6 using Watson's method (Smith, et al., 1996): Forvaer T, = 647.1 K; for methanol, T; = 512.6 ‘joule = 10° joule Solution For methanol (A) Ty = 38K Tyee Tea = 5126K cA, aay = ioe aye te th Tan = Taq = 0.660 Ty tua Ge Tyq = 0702 038 i-T, ‘2A — biped ‘ang = 34664 For water (B) Typ = 61K Al3Woule agp ins mmole Tas" 7 Rin 38 ul Tae" F 1B 7 0.556 0x Ll ‘28 ae ied ‘agg = 42213 4, ume! Ratio = 02212Wa = 5592 Yas Fn 86s Fg 1542-22 ni sec meee Yag= 0762 aap = 06 Parameters a2: 10738 eal = 469.55 Vi 073 a= 1807 R= 1987 P= 1013 Initial estimates xi=O1 2-09 yl=02 ya=08 are =a 2 ORT vi RT arn = 2. ang = Le 127) Wi 1) wm (1s BE 620 Pic) =e PAD =e = (rl +22. A127) 42. (ene) xl4x2.A1XT) x2+x1-421(T), PCT x1 ee A1XT) A2K(T) sper six = « In(odsal a21(T))-al (2. aie.) Given +2 yl + v3 yet UG PD i= Sota22 | = Find(al yl,22,92,T) yf T a) ( 0587 yi] | oa {=| 043 ya] | oes Tt) \3asa37, ws AT YAG Na = Fg ¥4-ln) “8 las Fo Fa a 1 Ng = 0123 — mole ms3.142, Material balances: adsorption of benzene vapor on activated carbon. ‘Activated carbon is used to recover benzene from a nitrogen-benzene vapor mixture, A nitrogen- benzene mixture at 306 K and 1 aim containing 1% benzene by volume is to be passed countercurrently at the rate of 1.0 m®'s to a moving stream of activated carbon so as to remove 85% of the benzene from the gas in a continuous process. The entering activated carbon contains 15 cm? benzene vapor (at STP) adsorbed per gram of the carbon. The temperature and total Pressure are maintained at 306 K and 1 atm. Nitrogen is not adsorbed. The equilibrium adsorption of benzene on this activated carbon at 306 K is reported as follows: Benzene vapor adsorbed Partial pressure benzene, mm Hg m3 (STPY/g carbon 150.55 250.95 40 1.63 502.18 653.26 804.88 906.22 100 7.83 1a) Plot the equilibrium data as X = kg benzene/kg dry carbon, Y' = kg benzene/kg nitrogen for a total pressure of 1 atm. Solution 0 ° 5 5s 25 9 a| 3 163 val ofS p= | 218 | ton 6 | 326 20 438 90 on 100. 733 y={|—?_._4 2200 lates |