UNI

TONE

1.
1. DEFI
NITI
ONANDUSESOFHI
STORY
Thewor
dhi
stor
yisder
ivedf
rom Gr
eekwor
d“I
stor
ia”
,meani
ng“
Lear
ningbyI
nqui
ry.
”
Hi
stor
y:-i
sabr
anchofsoci
alsci
encet
hatst
udi
esaboutt
hedev
elopmentoft
he
economi
c,soci
al,pol
i
ticalandcul
tur
all
i
feofpasthumanbei
ng.I
tist
heper
iod
st
art
edaf
terhumanbei
ngsdev
el hear
opedt tofwr
it
ingsy
stem.
Pr
e-hi
stor
y:-i
sthest
udyofdi
stantpast
.Itst
udi
esofev
ent
sbef
orehumanbei
ngs
dev
elopedt
hear
tofwr
it
ingsy
stem.
 Ar
chaeol
ogy
:-i
sthe sci
ence i
n whi
ch ar
chaeol
ogi
sts di
g outmat
eri
al
obj
ect
s&f
ossi
l
soft
hepast
.Ithel
psusi
nthest
udyofpr
ehi
stor
y.
 Fossi
ls:
-ar
ether
emai
nsofdeadpl
ant
s,ani
mal
s&humanbei
ngs.I
thel
ps
ust
oreconst
ructwhathappenedbef
orewr
it
ingst
art
ed.
1.
2. Usesofhi
stor
y
 Toknowt
hepast
 Tounder
standt
hepr
esent
 Tof
oresee/
predi
ctt
hef
utur
edev
elopment
s
 To hav
e a br
oad under
standi
ng ofnat
ional& i
nter
nat
ionali
ssuesi
ncl
udi
ng
democr
ati
cpr
inci
ples&nat
ional
i
sm
 To dev
elop t
he necessar
yres
ear
ch ski
l
lsuch as col
l
ect
ing & anal
yzi
ng
i
nfor
mat
iont
oreachaconcl
usi
on,
 Toav
oidpastmi
stakes&t
oli
vebet
teratpr
esent
.
 Pr
ovi
det
hesenseofi
dent
it
y

1.
3. METHODSOFHI
STORI
CALSTUDY

Hi
stor
yissuppor
tedbyev
idenceswhi
char
eobt
ainedf
rom sev
eralsour
ces.Sour
ces
ofhi
stor
ydi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo.Thesear
e:

1.Pr
imar
ysour
ces:
-Ar
eor
igi
nalmat
eri
alst
hathav
edi
rectr
elat
iont
otheev
entt
hey
descr
ibe
 Theev
entmor
enear
er&r
ecenti
npl
ace&t
ime
 Ar
efi
rst
-handi
nfor
mat
ion
 Or
igi
nalwr
it
tenmat
eri
als,suchasaccount
sofdi
rectwi
tnessorobser
vat
ionof
anev
ent
.
 Ar
emor
erel
i
abl
ethansecondar
ysour
ces

1
 Exampl
esofpr
imar
ysour e:chr
cesar oni
cles,Monument
s,manuscr
ipt
s di
ari
es,
aut
obi
ogr ,document
aphy ssuchasl
ett
er& codesofl
aw,newspaper
,Tool
s,
Coi
ns,
Inscr
ipt
ion,
Ornament
s,r
uinsofbui
ldi
ng,f
ossi
l,
NB.Theol
ddocument
s&i
nscr
ipt
ionsofEt
hiopi
anhi
stor
ywer
ewr
it
teni
nSabean,
Geez,
Amhar
ic,
Arabi
c,Gr
eekandot
herEur
opeanl
anguages.

2.Secondar
ysour
ces:
-Ar
esecondhandi
nfor
mat
ion
 Fari
nti
meandpl
acet
otheev
entt
heydescr
ibe
 Hav
enotdi
rectr
elat
iont
otheev
entt
heydescr
ibe
 Exampl
esofsecondar
ysour
cesar
e:Nov
els,Pl
ay,Hi
stor
ybooks,Or
alt
radi
ti
ons,
Bi
ogr
aphy
,ar
ti
cles,
BA.AndMA.Thesi
sanddi
sser
tat
ions
Or
alTr
adi
ti
ons:
-ar
einf
ormat
ion’
str
ansmi
tt
edbywor
dofmout
hfr
om gener
ati
ont
o
gener
ati
on.I
tcoul
dbet
akenasbot
hpr
imar
yandsecondar
ysour
cesandser
veas
t
hemai
nsour
cef
ort
hest
udyofEt
hiopi
anhi
stor
y
Dat
ingi
nhi
stor
y
Ev
ent
soccur
redi
nti
me,butt
hei
rdur
ati
oni
nti
mecoul
dbeshor
torl
ong.Thent
he
dur
ati
onofev
ent
sexpr
essedi
nti
mebyusi
ngcer
tai
nuni
ts.Theseuni
tsar
e:
a.Decades-aper
iodoft
en/
10/y
ear
s
b.Cent
ury
-aper
iodofonehundr
ed/
100/y
ear
s,and
c.Mi
l
lenni
um-aper
iodofonet
housand/
1000/y
ear
Chr
onol
ogy
:ist
hesequenceofev
ent
sint
ime.Cal
endarhel
psust
oputev
ent
sina
t
imechr
onol
ogy
.Howev
ert
her
ear
emanycal
endar
sint
hewor
ld,butt
hemost
commonar
etwo.
1.Gr
egor
iancal
endar
:ti
mei
scount
edbef
oreandaf
tert
hebi
rt
hofJesus
Chr
ist
.Whent
heev
entoccur
redbef
oret
hebi
rt
hofJesusr
efer
sasB.
Cand
whenev
ent
soccur
redaf
tert
hebi
rt
hofJesusr
efer
sasA.
D,aLat
int
erm,
“
AnnoDomi
ni”meani
ngi
nthey
earofLor
d.
2.I
slami
ccal
endar
:ti
mei
scount
edbef
oreandaf
terHej
i
ra.Whenev
ent
s
occur
redbef
oreHej
i
rar
efer
sasB.
H andwhenev
ent
soccur
redaf
ter
Hej
i
rar
efer
sasA.
H.
Hej
ir
a:-i
sthef
li
ghtofpr
ophetMohammedf
rom Meccat
oMedi
nai
n622
A.
D.
c
Exampl
e:t
hey
ear600-
699A.
Disi
nthe7th A.
D

2
 They
ear1-
99A.
Disi
nthe2ndcA.
D
Gener
all
y,wecanr
efert
othet
imei
nthepasti
nter
msofB.
P(bef
orepr
esent
)most
ly
usedt
over
ydi
stantt
ime.

Thewr
it
ingofhi
stor
y:
Thewor
ld’
sol
destwr
it
tenhi
stor
ycomesf
rom Chi
nawhi
chwaswr
it
tenbef
ore1000
B.
C.TheWest
ernhi
stor
icalwr
it
ingbegani
nanci eece.Her
entGr odot
uswast
hef
ir
st
Gr
eekhi
stor
ian known as t f
he “at
herofhi
stor
y.”Thucy
dides was hi
sfamous
successor
.
Mosthi
stor
iansusecer
tai
nbasi
cst
epsi
nwr
it
inghi
stor
y
1.Fi
rstsel
ectat
opi
cori
ssuef
rom t
hepastper
iod.
2.Secondt
heyr
eaddi
ff
erentmor
erel
i
abl
esour
cesmat
eri
al
s.
3.Thi
rdt
heyi
nter
prett
hei
nfor
mat
ionobt
ainedf
rom t
hesour
ces.
4.Fi
nal
l
y,t
heywr
it
ethehi
stor
yinasi
mpl
e,r
eadabl
e,at
tract
ive&obj
ect
ivel
y.

3
 UNI
TTWO
2.
1. STATEFORMATI
ONANDPOPULATI
ONMOVEMENTSI
NTHEHORNOF
AFRI LLTHE17TH CENTURY
CATI

Bef
ore,
theemer
genceofst
atehumansoci
eti
esexi
stsi
nsomef
orm ofor
gani
zat
ion
suchascl
ansandt
ri
be.St
atei
sdi
ff
erentf
rom anear
li
eror
gani
zat
ionandr
efer
sto
anaut
onomouspol
i
tical
uni
thav
ing
 Def
ini
tet
err
it
ori
alar
ea
 sov
erei
gnt
y
 Lar
gegr
oupofpeopl
e,and
 Gov
ernmentt
hatcanusef
orcet
omakepeopl
eobey
.
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentt
heor
iesaboutt
heemer
genceofst
ates.Rel
i
gion:-humanbei
ngs
i
ntr
oduced t
he conceptofr
eli
gion when t
heywer
eli
vi
ng i
n cav
es.Asr
eli
gion
dev
eloped pr
iest
s appear
ed and began t
o pl
ay cent
ralr
olei
n spi
ri
tual&
admi
nist
rat
ivewayofl
i
fe.Ear
lyst
ateswer
eknownasTheocr
ati
cst
ates.Theocr
ati
c
sat
eswer
est
atesr
uledbypr
iest
s.

Ther
ewer
esev
er f
alact
orsf
ort
heemer
genceofst
atei
nEt
hiopi
a.Suchas:

A.Thebegi
nni
ngofagr
icul
tur
e,and

B. Thegr
owt
hofi
nter
nal
andext
ernal
trade

THEEARLI
ESTSTATESI
NETHI
OPI
ANREGI
ONSANDTHEHORNOFAFRI
CA

1.Punt
:-
wast
heanci
entst
atei
nthehor
nofAf
ri
caexi
stedi
nthe3rdmi
l
lenni
um B.
C.
I
tshi
stor
icalev
idencesf
oundi
nEgy
pti
anhi
erogl
yphi
candsout
hofEgy
ptknown
ast
hel
andofpunt
.Theexactl
ocat
ionofpunt&i
tst
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
snotwel
l
known.Schol
arssuggestt esentdayEt
hepr hiopi
a,Er
it
reaandSomal
iawer
epar
t
ofpunt
.Puntmader
elat
ionwi
thEgy
pti
nbot
hsea&l
andr
out
es.

2. Damat
:-wasexi
stedbef
oret
her
iseofAksum,andsi
tuat
ed Sout
hofAksum.

4
 Ev
idencesaboutDamatcomef
rom l
ocalar
chaeol
ogi
calsour
ces.Damatr
uler
s
usedt
heSout
hAr
abi
anpol
i
tical& r
eli
gioust
it
l ed Mukar
ecal
l ib.Thi
sref
ers
Damathadr
elat
ionwi
thSout
hAr
abi
a.Thi
sinf
ormat
iongotf
rom l
ocali
nscr
ipt
ion
t
h
l
eftbyi
tsr
uler
sar
oundt
he5 cB.
C.Damatusedt
hepor
tofAdul
i
sont
heRed
SeaCoast
.

3.TheAksumi
teSt
ate

Aksum wasnott
hef
ir
stst
atei
nEt
hiopi
a;t
her
ewer
epr
e-Aksumi
test
atesl
i
kePunt
&Damat
,andot
heranci
entci
ti
esl
i
keYeha,Col
oe,Mat
ara,Hawel
tiandMel
azo.
Accor
dingt
othedocumentknownast
hePer
ipl
usofEr
it
reanSeawhi
chwr
it
ten
ar
ound1stcBC byanony
moussai
l
orAdul
i
swast
hemaj
orpor
tofAksum and
Zoscal
swast
hef
ir
stki
ng.Thedocumental
soment
ionedt
hatAksum wasemer
ged
i
nt dof2ndcBC.Economi
hemi cFeat
ureofAksum:Fi
rstdependonagr
icul
tur
ebut
l
atert
radebecomest
hemaj
ori
ncome/r
evenueofAksum.Aksumi
teki
ngsf
urt
her
pr
omot
edt
het
radebyi
ssui
ngcoi
nsofgol
d,si
l
ver&br
onze,
whi
chbeart
hei
rimages.
Aksum wasal
sobui
l
tmagni
fi
centObel
i
sk,pal
acesandChur
ches.Aksum wasal
so
bui
l
tst
rongmi
l
itar
yfor
cesi
nor
dert
opr
otectt
hel
ucr
ati
vet
rade&t
rader
out
es,and
t
oexpandt
hei
rter
ri
tor
iest
odi
ff
erentr
egi
ons.Aksum wasest
abl
i
sheddi
plomat
ic
andcommer
cialr
elat
ionswi
thEast
ernRomanempi
re,Mi
ddl
eEast
,NearEastand
ot
hercount
ri
esont
heI
ndi
anOcean.

TERRI
TORI
ALLI
MITSOFAKSUMI
TESTATE:

 Whol
eregi
onbet
weenRedSeacoasti
ntheEast

 Thehi
ghl
andr
egi
onov
erl
ooki
ngt
heBl
ueNi
l
eint
heWest

 Nor
ther
nti
pofEr
it
reai
ntheNor
th,
and

 Nor
ther
nShoai
ntheSout
h

I
naddi
ti
ont
othatabookent
it
ledt
heChr
ist
ianTopogr
aphy
,wr
it
tenbyGr
eekt
rav
ell
er

5
cal
l
edCosmasI
ndi
cipl
eust
esst
atedAksumi
temer
chant
svi
sitl
andsofSout
hAbbay
t
obuygol
dfort
her
uli
ngcl
ass.ThenAksum f
oughtwi
thMer
oei
nSudan&r
uled
Sout
hAr
abi ween3rdand6thcAD.
abet
Rel
igi
ousDev
elopmentofAksum:Dur
ingt
her
eignofki
ngEzanaChr
ist
iani
tywas
i
ntr
oducedt
oAksum i
nthe4t
hcAD.AbbaFr
emnat
osl
aterBi
shopAbbaSal
ama
conv
ert
edEzanaandhi
scl
osef
ri
endsar
ound330A.
D andChr
ist
iani
tybecame
t
h
of
fi
cialst
ater
eli
gion.
Monksknownast
heNi
neSai
ntsi
ntheendof5 cA.
Dspr
ead
Chr
ist
iani
tyamongt
heor
dinar
ypeopl
esofEt
hiopi
a.

RESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFTHENI
NESAI
NTS:
 Pr
eachedt
her
eli
gion
 Bui
l
tChur
chesandmonast
eri
es,
and
 Tr
ansl
atedBi
bleandot
herr
eli
giousbooksi
ntoGeez.
Fol
l
owi
ngt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofChr
ist
iani
tyl
ongl
ast
ingr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenEt
hiopi
a
andEgy
ptunt
il1958wasest
abl
i
shed.
THEDECLI
NEANDFALLOFAKSUM
Aksum begant
odecl
i
nei
nthe7t
hcA.
Dandf
alli
nthe12t
hcA.
D,causedbybot
h
i
nter
nal
andext
ernal
fact
ors.Thesear
eli
stedbel
ow:
-
I
.Int
ernal
fact
ors:
 Rebel
l
ionandt
hei
nvasi
onofBej
apeopl
e.
I
I.Ext
ernal
fact
ors:
 Thedest
ruct
ionoft
hepor
tofAdul
i
sbyt
heMusl
i
m Ar
abi
nthe8thcA.
D.
 Thecompet
it
ionf
acedf
rom t
heMusl
i
m Ar
absov
ert
heRedSeat
rade,
and
 Theexpul
sionoft
hegov
ernorofAksum f
rom Yemen/sout
hAr
abi
aki
ngCal
eb/
i
nthe6t
hcA.
D.
LEGACI
ESOFAKSUMI
TECI
VILI
ZATI
ON:
Aksum cont
inuedt
oexi
stast
hebi
ggestcent
erofahi
ghl
ydev
elopedci
vi
li
zat
ionf
or
sev
eralcent
uri
es.Thi
scanbeat
test
edf
rom r
uinsofTempl
es,Tomb,I
ront
ool
s,
Obel
i
sks,
Bri
cksg.Or
nament
s,Coi
nsandPot
ter
y
6
Theachi
evement
sofAksum wer
e:
 Expansi
onov
erSeat
rade
 Cent
ral
i
zedst
ateadmi
nist
rat
ion
 Adv
ancedshi
pbui
l
dingt
echnol
ogy
 Const
ruct
ionoft
empl
esandobel
i
sks
 Ter
ri
tor
ial
expansi
on
 Adv
ancedl
i
ter
atur
eandcr
aft
s,and
 St
rongdi
plomat
icr
elat
ionwi
thout
sidewor
ld.
4. THEZAGWEDYNASTY

Af
tert
hedownf
allofAksum,t
heZagwedy
nast
yemer
gedi
nt dof12th c-
hemi 1270
A.
D.I
n1150A.
Ddef
eat
edt
hel
astAksumi
teki
ngDi
l
Naod&f
oundedbyl
ocalAgaw
r
uli
ngcl
assofBugna,i
nLast
a.Thesout
hwar
dshi
ftofAksumi
tepol
i
ticalcent
rel
ed
t
othei
ntegr
ati
onoft
heAgaw peopl
e&l
ocalr
uli
ngcl
asswi
tht
heAksumi
ter
uli
ng
cl
ass.

Mer
aTekl
ehay
manotwast
hef
ounderoft
hisdy
nast
y.Heest
abl
i
shednew pol
i
tical
cent
reatAdef
ainLast
a.Theci
tyl
aterr
enamedLal
i
bel
aaf
teroneoft
hegr
eat
est
ki
ngsoft
hedy
nast
yki
ngLal
i
bel
a(r
.1190-
1225A.
D).
TheZagwedy
nast
ywasknown
i
nEt
hiopi
anhi
stor
yfori
tsmonol
i
thi
cChur
ches.Ki
ngLal
i
bel
awasknownf
ort
he
const
ruct
ionoft
he11monol
i
thi
crock-
hewnChur
chesi
nthe1sthal
fof13t
hcA.
D.
Thechur
cheswer
econst
ruct
edwi
tht
heai
m ofcr
eat
ingt
hesecondhol
ylandof
Jer
usal
em ont
hehi
ghl
andpar
tsofEt
hiopi
a.Lal
i
bel
awasgl
ori
ouski
ngpl
ayedal
ot
f
ort
heexpansi
onofChr
ist
iani
ty.

Ter
ri
tor
ial
li
mitofZagwe

 Thef
ormerhi
ghl
andofAksumi
tepr
ovi
ncesi
ntheNor
th

 Thepr
esentdayofnor
ther
nShoai
ntheSout
h,and

 LakeTanar
egi
oni
ntheWest
.

BASI
CECONOMI
CFEATUREOFZAGWE
1.Agr
icul
tur
e:-wast
hemosti
mpor
tantr
evenueori
ncomeofZagwedy
nast
y.
2.Tr
ade:
-wasaddi
ti
onal
sour
cesofconduct
edt
hrought
woout
let
s.Thesear
e
a.Zei
l
apor
twast
hemai
nout
leti
nthesout
h,and

7
b.Dahl
aki
slandsont
heRedSeacoasti
nthenor
th
CULTURALDEVELOPMENTOFZAGWE
 Dev
elopedcul
tur
alt
radi
ti
onofAksum
 Cont
inuedChr
ist
iani
tyasst
ate&of
fi
cial
rel
i
gion
 Geezusedasl
anguageoft
hechur
chandwr
it
ing
 Cont
inuedr
elat
ionwi
thMusl
i
mrul
ersofEgy
pt.
FACTORSFORTHEDECLI
NEOFZAGWE
1.Theconf
li
ctbet
weenZagweandDamot
2.Thest
rengt
h&gr
owt
hofMusl
i
m power
sal
ongt
het
rader
out
eofZei
l
a.
3.Thepr
obl
em ofsuccessi
ont
othet
hroneamongt
heZagwepr
inces,
and
4.Opposi
ti
onsofZagwef
rom t
her
egi
onsofAmhar
aandTi
grair
elat
edt
olegendof
t
heQueenofSheba.
Fi
nal
l
y,anAmhar
alocalchi
efYekunoAml
akdef
eat
edt
hel
astki
ngofZagwedy
nast
y,
ki
ng Yet
bar
ek i
n 1270 A.
D.Then,he est
abl
i
shed geneal
ogyt
hatmade hi
m a
descendantofDi
l
naodl
astki
ng ofAksum.YekunoAml
ak decl
ared hi
msel
fan
emper
orandf
ounderoft
heSol
omoni
cdy
nast
y(1270-
85A.
D).

STATESI
NSOUTH,
ANDSOUTHWESTE

Bi
zamo,
Damot
,Enar
yaandGaf
at

A. Bi
zamo:-
wasaki
ngdom l
ocat
edont
hesout
her
nbendofAbayRi
ver
.Itwas
f
oundedi
ntheei
ght
hcent
uryandhadear
lyconnect
ionswi
thDamot
.
B.Damot
:wasast
rongki
ngdom t
hatexpandedi
tst
err
it
ori
esi
ntomostoft
hel
ands
t
hesout
hofAbayandnor
thofLakeTur
kanaaswel
laswestofAwashandeastof
Di
dessa.Mot
alamiwasapr
omi
nentki
ngofDamoti
nthet
hir
teent
hcent
ury
.
C.Enar
ya:wasaki
ngdom i
ntheGi
ber
egi
oni
nsout
hwest
ernEt
hiopi
a.Ther
oyalcl
an
wasHi
nnar
eBushasho(
Hinnar
ioBusaso)
.Enar
ya'
ski
ngshi
pwasadi
vi
neone.The
r
eal
powerr
est
edwi
thMi
kret
cho(
counci
l
).
D.Gaf
at:
thet
err
it
oryofGaf
atl
i
essout
hofAbay(
BlueNi
l
e)Ri
ver
.Itwasi
nhabi
tedby
Semi
ti
cspeaki
ngpopul
ati
onr
elat
edt
oHar
ariandt
heGur
age.Asofear
lymedi
eval
per
iod,Gaf
atwaspay
ingt
ri
but
etot
heChr
ist
ianKi
ngdom mai
nlyi
ncat
tl
e,whi
ch
camef
rom si
xdi
str
ict
s,amongwhi
chGamboandShatar
eGaf
atcl
annames.The
st
atewasgov
ernedbyr
uler
sbear
ingt
het
it
leofAwal
amo.

8
A.TheMusl
im Sul
tanat
es
1.Shewa:
-wast
heear
li
estMusl
i
m st
atei
nEt
hiopi
afoundedbyt
heMakhzumi
te
dy
nast
yar
ound896A.
D.
2.Dahl
ak:
-wasmai
ngat
ewayofI
slam i
ntheRedSeaandemer
gedi
nthe10t
hcA.
D,
wast
hef
ir
stMusl
i
m sul
tanat
esi
nthenor
ther
nEt
hiopi
a.
3.I
fat
:-wasemer
gedsout
hofShoanpl
ateauf
oundedbyt
heWal
asmady
nast
yin
1285A.
D.I
tcont
rol
l
edv
astt
err
it
oryt
hroughwhi
chl
ongdi
stancet
rader
out
esof
Zei
l
a.I
tbecamest
rongr
ivaloft
heChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom.Zei
l
awasbecame
t
hesour
cesofconf
li
ctbet
weenChr
ist
ianandMusl
i
ms.Fi
nal
l
y,I
fatwasdef
eat
edby
Ki
ngAmdeTsi
yoni
n1332A.
D.
4.Fat
agar
,Dawar
o,Bal
i
,Dar
a,Ar
babaniandHady
awer
etheot
herMusl
i
m sul
tanat
es
i
nEt
hiopi
a.By1332t
heseMusl
i
m st
ates,si
dedwi
thI
fatandf
oughtagai
nstt
he
Chr
ist
ianst
ates.TheChr
ist
ianki
ngAmdeTsi
ondef
eat
edal
loft
hem &becamea
t
ri
but
arypr
ovi
nce.Fr he14th cA.
om t D Musl
i
mresi
stancebegant
orev
ive.Thi
s
cr
eat
edwi
tht
heemer
genceofAdalsul
tanat
e.Theydecl
aredwaragai
nstChr
ist
ian
ki
ngdom f
rom 15th-
16thc.Dur
ingt
hisper
iodAhmedI
brahi
m successf
ull
ychal
l
enged
t
heChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom.Howev
ert
osol
vet
hepr
obl
em bet
weent
heMusl
i
m
and Chr
ist
ian st
ates,t
he Chr
ist
ian ki
ngs made pol
i
ticalmar
ri
ages wi
tht
hem.
Exampl
eZar
aYaco/
1434-
68/hadmar
ri
edwi
thHady
apr
inces

THERI
VALRYAMONGCHKANDMUSLI
M SULTANATES

Zei
lat
rader
out
ewast
hemai
nsour
cesofconf
li
ctbet
weent
heAdaland
Chr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom.Howev
er,t
heChr
ist
ianki
ngdom mai
ntai
nedt
he
upperhandov
ert
heMusl
i
mresi
stanceunt
il1527A.
D.Butt
hesi
tuat
ionwas
compl
etel
ychangedwhenI
mam AhmedI
bnI
brahm Al
-Ghazi(
AhmedGr
agn)
becamet
hel
eaderoft
hesul
tanat
eofAdali
n1520.Heor
gani
zedt
heAf
ar,
Somal
i
,Har
arandAr
gobbapeopl
etodef
eatt
heChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom.

Ther
efor
e,Adal
s,undert
hel
eader
shi
pofAhamedI
bnI
brahi
m elGhazior
AhmedGr
agn(
lef
thandedman)
,launchedawarofat
tackagai
nstCHK.I
nit
ial
l
y,
AhmedGr
agnwasasol
dieri
nthear
myofAmi
rMahf
uzofAdalSul
tanat
e,who
mar
ri
edAmi
r‘
sdaught
er.Ami
rManf
uzhi
msel
fwasencour
agedbyTur
kst
o
decl
arewaronCHK becauseTur
kssuspect
edt
hatPor
tugueseest
abl
i
shed
st
rong r
elat
ion wi
th Chr
ist
ian ki
ngs ofEt
hiopi
a.Nev
ert
hel
ess,Mahf
uz‘
s

9
obj
ect
ivewasf
ail
edwhenhewasdef
eat
edandki
l
ledbyChr
ist
ianki
ngnamed
Li
beneDi
ngeli
n1516.Af
tert
hedeat
hofMahf
uz,t
her
ewaspeacef
orsome
y
ear
s,butdaught
erofMahf
uzur
gedAhmedGr
agnt
ost
artwarofr
evenge
agai
nstki
l
lerofherf
ather
.AhmedGr
agn,
ther
ulerofZei
l
a,t
ookHar
arandAdal
byf
orce,anddecl
aredwaronLi
beneDi
ngelatt
hebat
tl
eofShi
mbur
aQur
ein
1529wher
ethel
aterwasdef
eat
ed,whi
chmar
kedt
hedomi
nat
ionofCHKby
Musl
i
m Sul
tanat
eofAdalunderAhmedGr
agnf
rom 1529-
1543.Bef
oret
he
bat
tl
eofShi
mbur
aQur
e,Li
beneDi
ngl
efoughtmanybat
tl
esagai
nstMusl
i
m
Sul
tanat
es,
buthewasdef
eat
edbyMusl
i
msal
lthet
ime,
andr
etr
eat
edt
oAngot
,
Last
a,Begemdi
r,andTi
grer
espect
ivel
y.

AhmedGr
agnf
oll
owedt
her
etr
eat
edCHKf
orceandki
l
ledChr
ist
ians,bur
ned
chur
ches,conf
iscat
ed Chr
ist
ians gol
d,and cat
tl
e.Fol
l
owi
ng hi
sfai
l
uret
o
wi
thst
andt
heMusl
i
ms,
LibeneDi
ngl
esentaPor
tuguesemancal
l
edBer
mudez
t
oPor
tugalt
hatai
medt
orequestPor
tuguese‘
smi
l
itar
yassi
stanceagai
nst
Ahmade Gr
agn,who was suppor
ted by Tur
ks.Hence,Ber
mudez l
eftf
or
Por
tuguesei
n1535,andcamebackaf
terLi
beneDi
ngl
ehadal
readydi
eda
nat
ural
deat
hin1540.

ThePor
tuguesef
orcecamef
rom I
ndi
atoEt
hiopi
aconsi
sted400sol
dier
s.They
wer
ecommandedbyChr
ist
opherdaGama,whowasr
ecei
vedbysuccessof
Li
beneDi
ngl
enamedKi
ngGel
awdewos.

Thecol
l
abor
ati
onamongGel
awdewos,Sebl
eWongel(
wif
eofLi
beneDi
ngl
e)
andChr
ist
opherdaGamaat
tackedt
heMusl
i
ms,butf
ir
stunabl
etodef
eat
Gr
agn‘
sfor
ce.Chr
ist
opherdaGamahi
msel
fwasal
soki
l
ledatt
hebat
tl
e.Lat
er,
CHKsuccessf
ull
ydef
eat
edt
hef
orceofAhmedGr
agnatt
hebat
tl
eofWoy
na
Degai
n1543,andGr
agn‘
swi
fe,Bat
iDelWomber
awasr
etr
eat
edt
oAdalt
hat
l
edt
other
est
orat
ionofCHKhegemonyov
erMusl
i
msSul
tanat
es.
FOREI
GNI
NTERVENTI
ON/PORTUGALANDOTTOMANTURKEY
c
Thebegi
nni he16th
ngoft saw t
heemer
genceoft
wopower
si.
e.Por
tugal

andOt
tomanTur
keycompet
ingt
ocont
rolHor
nofAf
ri
ca.Sot
heconf
li
cti
n
Et
hiopi
abet
weent
heAdalandChr
ist
ianshadt
akeni
nter
nat
ionaldi
mensi
on
f
ort
hei
rownadv
ant
age.Thesef
orei
gnpower
swant
edt
ocont
rolt
hesea

10
r
out
eofGul
fofAdenandRedSeawhi
chsuppor
tedt
her
ival
stat
esofEt
hiopi
a.
Howev
er,Ot
tomanTur
keysuppor
tedt
oAdal
,whi
l
ePor
tugalsuppor
tedt
othe
Chr
ist
ianki
ngdom.

FACTORSFORTHESUCCESSOFAHMEDGRAGN

 The Chr
ist
ian f
orce had t
o cr
oss t
he di
ff
icul
tlowl
ands & v
all
eys
bet
weenI
fat
&Har
ar.

 AhmedGr
agnbegant
ouset
her
esour
ceofHar
arandher
ecr
uit
ed
f
reshsol
dier
sfr
om t
heMusl
i
m communi
ti
esofsout
heastEt
hiopi
a.

 Ahmedhadbui
l
tast
rongcav
alr
yfor
ce.

 Adal
suppor
tedbyt
heAr
ab&Ot
tomanTur
key
.

Resul
tsoft
hewar
sbet
weent
hesul
tanat
eofAdalandt
heChr
ist
ian
hi
ghl
andki
ngdom

Exhaust
edbot
htheChr
ist
ian&Musl
i
m st
ates.


ManyChr
ist
ianswer
esl
aught
ered.


Chur
chesandmonast
eri
eswer
ebur
ned&l
oot
ed.


Rel
i
giousbook&manuscr
ipt
swer
edest
roy
ed.


SomeChr
ist
ianswer
econv
ert
edt
oIsl
am.


I
nter
mingl
i
ngoft
heChr
ist
iansandMusl
i
ms.And


Causedt
hepopul
ati
onmov
ementofOr
omo.

Or
omoPopul
ati
onMov
ementandExpansi
on
c
The16th hi
stor
yofhor
nofAf
ri
cawasdomi
nat
edbywarandpopul
ati
onmov
ement
.

Maddawal
abu:
-wast
her
eli
giousandpol
i
tical
cent
erofOr
omoset
tl
ement
.

11
Causesoft
heOr
omoPopul
ati
onmov
ement&expansi
on

 War
sanddi
stur
banceoft fof15thand16thc.
hesecondhal

 Demogr
aphi
cfact
ori
es

 Cl
i
mat
icchanges
Or
omoI
nst
it
uti
onandSoci
alOr
gani
zat
ion
Bef
oreanddur
ingt
hei
rmov
ement
,theOr
omohadt
hei
rownpol
i
tical
,soci
al
and economi
cinst
it
uti
on. Gada Sy
stem:
-ist
he Or
omo pol
i
tical
,soci
al,
economi
candr
eli
giousor
gani
zat
ions.TheGadasy
stem i
sasy
stem i
nwhi
ch
gadacl
assessucceedeachot
herev
ery8y
ear
sinpr
ovi
dingmi
l
itar
y,pol
i
tical
,
soci
al,r
it
ual&economi
cleader
shi
psf
ort
heOr
omonat
ion.
int
hissy
stem al
l
mal
emember
soft
hesoci
etywoul
djoi
nGadacl
ass.Ther
ear
emanyGada
cl
assesorgr
ades;t
he6age-gr
ade(
41-
48)y
ear
sar
ecal
l
edasgada.Thi
swas
t
heageofpol
i
tical
,soci
al,mi
l
itar
y,economyandr
it
uall
eader
shi
p.TheGada
sy
stem was qui
te egal
i
tar
ian & t
he head of t
he Chaf
fe was el
ect
ed
democr
ati
cal
l
yfr
om amongt
heGadaage-
grade.Hehadt
het
it
leofAbba
BokkuorAbbaGada.

Gadaof
fi
cial
s

1.Chaf
fe:
-ist
heGadaassembl
y,wast
hemai
ndeci
sionmaki
ngbodyi
n
t
heGadasy
stem.
2.AbbaSer
a:-wasi
nchar
geoft
heOr
omot
radi
ti
onal
law

3.AbbaDul
a:-t
hear
mycommanderofOr
omo.
4.AbbaBokkuorAbbaGada:
-spokesmanoft
heassembl
y/headsofChaf
fe.
5.Qal
lus:
-wer
ethehi
ghestpr
iest
sofOr
omo.
Rel
igi
onofOr
omo
Theyhadf
oll
owedat
radi
ti
onal
rel
i
gionknownasWaqaorSkygod
EconomyofOr
omo
Bef
oreandaf
tert
hei
rexpansi
on,
theOr
omoexer
ciset
hemi
xedeconomy
.
Di
rect
ionsoft
heOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ement&expansi
on
Bef
ore, t
he expansi
on t
he Or
omo peopl
es di
vi
ded i
nto t
wo gr
oups
(
conf
eder
acy
).Thesear
e:-
1.TheBor
anaConf
eder
acy
:-consi
stedofMecha,Tul
ama,sout
her
nBor
ana

12
 andGuj
icl
ans.Mov onor
edt thwest
erl
ydi
rect
ionandmov
edout
sideof
Et
hiopi
ato,
Keny
aandSomal
i
a.
2.The Bat
ent
u Conf
eder
acy
:-composed ofMar
awa,Kar
ayu,I
tt
u,
Humbana,Akachu,Wol
l
o and Ar
sicl
ans.Mov o nor
ed t th east
di
rect
ion.
St
agesoft
heOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ement&expansi
on
TheOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ement&expansi
onhadt
wost
ages.Thesear
e:-
st st
 The1 st
agei
sper
iodofsmal
l&sl
owmov
ementi
nthe1 hal
foft
he
t
h
16 cA.
D.
 The2ndst
agei
slar
gescal
emov
ementbet
weent
hemi he16th c-
doft 1618
17thcAD.
(

Causesf
ort
heOr
omoexpansi
on
 TheGadasy
stem pr
ovi
dedt
rai
ning&mi
l
itar
yor
gani
zat
ion.
 TheOr
omomadewi
de&gooduseoft
hehor
seatt
het
imeofex
pansi
on.

 Medhi
chaor
Moggassa:
-ist
hepr
ocessofadapt
ati
ont
heOr
omopeopl
e
wi
thot
herpeopl
es.Hadt
wof
orms.Thesear
e:
• Guddi
facha:
-af
orm ofpar
entadopt
ingachi
l
d.
• Moggassa:
-adopt
ingi
ntocl
anoft
ri
be

Consequenceoft
heOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ement
sinEt
hiopi
aregi
onsandt
he
hor
nofAf
ri
ca
 TheOr
omoset
tl
einnor
thEt
hiopi
a,sout
hofTi
grai
,sout
heast
ernGondar&et
c.
 Li
veout
sideofEt
hiopi
ainKeny
aandSomal
i
a.
 Et
hni
c&cul
tur
ali
nter
mixi
ngbet
weent
heOr
omo&ot
herpeopl
esoft
her
egi
on.
 Weakenedbot
htheMusl
i
m andChr
ist
ianki
ngdoms.
 Theyadopt
edChr
ist
iani
tyandI
slami
crel
i
gion.
 Becamesedent
aryagr
icul
tur
ali
sts.

13
2.
1. FEATURES, I
NTERDEPENDENCE AND ACHI
EVEMENTS OF MAJOR
CI
VILI
ZATI
ON
I
. AFRI
CANCI
VILI
ZATI
ON
1.
Egy
pt:
-wasci
vi
li
zedatabout3000B.
C.i
nNi
l
eval
l
eyofnor
theastAf
ri
ca.
 Ther
uler
sofanci
entEgy
pti
anknownasPhar
aohs.
 TheEgy
pti
ant
ombswer
eknownasPy
rami
ds.
 Thei
rwr
it
ingsy
stem cal
l
edasHi
erogl
yphi
cs.
 Theyi
ntr
oducedapaperl
i
kesubst
anceknownasPapy
rus.
 Theyadv
ancedmat
hemat
ics&medi
ci
ne.
 Theyhadcul
tur
al&commer
cial
rel
ati
onswi
thEt
hiopi
a.
Rel
igi
on:
-anci
entEgy
pti
ans wer
e bel
i
eved i
n“l
i
fe af
terdeat
h.”Then t
hey
dev
elopedt
hepr
ocessofpr
eser
vingdeadbodycal
lmummi
fi
cat
ion.
Ar
chi
tect
ure:
-bui
l
tgr
eatpy
rami
dsandsphi
nx.
2.
Kush:-wasexi
stedi
ntheNi
l
eval
l
eyi
nthenor
theastSudanabout2000B.
C.
I
twasi
nvaded byEgy
pti
an i
n 1500 B.
C and adopt
ed el
ementEgy
pti
an
l
anguage&r
eli
gion.I
nthe8thcB.
CKusht
iesconquer
edEgy
ptandr
uledupt
o
670B.
C,whenAssy
riansi
nvadedEgy
ptf
rom Asi
a.TheAssy
riansdest
roy
ed
t
hef
ir
stcapi
talci
tyofKush,cal
l
edNapat
aandKushmov
edt
hei
rcapi
tal
sout
htoMer
oe.Theyf
oundi
ronandmadei
ront
ool
s,andweapons.They
wer
edev
elopedt
hei
rownl
anguage,wr
it
ingsy
stem andwor
shi
ppedt
hei
r
owngods.
Fal
ldownofKush:
-wasdest
roy
edbyAksumi
teki
ngEzanai
n350A.
D.
3.
Car
thage:
-was f
ounded i
nthe peni
nsul
a,i
n nor
th Af
ri
ca /Tuni
sia/byt
he
Phoeni
cian peopl
ein 814 B.
C and wel
lpr
otect
ed bywal
l
.Theywer
e mor
e
i
nter
est
edi
ntr
adet
hani
nconquest
.Itwast
hef
ir
stci
tyst
atesgr
ow i
ntol
arge
empi
rewhi
ch i
ncl
ude WestNor
th Af
ri
ca,sout
her
n Spai
n,Sar
dini
a,Cor
sica &
sout
her
nhal
fofSi
cil
y.

Fal
ldownofCar
thage:
-wasdest
roy
edandr
uledbyt
heRomanempi
re,
&def
eat
ed
atPuni
cof149-
146B.
Cthr
eet
imes

4.
Zimbabwe:
-wasf
oundedbyt
heShonapeopl
ein1000A.
D.Theybui
l
taci
tycal
l
ed
gr
eatZi
mbabwebyShonawor
dmeanshouseofSt
onenearMasui
ngo.Decl
i
neof
Zi
mbabwe:
-causedbyt
hei
nter
nal
fact
ors.Fori
nst
ance:
14
 Kar
angawer
ebr
anchofShonaest
abl
i
shedt
heMwenemut
apaempi
rei
n1400
 TheRozwipeopl
e,sout
her
nKar
angagr
oupr
ebel
l
edi
nthel
ate14oos&f
ounded
t
heChangami
reEmpi
reButdef
eat
edbyNugunipeopl
esi
nce1450AD.
I
I. Asi
anci
vi
li
zat
ion

 Mesopot
ami
a:-i
ncl
udet
hepr
esentdayofEastSy
ria,
Sout
her
nTur
key&
par
tofI
raq.Foundedabout3500BCbet
weenRi
verTi
gri
sandEuphr
ates.
ThenameMesopot
ami
acomesf
rom Gr
eekwor
dmeani
ng“
bet
ween
Ri
ver
s.”
Itwasf
oundedbyt
heSumer
ianpeopl
e&dev
elopedt
hei
rown
wr
it
ing sy
stem known as Cunei
for
m. They wer
e adv
anced i
n
mat
hemat
ics,
ast
ronomy
,medi
cineandmet
alwor
ks.
 Per
sia:-l
ocat
edt
hepr
esentdayofI
ran&Af
ghani
stanCi
vi
li
zedabout
900BC.Thei
rregi
oncal
l
edast
he“
landofAr
yan”andt
hei
rlanguage
wasAr
yan.Theycont
ri
but
edi
ngov
ernment
,law,r
eli
gionanddev
eloped
ef
fi
cientpost
alser
vices.I
n500BCPer
siabecamet
hecent
erofv
ast
Empi
recont
rol
l
edNor
thAf
ri
ca&sout
heastEur
opei
nthewest
,toI
ndi
a
i
ntheeastandf
rom Gul
fofOmani
nthesout
htoCaucasusMount
ains
i
nthenor
th.Theydev
eloped a cunei
for
m wr
it
ing sy
stem and t
hei
r
r
eli
gionknownasZor
oast
ri
ani
sm,
whi
chf
oundedbyPr
ophetZor
oast
er.

 I
ndi
a:-wasest
abl
i
shedi
nIndusv
all
eyt
hepr
esentdayofPaki
stanand
west
ernI
ndi
aabout2500BC.
 Har
appaandMohenj
o-Dar
ower
eit
scapi
tal
cit
ies.
 Thei
reconomydependsonagr
icul
tur
e,t
radeandcr
aft
s.
 Theywer
eadv
ancedi
ncount
ing,measur
ing,wei
ghi
ng,usedcopper&br
onze
t
omaket
ool
s,mi
rr
ors,
pot
s,pans,
craf
tedsi
l
ver
sandgol
dor
nament
s.

 Thei
rrel
i
gionknownasHi
ndui
sm andBuddhi
sm.

CAUSESFORTHEDECLI
NEANDFALLDOWNOFI
NDI
A

 Thei
nvasi
onofAr
yanpeopl
es,
and

 Thedr
yingupoft
heHakar
aRi
ver
.
 Chi
na:
-wasexi
stedatabout3000BCi
nHwang-
HoRi
ver
/yel
l
ow orYangt
ze
r
iver
.
 ShangandChonwer
etheear
li
estst
atesofchi
na.
 TheShangwasdest
roy
edbyChondy
nast
yin1122BCandr
uledunt
il256BC.

15
Themaj
orachi
evement
sofChi
neseci
vi
li
zat
ion

 Bui
l
tthegr
eatwal
labout7400km i
nnor
thchi
nat
okeept
hemsel
ves
f
rom i
nvader
sofcent
ral
Asi
a.

 Law &or
dermai
ntai
nedt
hroughoutt
hei
rst
rongadmi
nist
rat
ionand
ar
mies.

 Dev
elopedt
hei
rownwr
it
ingsy
stem knownasLogogr
aphi
c.
 Phi
l
osophy
:Conf
uci
us/
551-
479BC/wast
hegr
eat
estChi
nesephi
l
osopher
.Hi
s
t
eachi
ngcal
l
edConf
uci
ani
sm.
I
II
. Amer
icanci
vi
li
zat
ion

1.Maya:-wer
enat
iveNor
thAmer
icanpeopl
eexi
stedabout250-
900AD.They
wor
shi
pedi
nmanygods&goddessesandbui
l
ttal
lpy
rami
dswi
thsmal
l
t
empl
esont
op.Todayt
hei
rdescendant
sli
v n Mexi
ed i co and Cent
ral
Amer
ica.Theywer
eadv
ancedi
npai
nti
ng,pot
ter
y,ar
chi
tect
ure,scul
ptur
e,
ast
ronomy
,mat
hemat
icsandcal
endar
.Theywer
econquer
edbySpani
shi
n
t he16thc
heendoft .
2.I
nca:
-wer
esout
hAmer
icannat
ivepeopl
eandr
uledt
hel
argestand
r
ichestempi
re.I
ncl
udet
hepr
esentdayofCol
ombi
a,Ecuador
,Per
u,
Bol
i
via,
Chi
l
eandAr
gent
ina.
 Cuscowasi
tscapi
tal
insout
her
nPer
u.
t
h
 Theywer
edest
roy
edbySpani
shf
orcei
n16 cAD.

3.Azt
ec:
-wer
enat
ivenor
thAmer
icanpeopl
e,r
uledi
nMexi ween15th&16thc
cobet
Ad
 Tenocht
it
lanwasi
tscapi
tal
cit
y.

 Theydev
elopedt
hei
rownwr
it
ingsy
stem knownaspi
ctogr
aphi
c.

 Theywer
edest
roy
edbySpani
shi
nthe16thcAD

VI
.Eur
opeanci
vi
li
zat
ion

1.Gr
eece:-wast
hebi
rt
hpl
aceofwest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ionci
vi
li
zedabout2500BC.
 Pol
i
sist
hesmal
lci
tyst
atesofGr
eek.At
hensandSpar
tawer
ethewel
l
-knownci
ty
-
stat
es.
 Gr
eekscal
l
edt
hemsel
vesHel
l
enesandt
hei
rlandHel
l
as.
16
Achi
evement
sofanci
entGr
eek
*Phi
l
osophy *Pot
ter
y *
Democr
acy

*Ar
chi
tect
ure *Scul
ptur
e *
Psy
chol
ogy

*Ol
ympi
c *Mar
athon *Dr
ama
*Theor
emsofGeomet
ry
2.Rome:-di
ff
erentpeopl
esi
nhabi
tedi
nanci
entI
tal
y,oneoft
hem wascal
l
ed
Lat
in’
s,set
tl
edont
hehi
l
lsabov
ether
iverTi
berabout753BC.Lat
inbecame
sour
cesofFr
ench,
Ital
i
an,
Spani
sh&ot
herEur
opeanl
anguage.

 Romanl
aw becomest
hef
oundat
ionf
orl
egalsy
stem ofmostWest
ern
Eur
opecount
ri
es&Lat
inAmer
ica.Upt
o509BCbyki
ngs.

 Romanr
epubl
i
cwasest
abl
i
shedi
n509BC.Ther
ewer
etwoel
ect
edof
fi
cial
s
cal
l
edConsul
.Headoft
hegov
ernmentf
oroney
ear
sandSenat
ewer
e
power
ful
gov
ernmentbodyofr
epubl
i
csser
vedf
orl
i
fe.

 Romanr
epubl
i
cwasl
ast
edf
or500y
ear
sunt
il27BC.

 Col
iseum wast
hemostf
amousamphi
theat
reofRome.

 Fi
nal
l
ythe Roman Empi
re was est
abl
i
shed af
tert
he r
epubl
i
can was
dest
roy
edby20y
ear
sci
vi
lwar
.Thent
heRomanEmpi
rewasl
ast
edunt
il
476AD.
UNI
TTHREE

THEMODERNWORLDSI
NCE1500

RENAI
SSANCE
 Ther
enai
ssance-l
i
ter
all
ymeansr
ebi
rt
hofl
ear
ning.

 I
twasacul
tur
alandi
ntel
l
ect
ualmov
ementdedi
cat
edt
other
edi
scov
eryanduse
ofcl
assi
cal
lear
ning.
 Thehomel
andofr
enai
ssancewasI
tal
y,ast
heI
tal
i
anci
ti
eswer
ethecent
erof
Gr
eecer
omancul
tur
e.

17
 Lat
eronr
enascencespeededt
oEngl
andFr
ance,
Ger
many
,Spai
nandHol
l
and

THEGREATGEOGRAPHI
CALDI
SCOVERI
ESANDEXPLORATI
ON

t
h
 Themi
d-15 cent
uryhasbeenr
egar
dedast
heageofexpl
orat
ionanddi
scov
ery
.

 Spai
nandPor
tugalwer
ethet
wopr
inci
palnat
ionsi
npi
oneer
ingt
heEur
opean
di
scov
eryofsear
out
sthatser
vedast
hef
ir
stchannelofi
nter
act
ionbet
weenal
l
cont
inent
soft
hewor
ld.

 Bef
oret
hegr
eatgeogr
aphi
caldi
scov
eri he15thand16thct
esoft her
ewer
etr
ade,
di
stancev
oyagesandi
nter
cont
inent
alcont
act
.

 Theear
lyexpl
orat
ionwer
eli
mit
edbot
hinmagni
tudeandscal
e,becausei
n
ear
li
ert
imes,

1.Peopl
edi
dnothav
eawi
degeogr
aphi
cal
knowl
edgeandawar
eness

2. Li
mit
ati
oni
ntechnol
ogi
cal
mat
ter
s

3. They coul
d notov
ercome t
he pr
obl
em ofmar
it
ime env
ironmentand
chal
l
engef
rom t
henat
ives.

 Howev
erdur
ing15th and16th cent
ury
,ther
ewer
erel
ati
vel
ymanyi
mpr
ovement
s
t
hatcont
ri
but
edf
ort
hesuccessoft
hedi
scov
eri
es.Thesewer
e:

 I
mpr
ovementi
nmar
it
imet
echnol
ogy

 Thedev
elopmentofar
tandsci
encei
ncar
togr
aphy

 The dev
elopmentof mor
e ef
fi
cientshi
ps and av
ail
abi
l
ity of nav
igat
ion
i
nst
rument
sli
kecompass,
accur
atemaps

 Thei
ntr
oduct
ionanddev
elopment
sofweaponssuchast
henav
algun,
ithel
ped
Eur
opeanst
odef
endt
hemsel
vesf
rom host
il
eIndi
ansandAr
abs.

 Eur
opeanr
uler
swhower
egi
vi
ngext
ensi
vesuppor
ttoexpl
ore,pr
incehenner
y
coul
dbement
ioni
nthi
sregar
d.

REASONFORTHEAGEOFEXPLORATI
ONANDDI
SCOVERY

 Eur
opeanst
art
edexpl
orat
ionanddi
scov
eri
esbecause

18
1.Ther
ewast
hewi
l
li
ngnesst
olear
nandunder
standot
her
scul
tur
e.

2.Economi
cmot
ives-i
nter
esti
nthel
ongdi
stancet
radeandt
hei
rtast
eforl
uxur
y
goodsoft
heFarEast
.

3.Anewadv
ancei
ntechnol
ogy

4.Tospr
eadt
hecat
hol
i
crel
i
gion

5.Thei
nspi
rat
ionamongt
heexpl
orer
stowi
ngl
oryf
ort
hei
rownnat
ion

THEPORTUGUESEDI
SCOVERI
ESANDTHEI
RSEABORNEMPI
RE

 ThePor
tuguesewer
ethef
ir
stpeopl
etocar
ryoutt
hel
argescal
eexpl
orat
ionof
t
heear
lymoder
nper
iod.

 Thei
nit
ialat
temptatexpl
orat
ionwasst
art
edbypr
inceHener
ythenav
igat
oras
ear
l he15thc.
yast

 Wi
tht
he f
inanci
alsuppor
tand mor
alencour
agementf
rom t
he pr
ince,t
he
Por
tugueset
henbegi
ntomov
edownt
hewestcoastofAf
ri
ca.

 Thei
rmai
nmot
ivewasnotcont
actwi
tht
heAf
ri
cansbutt
ofi
ndoutal
ter
nat
ive
r
out
etoI
ndi
aandt
heFarEast
.

 I
n1947VascodeGama,
setoutont
hef
ir
stdi
rectv
oyaget
oIndi
a.

 Wi
tht
hei
rnav
alt
echnol
ogyandcour
ageousexpl
orer
s,t
hePor
tugueseev
ent
ual
l
y
l
andedandset
tl
edal
ongf
arr
emot
ear
easofeastAf
ri
caandsout
heastAf
ri
ca
andsout
heastAsi
an.

SPANI
SHDI
SCOVERI
ES

 Whi
l
ethe Por
tuguese wer
e expl
ori
ng t
he eastand est
abl
i
shed a sea r
out
e
bet
weenAsi
aandEur
ope,anav
igat
ori
ntheser
viceofSpai
nhadbeguncar
ving
outadi
ff
erentki
ndofempi
re.

 I
n1892,Chr
ist
opherCol
umbus,cr
ossedt
heAt
lant
icOceanandr
eachedt
othe

19
 i
slandsoft
heWestI
ndi
es.

 Fer
dinandMagel
l
anl
eadi
ngt
heSpani
shexpedi
ti
onsbeganhi
sjour
neyi
n1519t
o
r
eacht
heFarEast
.

 Magel
l
anf
ir
stsai
l
edr
oundt
hewor
ldt
othePhi
l
ippi
neswher
ehewaski
l
ledi
n
1521

 TheSpani
shbygoi
ngt
othewestconquer
edt
err
it
oryl
i
keMexi
co,Per
uandt
he
whol
ecent
ral
andSout
hAmer
ica.

Consequencesoft
hegr
eatgeogr
aphi
caldi
scov
eri
esoft
hel
ate16t
hand17t
hcar
e:

 Mor
elandandpeopl
ewer
etobeknown.

 Eur
opeani
nst
it
uti
onandcul
tur
ecamet
odomi
nat
ether
egi
on.

 Thei
ndi
genouspopul
ati
on par
ti
cul
arl
yint
he new wor
ldf
aced t
hemost
r
uthl
esst
reat
mentorexpl
orat
ion.

 Thebegi
nni
ngoft
heAt
lant
icsl
avet
rade

 Thecr
eat
ionofcol
oni
alset
tl
ementandempi
re.

 Openedt
hechancef
orexchangeofi
deas,
peopl
e,pl
aint
,andani
mal
s

 Openi
ngofnewt
rader
out
es

 Fast
erdev
elopmentofcapi
tal
i
sm i
nEur
ope.

THEENGLI
SHREVOLUTI
ON

Soci
al,economi
c,pol
i
ticalandr
eli
giouspr
obl
emswer
ecausesoft
heEngl
i
sh
r
evol
uti
on.Thei
mmedi
atecausewast
heEmper
orsat
temptt
oimposeoft
he
Angl
i
canl
i
tur
gyi
nScot
land.QueenEl
izabet
hI,t
hel
astr
ulerofTudordy
nast
y
di
edi
n1603.ShewassucceededbyJamsI
(r
.1603-
25)ofScot
landf
rom St
uar
t
dy
nast
y.
Ther
ewasbot
hpubl
i
csuppor
tandopposi
ti
onagai
nstJamesIandhi
sson&
successor
,Char
lesI(
r.1625-
49)
.Theopposi
ti
onwasr
elat
edt
orel
i
gion.Bot
h
JamesI& Char
lesIwer
efol
l
ower
soft
heunpopul
arAngl
i
canChur
ch.I
n
Scot
landmostoft
hepeopl
ewer
efol
l
ower
soft
hePr
esby
ter
ianChur
ch.The

20
Engl
i
shCat
hol
i
csdi
sli
kedt
heAngl
i
canChur
ch.Howev
er,st
rongopposi
ti
on
camef
rom t
hePur
it
ans.Pur
it
answer
etheEngl
i
shpr
otest
anti
nthe16th and
17th c.t
heydemandedsomer
efor
mswi
thi
ntheAngl
i
canChur
chandheav
y
t
axar
osepubl
i
copposi
ti
onagai
nstSt
uar
tki
ngs.
Char
lesIcamei
ntoconf
li
ctwi
thpar
li
amentf
ort
wor
easons.Thesewer
e:

1.Her
eject
edt
osi
gnt
hepet
it
ionofr
ight
,whi
chi
ncl
udedal
i
stofpar
li
ament
demands.
2.Theki
ngcont
inuedt
orul
ewi
thoutpar
li
amentf
rom 1628-
40.Howev
er,t
hesel
ed
t
oast
rongopposi
ti
onf
rom Engl
i
shpeopl
e& Scot
ti
shPr
esby
ter
ians.Fi
nal
l
y,
Char
lesIf
orcedt
ocal
lthepar
li
amenti
n1640.I
n1642,Char
lesIt
ri
edt
oar
rest
t
hepur
it
anl
eader
s.Thi
sev
entcausedt
heout
breakofaci
vi
lwarunt
il1649.Thi
s
ev
entknownast
heEngl
i
shBour
geoi
sieRev
olut
ion

RESULTSOFTHEBOURGEOI
SIEREVOLUTI
ON
 Thev
ict
oryoft
hepar
li
amentanddeat
hofKi
ngChar
lesI
i
n1649.
 Engl
i
shdecl
aredar
epubl
i
cgov
ernment
.
 Ol
i
verCr
omwel
lbecame t
he l
eaderoft
he v
ict
ori
ous
Engl
i
shar
my(
r.1653-
58)
.
 He put a ser
ies of r
evol
tsi
n Scot
land & I
rel
and.
Consequent
ly,Engl
i
shf
ellunder
,Char
lesI
I(r
.1660-
85)and
JamesI
I(r
.1685-88)
.Howev
er,whent
heseki
ngst
ri
edt
o
r
est
oreabsol
utemonar
chy
,thepar
li
amentr
emov
edt
hem
outofpower
.
 Thesebl
oodl
esschangesoft
her
egi
meknown ast
he
Gl
ori
ousRev
olut
iont
akepl
ace(
1688-
89)
.

Ef
fect
soft
heGl
ori
ousRev
olut
ion
 Mar
kedt
hev
ict
oryofpar
li
ament
.
 Thef
inal
def
eatofEngl
i
shaut
ocr
acy
.
 Thepar
li
amenti
ssuedt
hebi
l
lofr
ight
s.
 Pol
i
tical
par
ti
esbegant
otakepar
tinel
ect
ion.

21
TheFr
enchRev
olut
ion
Causesoft
her
evol
uti
on

 Pol
i
tical
,economi
candsoci
alpr
obl
ems

 Thei
nfl
uenceFr
enchphi
l
osopher
s

 TheEngl
i
shr
evol
uti
on
 TheAmer
icanwarofi
ndependence

Bef
oret
her
evol
uti
ont
heFr
enchsoci
etydi
vi
dedi
nto3Est
ates:
1.The1st est
atei
ncl
udedt
her
oyal
fami
l
y&cl
ergy
2.The2ndest
ateconsi
stedt
heFr
enchnobi
l
ity
,and
3.The3rd est
ateconsi
stedt
hepeasant&bour
geoi
si
es

Si
nce1614-
1789,t
heFr
enchki
ngLoui
sxv
ifacedf
inanci
albankr
upt
cyand
cal
l
edf
ort
hemeet
ingoft
heEst
ategener
alonMay5,1789.Duet
othi
sthe
Fr
enchpeopl
ear
oseopposi
ti
onagai
nstt
heabsol
utegov
ernmentbet
weent
he
st nd r
d
1 and2 est
ateagai
nstt
he3 est
ate
I
mmedi
atecause
Thehi
ghpr
iceofbr
eadandot
herdai
l
yneedshowev
ert
heEst
ateGener
al
t
ransf
ormedi
ntoNat
ionalAssembl
y(const
it
uentAssembl
y)onJune17,
1789.
On14Jul
y1789t
heyst
ormedt
her
oyalcast
le&pr
isonofBast
il
le.Theev
ent
cal
l
edas“
theSt
ormi
ngofBast
il
le”Loui
sxv
i&hi
sfami
l
ytr
iedt
oescapef
rom
t
hecapi
tali
n June1791,buthecapt
ured atVar
eni
sand t
aken backas
pr
isoner
stot
hecapi
tal
.Thi
sev
entcal
l
edast
heVar
eni
sCr
isi
s.
Ref
ormsoft
heNat
ional
Assembl
y
 Theol
dfeudal
pri
vi
legesabol
i
shedcal
l
edAugustDay
sof1789
 Decl
aredt
her
ightofmanandal
lci
ti
zen
 Aconst
it
uti
onwaswr
it
teni
n1791,
byt
hisconst
it
uti
onv
oti
ngwasnotgi
vent
oal
l
Fr
enchci
ti
zens,
whi
chgi
venonl
ytot
heact
iveci
ti
zens.

22
 Thel
aw agai
nstt
heCat
hol
i
cChur
ch,i
tconf
iscat
edchur
chl
ands&suppr
essed
monast
eri
es.
 Thel
eader
sofFr
ench r
evol
uti
onar
ypar
tykwon asmoder
ateorr
adi
cal
ist
s,
becameundersi
egei
n1792.TheFr
enchar
mydef
eat
edt
heenemyf
orceat
Val
myonSept
ember20,
1792agai
nstAust
ri
aandPr
ussi
a.TheFr
enchr
evol
uti
on
l
eader
sdi
ff
eredamongt
hemsel
ves.

1.Gi
rondi
sts:
-namedaf
terpr
ovi
ncewhenmostcamef
rom.Repr
esent
ed
t
hebi
gandmi
ddl
ebour
geoi
sie.Theyar
eext
remer
ightpol
i
tical
wing.
2.Jacobi
nsorMont
agnar
ds:
-gott
hei
rnamef
rom St
.JacobChur
chi
n
Sout
her
nFr
ancewher
etheymadet
hei
rfi
rstmeet
ing.Theyar
eext
reme
l
i
ftpol
i
tical
wings.
Ther
efor
e,Gr
ondi
stsdef
eat
ed byJacobi
nin June1793.Then est
abl
i
shed
Jacobi
nrev
olut
ionar
ydi
ctat
orshi
p&adopt
ednewconst
it
uti
onon24June1793.
Topr
otectt
her
evol
uti
onagai
nsti
nter
nalenemi
est
heyest
abl
i
shedRei
gnof
Ter
roragai
nstcount
err
evol
uti
onar
ies.Dur
ingt
her
eignofRobespi
rr
etheRei
gn
ofTer
rorr
eachedi
t’
shi
ghest
.Dur
ingt
hist
imeGui
ll
oti
nebecameaf
amous
machi
ne i
n execut
ing peopl
e.The r
evol
uti
onar
y Jacobi
ns & t
hei
rleader
Robespi
err
eexecut
edmember
soft
heGi
rondi
nsgr
ouporanyot
herl
edby
Dant
on.
Fi
nal
l
y,Robespi
err
e&hi
sJacobi
nremov
edi
nJul
y1794.Theaut
hor
it
yoft
he
Fr
enchr
epubl
i
cpassedt
oaboar
doff
ivemenknownasDi
rect
ory
.Buti
ts
powerendedwi
tht
her
iseofNapol
eonBonaPar
t.
Resul
tsoft
heFr
enchRev
olut
ion

 Fi
nal
leader
shi
pcamei
ntot
hehandofbour
geoi
si
e.
 Dest
roy
edt
heol
dfeudal
gov
ernmentofFr
ance.
 TheNat
ional
Assembl
yfol
l
owedbyt
heNat
ional
Conv
ent
ion.
 Ledt
othedev
elopmentofcapi
tal
i
stsy
stem.
 Dev
elopedi
ndi
vi
dual
capi
tal
i
sm.
 I
tspr
eadt
hei
deasofnat
ional
i
sm &democr
acy
.
 I
tdi
dnotext
endpol
i
ticalr
ight
stot
hebr
oadmassori
mpr
ovet
hel
i
feof
t
hewor
kingpeopl
e.

TheAmer
icanWarofI
ndependenceAngl
o-Fr
ance Ri
val
ri
esi
n
Nor
thAmer
ica

23
 c
Att he18th ,
heendoft t
wot
hir
dsofNor
thAmer
icawasundert
heBr
it
ishr
ule

andsomear
easr
uledbyFr
ance.Bot
hFr
anceandBr
it
ainhadi
nter
nat
ional
c
pol
i
ticaleconomi
ccompet
it
ions.Si
ncet
heear
ly18th ,Fr
ancewast
hel
eadi
ng

& commer
cialpoweri
nNor
thAmer
ica.TheSev
enYear
sWarof(
1756-
63)
f
oughtb/
nBr
it
ain&Fr
ancei
nNor
thAmer
ica.Fr
ancedef
eat
edbyBr
it
ainagai
n
att
hebat
tl
eofQuebeci
n1759.
TheFr
enchempi
rei
nNor
thAmer
icacamet
oanendbyt
heTr
eat
yofPar
isi
n
1763.
TheWarofI
ndependence

TheBr
it
ishgov
ernmentdeci
dedt
oexpandbudget
stopr
otectt
hecol
oni
esi
n
Nor
thAmer
ica.Fort
hispur
pose,t
heBr
it
ishAmer
icancol
oni
eswer
eor
der
ed
huget
axesf
orsecur
it
ycost
s.Butt
heAmer
icanpeopl
esr
efusedt
opayt
he
Br
it
ishi
mposeddi
rectt
axat
ionbyf
orce.ButBr
it
ainpassedal
aw knownas
SugarActi
n1764.I
nthi
sactshei
mposedwhatwascal
l
edt
heDut
yonTea.
Thesemeasur
esaf
fect
edt
her
elat
ionbet
weenBr
it
ish&t
heAmer
icancol
oni
es.

Ther
efor
e,Br
it
aini
mposedt
heSt
ampActi
n1775whi
chr
equi
redt
axst
ampst
o
bepl
acedonnewspaper
s,pamphl
ets,l
egaldocument
s.Thent
heAmer
icans
publ
i
cizedasl
oganent
it
led“
Taxat
ionwi
thoutr
epr
esent
ati
oni
sat
yranny
.”
Fi
ght
ingst
art
edi
nlar
gestci
ti
es&t
radi
ngpor
tsi
n1775.
Repr
esent
ati
vesf
rom
t
he13col
oni
esmeti
nPhi
ladel
phi
atodecl
aret
hemsel
vesi
ndependenti
n1776.
TheDecl
arat
ionofi
ndependencewasdr
aft
edbyThomasJef
fer
son.Fi
nal
l
y
Amer
icabecamev
ict
ori
ousov
erBr
it
ain.Thev
ict
orywast
her
esul
tofgood
l
eader pofGeor
shi geWashi
ngt
onandgeogr
aphi
call
ocat
ion.Br
it
ishar
mywas
def
eat
edatYor
ktowni
n1781andbyt
he1783t
he13col
oni
esbecamef
ree.
Resul
tsoft
heAmer
icanwarofi
ndependence

 Li
ber
ati
onofAmer
icanpeopl
efr
om t
heBr
it
ishr
ule.

 Cr
eat
edt
heUni
tedSt
ateofAmer
ica(
USA)
.

 I
mmedi
atecausef
orFr
enchr
evol
uti
oni
n1789.

 I
nfl
uencedLat
inAmer
icans.

24
 Di
dnotabol
i
shsl
aver
y.

 Rapi
dindust
ri
aldev
elopmentsi
ncet
hen.

25
TheI
ndust
ri
alRev
olut
ion:meanst
hei
nvent
ionanduseofmachi
nesi
npl
aceofhar
d
l
abour
.Fi
rstest
abl
i
shedi
nEngl
andi
nthe2ndhal
fof18thc
 Thei
ndust
ri
alr
evol
uti
onwasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wophases
1.Thef
ir
stphase(
1760-
1860)
.Ismaj
t orchar
act
eri
sti
cswer
e
 The i
ntr
oduct
ion of a new met
hod of t
ranspor
tat
ion and
communi
cat
ion.
 Thedev
elopmentofst
eam assour
ceofpower
.
 Achangef
rom pr
oduci
ngbyhandt
opr
oduci
ngbymachi
ne
2.Thesecondphase(
1870-
present
)
nd
Basi
cFeat
uresoft
he2 phaseofI
ndust
ri
alRev
olut
ion
 Thesubst
it
uti
onofi
ronbyst
eel
.
 Ther
epl
acementofcoal
bygas&oi
l
,andt
heuseofel
ect
ri
ci
ty.
 Thedev
elopmentofaut
omat
icmachi
ner
y&hi
ghdegr
eeofspeci
al
iz
ati
on.
 Ther
adi
cal
changesi
ntr
anspor
tat
ionandcommuni
cat
ion.
 Thespr
eadofi
ndust
ri
ali
zat
iont
oEur
opeandUSA.
Consequences/
Eff
ect
sofI
ndust
ri
alRev
olut
ion
 Changedpeopl
eswayofl
i
fe
 Accel
erat
edur
bani
zat
ion
 I
ncr
easedpopul
ati
onnumber
 Reducedmanuf
act
uredcost
s
 Eur
opeansdomi
nat
edt
hewor
ldi
nthe19thc
 Di
vi
sionofsoci
eti
esi
ntot
wosoci
alcl hebour
asses,t geoi
sieandt
hewor
king
cl
ass(
prol
etar
iat
).

 The unempl
oyment
,bad wor
king condi
ti
on,st
ri
ctwor
king di
sci
pli
ne,poor
pay
ment
,wor
kingf
oral
onghourandext
remeexpl
oit
ati
onofwomenand
chi
l
drenl
aborpr
obl
emsmot
ivat
edwor
ker
stost
ruggl
efort
hei
rri
ght
sagai
nst
t
hebour
geoi
si
e.

26
 UNI
TFOUR
THEGONDERI
ANPERI
OD

Begi
nni
ngf
rom t
hemi he16th c,t
doft heChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom shi
ft
ed
t
hei
rpol
i
tical
cent
erf
rom Shoanhi
ghl
andt
oLakeTanar
egi
on.

Causesf
ort
heshi
ftoft
hepol
it
icalcent
erf
rom Shoat
oLakeTana

Thet
hreatofAdalandt
hepr
essur
eoft
heOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ementcausedt
he
Chr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom shi
fti
tscapi
tal
from shoat
oLakeTanar
egi
on.

 Fol
l
owi
ngt
hedeat
hofki
ngGel
awdewosi
n1559,hi
sbr
other&successor
,Mi
nas
shi
ft
edt
onor
thofAbbayRi
ver
.Hi
ssuccessor
scont
inuedt
oli
vei
nmobi
l
ecapi
tal
suchasGor
gor
a,Denqez,
Azez
o,Demby
a,Qogai
nGoj
j
am andBegemi
dir
.

 Gondarwasf
oundedbyki
ngFasi
l
adesi
n1636AD.I
twasst
rat
egi
cal
l
ylocat
edon
t
he l
ong-
dist
ance t
rade r
out
e whi
ch conduct
ed t
he sout
h westr
egi
on wi
th
Massawaont
heRedSea&Met
temaont
heEt
hio-
Sudanbor
der
.Itwasf
amous
f
ori
tsar
chi
tect
uralachi
evement
sandbui
l
dingt
echnol
ogy
,bui
l
tsev
eralcast
les,
pal
aces,
Chur
ches,
bri
dgesandswi
mmi
ngpool
s.

 Dur
ingt
her
eignofki
ngFasi
l
ades(
r1632-
67)
,hi
ssonYohanni
sI(
r1667-
82)and
I
yasu I (
1682-
1706) Gondar at
tai
ned gr
eat Pr
osper
it
y & t
echnol
ogi
cal
dev
elopment
s.I
t ngont
seconomywasdependi rade,
craf
tandagr
icul
tur
e.

 Ther
ewer
edi
ff
erentgr
oupsofpeopl
eli
vedi
nGondar
.SuchasMusl
i
ms,
Fel
asha
/
Bet
eIsr
ael
/.
Causesf
ort
hedecl
ineofGondar

a.Pol
i
tical
disor
derandsoci
alunr
est
.
b.Cour
tint
ri
gues,
accompani
edbyposi
ng&assassi
nat
ionofki
ngs.
c.Pr
obl
em ofsuccessi
onamongt
heGondar
inepr
inces.

WhowasMent
ewab?Thel
astst
ageoft
heGondar
ineper
iodwasdomi
nat
edbyt
he

27
gr
owi
ng&i
mpor
tanceofaQuar
abor
nwomencal
l
edMent
ewab.Shewast
hewi
feof
Emper
orBakaf
a(r1721-
30)
.Af
tert
hedeat
hofBakaf
a,shest
art
edt
orul
ethe
ki
ngdom asar
egentofherson,I
yasuI
I(r1730-55)
.Shewassuppor
tedbyher
st
rongbr
other
,RasBi
twadedWel
deLeul
,upt
ohi
sdeat
hin1768.

Ther
ewasapowerst
ruggl
einGondarb/
nWol
l
oandQuar
apol
i
ticalf
act
ions
f
rom 1767-
69.Ther
ival
rycausedbyt
hedeat
hofRasBi
twededWel
deLeuli
n
1767.Tosol
vet
hepr
obl
em,
Ment
ewabar
rangedpol
i
ticalmar
ri
ageb/
nherson
I
yasuI
IandWabi/Ber
sabh/
,fr
om t
heWol
l
oOr
omof
ami
l
y.Herai
m wast
o
secur
ethei
rmi
l
itar
ysuppor
ttoconsol
i
dat
eherownpoweri
ntheGondarst
ates,
butt
he Wol
l
o Or
omo began t
o cont
rolpol
i
ticalpower
.Thi
s endanger
s
Ment
ewab’
spower
.
TheZemeneMesaf
int/TheEr
aofwar
lor
ds/
Theper
iodf
rom 1769- sknownasZemeneMesaf
1855i int
,li
ter
all
ytheer
aofpr
inces
orwar
l ds.ZemeneMesaf
or intorer
aofpr
inceswast
heper
iodofhi
stor
yinEt
hiopi
a,
whi
chst
art
edwi
tht
hedeat
hofI
yoasi
n1769,andl
ast
edi
n1855.Thecomi
ngof
Mi
chaelSehul
toGondarwasnott
rust
edbyI
yoas,
andMi
chael
wasor
der
edt
oret
urn
t
oTi
gray
.Inst
ead,Mi
chaelki
l
ledI
yoas,andcont
inuedt
oactki
ngmakeri
nGondar
pal
ace.Thedeat
hofI
yoasr
emov
edWol
l
o‘spowerst
ruggl
eandpr
ovedf
ert
il
egr
ound
f
orMi
chaelt
ocr
ownsonofI
yasut
heGr
eat
,YohannesI
Iasapuppetki
ngatGondar
pal
ace.Mi
chaeldi
ditbyr
eser
vingt
heact
ualpol
i
ticalpowerf
orhi
msel
fthathel
ped
hi
mtof
ull
yint
erv
enei
nther
oyalpol
i
ticsofGondar
.But
,YohannesI
Iwasi
nfl
exi
ble
andpassi
ve.Duet
othi
sreason,hewasdeposedandpoi
sonedbyMi
chael
.Then
Yohannes‘
sel
destson,
Takl
aHay
manotwascr
ownedbyMi
chael
in1769.
Fi
nal
l
y,i
n1771,Mi
chaelSehulwasdef
eat
edbyt
hecombi
nedf
orcesofGoj
j
am,
Amhar
a,Wol
l
oandLast
alor
dsatt
hebat
tl
eofSar
baKussat
hatf
orcedhi
mtogo
backt
ohi
sfor
merpr
ovi
nceTi
gray
.

Yej
juOr
omoorWar
raShehdy
nast
y:-
Wasf
oundedbyAl
iGwangul/Al
iI/i
n1786,
r
uledGoj
j
am,Gondar
,Ti
grai&Wol
l
ount
ilt dof19th c.Dur
hemi ingt
her
eignofr
as
Gugsa/
1803-
25/Yej
j
ubecamest
rongdy
nast
y.Fol
l
owi
ngt
hedeat
hofr
as Gugsai
n
1825,t
heYej
j
udy
nast
yfacedst
rongopposi
ti
onf
rom Semen&Ti
grai
.Yej
j
uDy
nast
y
wasf
oundedbyt
heAmhar
ani
zedOr
omof
ami
l
y.I
twast
hedy
nast
ythatest
abl
i
shed
i
tsdomi
nancei
nGondarpol
i
ticst
hroughoutt
hewhol
eper
iodofZemeneMesaf
int
.

28
RasAl
iAl
ula/Al
iII
/wast
hel
astki
ngofYej
j
udy
nast
yrul
edsi
nce1831-
53.
Whyt
hezemenemesaf
intwarl
ordsf
oughtagai
nsteachot
her?

Thezemenemesaf
intwarl
ordsf
oughtagai
nsteachot
herf
orv
ari
ousobj
ect
ives

1.Theywant
edt
oexpandt
hei
rter
ri
tor
iesatt
heexpanseoft
hei
rnei
ghbor
s.

2.Theywant
edt
ohav
ethet
it
leofRasBi
tweded,
and

3.Theywant
edt
ocol
l
ectasmucht
ri
but
easpossi
blei
nthenameoft
hoseweak
ki
ngs.
Basi
cfeat
uresoft
hezemenemesaf
int
 Decl
i
neoft
heChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom
 Endl
essci
vi
lwar
 St
rengt
heni
ngr
egi
onal
i
sm
 Doct
ri
nal
cont
rov
ersywi
thi
ntheOr
thodoxchur
ch
 Et
hiopi
athr
eat
enedbyf
orei
gnaggr
essi
on,
 Weakenedt
hei
mper
ial
power
,and
 Loot
edpeasant
s
THEJESUI
TSANDTHEI
REVANGELI
ZATI
ON
ThePor
tugueseCat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
onar
iescal
l
edJesui
tsort
heSoci
etyofJesusar
ri
ved
i
ntheChr
ist
ianki
ngdom i
n1557.Soont
heyst
art
edt
hei
rendeav
ort
oconv
ertt
he
ki
ngst
oCat
hol
i
cism.Thei
rat
temptt
oconv
ertki
ngGel
awdewoswasnotsuccessf
ul.
Howev
er,ki
ngSuseny
os(
1607-
1632)
,of
fi
cial
l
yembr
acedCat
hol
i
cism i
n1612.Then
Suseny
osdecl
aredCat
hol
i
cism ast
hest
ate&of
fi
cial
rel
i
gionofEt
hiopi
ain1622.But
hewasf
acedser
iousopposi
ti
onf
rom cl
ergy
,nobi
l
ityandpeasant
s.Howev
ert
he
opposi
ti
onwascr
ushedbyt
her
oyal
army
.

WhySuseny
osdecl
aredCat
hol
i
cism asof
fi
cial
stat
erel
i
gionoft
hecount
ry?
 Hewant
edt
ogetPor
tuguesemi
l
itar
ysuppor
ttobui
l
duphi
sroy
albase.
Fi
nal
l
y,
 Seseny
ossucceedbyhi
ssonFasi
l
ades1632-
67AD.
Measur
esTookbyKi
ngFasi
lades:
 Hedecl
aredOr
thodoxChur
chasof
fi
cial
rel
i
gionofEt
hiopi
a.
 Theexpul
sionoft
heCat
hol
i
cmi
ssi
onar
iesf
rom Et
hiopi
a.
 Headopt
edt
hecl
ose-
doorpol
i
cywi
thEur
opeansupt
otheear
ly19thcAD.

29
 Heest
abl
i
shedcl
oser
elat
ionswi
thnei
ghbor
ingMusl
i
m st
atesofSwaki
n,Yemen
andt
hePashasofMassawa
TheOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ementl
edt
othet
ransf
ormat
ionofGadasy
stem i
nto
c
di
ff
erentpol
i
ticalsy
stemsi
nthe19th i
nGi
beandWal
l
agaar
easandf
ormed

di
ff
erentst
ates.

Causesf
ort
het
ransf
ormat
ionofGadasy
stem

 Thedev
elopmentofagr
icul
tur
aleconomy

 Theemer
genceofpower
ful
leader
swi
tht
hei
rpr
ivat
ear
mies

 Thei
ntr
oduct
ionofI
slam andChr
ist
iani
ty

 Thei
ntr
oduct
ionoft
rade,
and

 TheOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ement

Resul
tsoft
het
ransf
ormat
ionofGadasy
stem
 St
rat
if
icat
ionoft
heOr
omosoci
etyl
i
vingi
ntheupperGi
beBasi
n.
 Begant
oassumet
het
it
leofMot
i,meani
ngk
ing
 Emer
gedf
ivesmal
lOr
omost
atesi
ntheear
ly19th car
oundt
heGi
ber
iverv
all
ey.
Thesef
iveGi
beOr
omost
ateswer
e:
1.Li
mmu–Enar
ya:-wast
heear
li
estGi
beOr
omoest
abl
i
shedon
t
het
err
it
oryofol
dst
ateofEnar
ya.
• Saqa:
wast
hecapi
tal
cit
yofLi
mmuEnar
ya
• AbbaBagi
boorI
bsa:wasi
tsr
uler/
r1825-
61/
2.Ji
mma:-wasst
rongert
hant
heot
herGi
best
ates.Becamepopul
ardur
ingt
he
r
eignof
SannaorAbbaJi
far/
r.1830-
55/
3.Gumma:
-OnchoJi
l
chawasi
tsst
rongr
uler
.
4.Gomma:
-AbbaManowasi
tsst
rongr
uler
.Itwast
heear
li
estt
oacceptI
slam.
30
 5.Ger
a:-
Tul
l
uGunj
i
,wasi
tsr
uler&i
twasi
ngr
eatconf
li
ctwi
tht
hest
ateofGumma.

2.West
ernst
ates
c
TwoOr
omost
atesf
ormedi
nWal
agar
egi
oni
ntheear
ly19th .Thesear
e:

a.LeqaNaqamt
e:-
foundedbyBakar
eGodana.HesucceededbyMor
oda&Kumsa/
l
aterDej
azmachGebr
e-Egz
iabher
/.
b.LeqaQel
lem:
-f
oundedbyt efofTul
hechi lu&hesucceededbyhi
ssonJot
e
Thesmal
lMusl
i
m st
atescal
l
edAqol
di/
Assosa,Beni
shangul&Khomosha/st
atesi
n
west
ernpar
tofEt
hiopi
aint
heEt
hio-
Sudanbor
der
.
4.East
ernSt
ates
1.Har
ar:
-wasexi
stedasacent
reI
slami
cst
udi nce14th c ser
essi vedasa
pol
i
ticalcent
erofsul
tanat
eofAdalupt
o16t
hc.Theemi
rat
eofHar
arwas
f
oundedbyEmi
rAl
iIbnDawi
dint
hemi eof17thc.I
ddl twasoccupi
edbyt
he
Egy
pti
ansf
oradecade.Fi
nal
l
y,Har
arwasi
ncor
por
atei
ntoMenel
i
ks’
empi
re
i
n1887.
2. Awsa:
-wasr
uledbyWal
asmar
uler
sofAdal
.Theser
uler
srul
edov
erAwsa
af
tert
heyhadl
eftHar
ari
n1577,
duet
otheOr
omoexpansi
on.Sul
tanmeans
t
het
it
leofl
ocal
Afarchi
efs.
3.Cent
ral
Stat
es
Becauseoft
heAdalconquest& Or
omo expansi
ont
heChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
and
ki
ngdom shi
ft
edt
hei
rpol
i
tical
cent
erf
rom Shoat
oLakeTana.I
yasuIofGondar
t
ri
edt
ocont
rolShoa,butnotcont
roli
t.Shoawasnotpar
ti
cipat
edi
nthe
ZemeneMesaf
intper
iodofal
lot
herChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom r
egi
ons.The
c
Shoanki
ngdom emer
gedi
nManzi
ntheendof17th whi
chf
oundedbyNegasi
,

Ankoberwasi
tscent
re.I
treachedi
tshey
day
sdur
ingt
her
eignofKi
ngSahl
e
Sel
lase(
r.1813-
1847)
.

Peopl
esnotsohi
ghl
yor
gani
zedi
ntheEt
hiopi
anRegi
oni
nthef
ir
sthal
foft
he
19thc.
 Sout
h Easti
ncl
ude t
heAf
ar-
Saho speaki
ng popul
ati
on,Somal
idepend on a
past
oralorsemi
-past
oralwayofl
i
fe.Lowl
ander
shadst
rat
egi
crol
esi
ntr
ade
r
out
eswhi
chl
edt
oconf
li
ctwi
thChr
ist
ianhi
ghl
andki
ngdom.Hadnotor
gani
zed
pol
i
ticalsy
stem andf
ewoft
hem paysy
mbol
i
ctr
ibut
etohi
ghl
andchi
efs.Shoan

31
 r
uler
smadesmoot
hrel
ati
onwi
tht
heAf
ari
nor
dert
osecur
ethesaf
etyoft
he
t
rader
out
esofGul
fofAdenandcul
tur
alandeconomi
crel
ati
ons.
 I
ntheWest
ernLowl
ands,
theNi
l
o-Sahar
ancommuni
ti
esi
ncl
udi
ngKunama,
Ber
ta,
Gumuz,Anuack,Nuerand Maj
angerknown as Massango wer
e nothi
ghl
y
or
gani
zedsoci
ety
.
 TheSmal
lst
atesofAqol
dli
keBeni
shangulandKhomoshahadt
rader
elat
ionwi
th
SudaneseandEt
hiopi
a.

UNI
TFI
VE
AFRI
CAANDTHEOUTSI
DEWORLDTO1900
THETRANS-
ATLANTI
CSLAVETRADE

ORI
GINS:-t
hedi
scov
eryofAmer
icai
n1492,l
aidt
hebackgr
oundf
ort
he
begi
nni
ngoft
heAt
lant
icsl
avet
rade.Eur
opeansest
abl
i
shedl
argepl
ant
ati
ons
andmi
nef
iel
dsi
ntheNew wor
ld.TheEur
opeansf
ir
stensl
avedt
henat
ive
Amer
icanI
ndi
answhom t
heycal
l
edRedI
ndi
ans.Butmostoft
hem di
edf
rom
Eur
opeansdi
seasesandhar
sht
reat
ment
.SecondPor
tugueseandSpani
ards
t
ranspor
tedwhi
tesl
avesf
rom Eur
ope.Theywer
eunabl
etor
esi
stt
hehar
dshi
p.
Fi
nal
l
y,Eur
opeansbegant
ranspor
ti
ngt
hebl
ackf
rom WestAf
ri
caassl
ave.

Essent
ial
Feat
uresoft
heSl
aveTr
ade
TheAt
lant
icsl
avet
radehad3phases.Thesear
e:
1.ThePi
rat
icsl
avet
rade:-begani
nthe15thc&cont
inuedupt
othe1580’
s.
Tr
ader
swer
eindi
vi
dualmer
chant
s,adv
ent
urer
s,nav
igat
orsorcommon
sear
obber
s.

32
2.TheMonopol
ist
icsl
avet
radi
ng compani
es:
-t
hesecompani
esof
fi
cial
l
y
suppor
tedbyt
hei
rgov
ernmentandar
medf
orce.Att
hisst
age,sl
ave-
hunt
ing gr
ound waswi
dened,t
hev
olumeoft
radei
ncr
eased and t
he
compani
escol
l
ect
edhugepr
ofi
t.Al
soknownasTr
iangul
art
radebecause
t
het
radewasconduct
ed3cont
inent(
Eur
ope,
Afr
icaandAmer
ica)
.
3.Fr
eet
rade:
-i
tbegani
nthe1690’
s.Sev
eral
indi
vi
dual
trader
sjoi
nedt
hesl
avet
rade.
Ther
ewasf
ier
cecompet
it
ionbet
weent
hei
ndi
vi
dual
trader
s&t
hef
ormercompani
es.
Ef
fect
soft
heTr
iangul
arTr
ade
 Hel
pedWestEur
opeannat
ionst
oaccumul
ateahugeamountofweal
th.
 Causedgr
eathumansuf
fer
ingandhor
ror
sonAf
ri
cans.
 Sl
aveswer
enev
ert
reat
edashumanbei
ngsbutaspr
oper
ty.
 Depopul
atedAf
ri
caofi
tspr
oduct
ivey
oungmenandwomen.And
 Mor
ethan12mi
l
li
onnat
iveAf
ri
canswer
eensl
aved&depor
tedoutof
Af
ri
ca.

THESCRAMBLEFORAFRI
CA

 I
n1883,Fr
ancehadcont
rol
l
edt
err
it
ori
esi
ntheUpperNi
ger
.Butt
hesame
mov
eofFr
ancei
nthel
owerNi
gerf
ail
ed.I
nsubsequenty
ear
,Fr
anceand
Br
it
ainpar
ti
ti
onedWestAf
ri
cabet
weent
hemsel
ves.
 Bet
ween1883and1885Ger
manyoccupi
edmanyt
err
ier
sinSout
hWest
Af
ri
ca,Togol
and,t
heCamer
oonandEastAf
ri
ca.Br
it
ainmov
edNor
thwar
d
f
rom Sout
hAf
ri
cat
ocent
ral
andEastAf
ri
ca.
 Br
it
ainal
somov
edsout
hwar
dfr
om Egy
ptandcont
rol
l
edEast
ernSudan.

 Ther
estofAf
ri
cawaspor
ti
onedamongEur
opeansi
nthel
asty
ear
soft
he
ni
net
eent
hcent
ury
.

By1900,
wit
hexcept
ionofEt
hiopi
a,Mor
occo(
unt
il1912)andLi
ber
ia,
thewhol
e
cont
inentofAf
ri
cawasv
irt
ual
l
yunderEur
opeancol
oni
alr
ule.

REASONSFOREUROPEANCOLONI
ZATI
ONOFAFRI
CA

33
 Eur
opeani
mper
ial
i
stswer
eimpel
l
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngmot
ivesori
nter
est
s

1.Economi
cInt
erest
s
Bef
oreear
ly1800s,sev
eralEur
opeannat
ionspr
ofi
tedf
rom sl
avet
radei
nAf
ri
ca.
Af
tersomenat
ionspassedl
awsabol
i
shi
ngsl
avet
rade,Eur
opeansl
ookedt
oAf
ri
ca
assour
cef
orr
awmat
eri
als
 Mat
eri
alsl
i
kecoal
,met
alsneededt
omanuf
act
uregoodsdur
ingI
ndust
ri
alRev
olut
ion

 Needsf
uel
edEur
opeans’
desi
ref
orl
andwi
thnat
ural
resour
ces—av
ail
abl
einAf
ri
ca

2.Nat
ional
ism aFact
or

 Ri
seofGer
many
,It
alyaspower
scont
ri
but
edt
othenewi
mper
ial
i
sm

 Bot
hnat
ionsj
umpedi
ntor
acef
orcol
oni
zat
iont
oasser
tst
atus

 Nat
ional
i
sm al
socont
ri
but
edt
ori
seofnewi
mper
ial
i
sm

 Eur
opeanl
eader
sbel
i
evedcont
rol
l
ingcol
oni
eswoul
dgai
nthem mor
erespectf
rom ot
her
l
eader
s

3.Cul
tur
alMot
ives

 Eur
opeani
mper
ial
i
stsf
eltsuper
iort
onon-
Eur
opeanpeopl
es

 Somebegant
oar
guehumani
tydi
vi
dedi
ntodi
sti
nctpeopl
es,
races

 Cl
aimedbi
ologi
cal
dif
fer
encesexi
stedbet
weenr
aces

 Raci
stv
iew—peopl
eofEur
opeandescentsuper
iort
opeopl
eofAf
ri
can,
Asi
andescent

ThePr
ocessofCol
oni
alOccupat
ionofAf
ri
ca

 Fi
rst
,Eur
opeanexpl
orer
scamet
oAf
ri
ca&cont
inuedt
oexpl
oreAf
ri
ca.

 Second,
missi
onar
iesar
ri
vedi
nAf
ri
caundert
hecov
erofr
eli
gion.

 Thi
rd,
bef
oret
hear
ri
valofcol
oni
algov
ernment
s,Eur
opeancol
oni
algov
ernment
s
sentcompani
est
oadmi
nist
erAf
ri
ca.And

 Fi
nal
l
y,col
oni
alpower
srepl
acedt
hecompani
esandst
art
edt
oadmi
nist
erAf
ri
ca.

34
 COLONI
ALRULE
a.Di
rectRul
e:-di
rect
lyr
uled byFr
ench ci
ti
zen whi
ch desi
gned by col
oni
al
mi
nist
erAl
ber
tSar
rowt
.
b.I
ndi
rectRul
e:-r
uledt
hroughAf
ri
canl
ocalchi
efsasaBr
it
ishagent
,whi
ch
desi
gnedbyFr
edr
ickLugar
d.
WhyAf
ri
canswer
edef
eat
edbyEur
opeans?

 Eur
opeanshadmoder
nweapons.

 Lackofcoor
dinat
ionamongAf
ri
canr
esi
stances.

 Eur
opeanshadt
rai
nedpr
ofessi
onal
armi
es.And

 Af
ri
canshadnomoder
nweaponsandt
rai
nedar
mies.

Ef
fect
sofCol
oni
ali
sm i
nAf
ri
ca

 Dest
roy
edeconomyandcul
tur
eofAf
ri
cans.

 Af
ri
cansl
ostt
hei
rfr
eedom.

 Af
ri
canswer
eexpl
oit
edandoppr
essed.

 Thel
anguagesandcul
tur
esofEur
opeanswer
eex
panded.

 Af
ri
canswer
edi
suni
tedandaccept
edf
orei
gncul
tur
es,
etc.

35
 UNI
TSI
X

FORMATI
ONOFTHEMODERNSTATESOFETHI
OPI
A:1855-
1941

Ther
ealat
temptt
ouni
fyt
hedecent
ral
i
zedandv
irt
ual
l
yindependentr
egi
onal
ent
it
iesoft
heEt
hiopi
anr
egi
oncoul
dbesai
dtohav
ebegundur
ingt
her
eignof
Tewodr
os I
I(1855-
1868)
,and f
oll
owed by Yohannes I
V(1872-1889)
,and
compl
etedbyemper
orMenel
i
kII(
1889-
1913)
.

MAJORBATTLESOFKASAHAI
LU

 Themaj
orbat
tl
est
hatKassaf
oughtanddef
eat
edl
ordsofZemene-
Mesaf
intoneaf
tert
heot
herwer
ethebat
teofGur
l amba(
27Nov
.1852)
,
atwhi
chGoshuZewdeofGoj
j
am wasdef
eat
ed.
 I
n1853,f
ourv
assal
sofAl
iandWube(
Abebe,Bi
ru,Yazew andAl
i
gaz)
wer
edef
eat
edatt
hebat
teofGor
l gor
aBi
chen.
 On20,June1853,Al
iwasdef
eat
edatt
hebat
teofAy
l shal
,andt
his
mar
kedt
heendofYej
udy
nast
y.
 Thel
astr
ivalofKassa,WubeofSemenwasdef
eat
edatt
hebat
tl
eof
Der
esgeon8Feb1855.
 Thedef
eatofWubehadbr
oughtaboutt
hecor
onat
ionofKassaHai
l
uby
t
aki
ngt
het
hronenameTewodr
osI
Iin1855atDer
esgi
eMar
yam Chur
ch.
I
. TEWODROSI
I-PI
ONEEREDUNI
FICATI
ONANDMODERNI
ZATI
ONATTEMPT

I
nor
dert
oachi
evet
hepr
ojectofuni
fi
cat
ionandmoder
nizat
ion,Tewodr
osI
Itook
t
hef
oll
owi
ngmeasur
esorr
efor
ms.
1) Admi
nist
rat
iveRef
orms

 I
nhi
spol
i
cyofadmi
nist
rat
ion,
Tewodr
osI
Ifol
l
owedst
rongcent
ral
i
zat
ion.

 Heendedt
hesupr
emacyofr
egi
onal
lor
dsov
ert
hei
rlands.

 I
nmostoft
her
egi
onsi
ncor
por
atedt
ohi
ster
ri
tor
y,heappoi
ntedhi
sloy
al
gener
als.

36
  Nev
ert
hel
ess,
suchappoi
ntmentdi
dnotensur
eloy
alt
y.

2) Rel
igi
ousRef
orms

 I
nit
ial
l
y,Tewodr
osI
Ihadaposi
ti
ver
elat
ionwi
tht
heEt
hiopi
anOr
thodoxChur
ch.

 As t
ime went
,howev
er,Tewodr
os’
s moder
nizat
ion demand i
nthe
mi
l
itar
ysect
orpushedhi
mtoconf
iscat
echur
ch’
sland,
 Reduct
ionoft
henumberofpr
iest
sanddeaconst
o2,
and3r
espect
ivel
y.

Sour
ceofconf
li
ctwi
thEt
hiopi
anOr
thodoxChur
ch

 Ev
ent
hough,ki
ngTewodr
oshadt
heobj
ect
ivet
odecl
aret
heTewahi
do
Or
thodoxChr
ist
iani
tyast
heof
fi
cialst
ater
eli
gion,hi
sdesi
ret
ohav
e
sal
ari
edmi
l
itar
yof
fi
cial
sandt
het
ri
but
eher
equi
redf
rom t
hechur
ch
wer
ethemaj
orr
easonsf
ort
hedi
sagr
eementbet
weent
heki
ngandt
he
chur
ch.Tewodr
osdi
dnotf
oll
owt
hepol
i
cyofr
eli
gioust
oler
ance.

3)Mi
li
tar
yRef
orms

KassaHai
l
u’sdr
eam t
ohav
eamoder
nfi
rear
m andwel
ltr
ained,andwel
l
-
or
gani
zedmoder
nnat
ionalst
andi
ngar
mywasbor
natt
hebat
tl
eofDabar
qi
i
n1848i
nGondar
.Itwast
hebat
tl
efi
eldatwhi
chKassawasdef
eat
edbyt
he
wel
ltr
ained,
andbet
ter
-ar
medEgy
pti
anf
orce.
 Tewodr
os I
Ihad i
ntr
oduced t
he mi
l
itar
yti
tl
es i
ncl ng Yasi
udi rAl
eqa
(
commanderoft ,YeasmsaAl
en) aqa(
commanderoff
if
ty,Yemet
) oAl
eqa
(
commanderofHundr
ed)
,andYeShal
eqa(
commanderofThousand)
.
 Thi
sref
orm wasf
urt
herconsol
i
dat
edbysal
ari
zi
nghi
smi
l
itar
yof
fi
cial
sand
t
hedecl
arat
iont
hatat
tempt
edt
oendl
oot
ingbymi
l
itar
yof
fi
cial
sdur
ing
campai
gni
ng.
 Heal
sot
ri
edt
oopenmi
l
itar
ytechni
calschoolf
orEur
opeanmi
ssi
onar
ies
atGaf
at,atwhi
ch he f
orced t
he Eur
opeans t
o manuf
act
ure mor
tar
(
Sebast
opol
).
4)Soci
alRef
orms
Amongt
hesoci
alr
efor
mint
roducedbyKi
ngTewodr
osI
I

37
 Thedecl
arat
ionofAmhar
icl
anguaget
obeanof
fi
cial
wor
kingorst
atel
anguage;

ngofpol
 Banni ygamyandt
heat
temptmadet
oendsl
aver
yandsl
avet
radewer
ethe
maj
orones.

EndofTewodr
osI
I

Themaj
orf
act
orst
hatl
edt
otheendofKi
ngTewodr
os’
sregi
mewer
ecat
egor
ized
underi
nter
nal
andext
ernal
fact
ors.
A.I
nter
nalf
act
ors:
-Int
ernalchal
l
engeswer
ethef
undament
alf
act
orsf
ort
hedownf
all
ofTeoder
osI
I.
 Theopposi
ti
onf
rom r
egi
onal
lor
ds,
chur
chandpr
iest
s,
 The unpopul
ari
ty of t
he ki
ng,whi
ch or
igi
nat
ed f
rom hi
sty
ranni
cal
measur
esagai
nsthi
sopponent
s,const
it
utest
hemost
.
B.Ext
ernalf
act
or

Thei
mpr
isonment
sofTewodr
os’
smessenger
stot
heEur
opean(
whower
e
or
igi
nal
l
ycamef
rom Eur
opet
oEt
hiopi
a)duet
othei
rfai
l
uret
oret
urnback
wi
thEur
opeant
echni
cianswast
her
easonwhyEur
opeansmai
nlyBr
it
ish
l
aunchedmi
li
tar
yexpedi
ti
onl
edbyGener
alNapi
er.
Napi
er’
sMi
li
tar
yEx
pedi
ti
on
 Napi
er’
sexpedi
ti
ont
ookpl
acef
ir
statEr
ogee,Apr
il1868andnextatMaqadai
n
1868.
 Thef
ir
standl
astmaj
orencount
erbet
weent
het
wof
orcest
ookpl
aceont
he
pl
ainsofEr
ogei
nApr
il1868.
 Thebat
tl
eofEr
ogeewasf
oughtbet
weenunequal
s.About2000wel
l
-ar
med
Br
it
ish t
roops and bet
ween 4000-
7000 i
l
l-ar
med Et
hiopi
ans-
ended i
nthe
shat
ter
ingdef
eatofEt
hiopi
ans.
 Ref
usi
ng t
o acceptaBr
it
ish demand f
oruncondi
ti
onalsur
render
,Tewodr
os
commi
tt
edsui
cideon13Apr
il1868.TheBr
it
ishwer
esat
isf
iedwi
tht
hesuccess
oft
hei
rmi
ssi
on,wi
thal
lEur
opeancapt
ivesofTewodr
osr
eleased,begant
o
wi
thdr
awt
hecount
rywi
thoutdel
ay.

38
  Bef
orel
eav
ingEt
hiopi
aGener
alRober
tNapi
er,t
hecommanderoft
heBr
it
ish
expedi
ti
on,handed ov
era l
argequant
it
yoff
ir
ear
mst
o Kasa Mer
cha (
lat
er
YohannesI
V).
Consequencesoft
heMaqdal
aExpedi
ti
on
1.Humanl
ossandI
mmensemat
eri
aldest
ruct
ion,
2.Massi
vel
oot
ingofpr
eci
ouschur
chmanuscr
ipt
s.Gener
alRober
tNapi
erl
oot
edand
demol
i
shedt
heMaaqdal
atr
easur
y
3.Bef
orel
eav
ingEt
hiopi
aGener
alRober
tNapi
er,t
hecommanderoft
heBr
it
ish
expedi
ti
on,handedov
eral
argequant
it
yoff
ir
ear
mst
oKasaMer
cha(
lat
er
YohannesI
V).
4.He di
dthatbecause Kasa Mer
cha had notopposed Napi
er’
s mar
ch agai
nst
Tewodr
os.

5.Mor
eov
er,
Kasagav
egui
danceandmat
eri
alsuppor
ttot
heBr
it
isht
roops.

6.Thi
sacqui
sit
ionoff
ir
ear
mswasamaj
orf
act
ori
nKasaMer
cha’
slat
erv
ict
ory
ov
erEmper
orTakl
a-Gi
yogi
satt
hebat
tl
eofAssam i
n1871.
THEEMERGENCEOFPOWERRI
VALRY

 Fol
l
owi
ngt
hedeat
hofki
ngTewodr
osI
IatMaqadal
a,t
her
ewer
ethr
eest
rong
r
egi
onall
ordscompet
edf
ori
mper
ialt
hrone.Theywer
eWagshum Gobezeof
Last
a,KassaMi
rchaofTi
greandMenel
i
kofShowa.

 Thei
mmedi
atesuccessorofki
ngTewodr IwasWagshum GobezeofLast
osI a,
whocr
ownedhi
msel
fbyt
aki
ngt
het
hronenameTekl
eGor
igi
s.

 Thef
ateofTekl
eGi
orgi
s(1868-
1871)
,wasdeci
dedatt
hebat
tl
eofAssem i
n
1871.

 Thef
ir
ear
msand wargener
alt
hatKassaMi
rchaofTi
greacqui
red f
rom
Gener
alNapi
erf
ort
her
etur
nofhi
sassi
stancedur
ingNapi
er’
sexpedi
ti
on
agai
nstofTewodr
osI
Iwer
ethef
aci
l
itat
ingcondi
ti
onsf
ort
hev
ict
oryofKassa
Mi
rchaov
erTekel
eGi
ori
gisatAssem.
I
I. YohannesI
VresumedUni
fi
cat
ionPr
ocessPi
oneer
edbyTewodr
osI
I

39
 I
n1872,KassaMi
rchat
ookt
het
hronenameYohannesI
V.Yohannes’
spol
i
cy
andmet
hodofcent
ral
i
zat
ionwassomet
hingdi
ff
ersf
rom ki
ngTewodr
osI
Iina
senset
hathef
olowedl
l oosef
eder
ati
onf
orm ofst
ate.
 Li
keTewodr
os,YohannesI
Vbegant
hepr
ocessofr
euni
fi
cat
ionbydi
rect
ing
mi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
onsagai
nstt
her
egi
onsofGondar
,Goj
j
am,
Yej
u,andHamasen
soast
ogett
hei
rsubmi
ssi
on.(
simi
l
ari
ty)
 Unl
i
keTewodr
os,howev
er,Yohanneswasf
lexi
bleanddi
dnotof
tenf
ight
r
epeat
edwar
swi
tht
hesamer
egi
ons.
 Fori
nst
ance,hemadepeacewi
thAdalandr
ecogni
zedhi
saut
hor
it
yov
er
Goj
j
am.Bysodoi
ng,t
heemper
ort
urnedanenemyi
ntoaf
ri
end.Adalwas
r
ewar
dedbybei
ngcr
ownedasKi
ngofGoj
j
am andKef
a,wi
tht
henameTakl
a
Hay
manoti
nJanuar
y1881.
Vwasmor
 YohannesI eli
ber
alt
hanTewodr
osI
Ibecauseheshar
edpol
i
tical
powerf
orhi
ssubor
dinat
esi
nGoj
j
am andShowawhi
chwer
egov
ernedbyRas
AdalTassama(
lat
erbecameNegusTekl
eHay
manotofGoj
j
am andKaf
ain
1881)andMenel
i
kofShowar
espect
ivel
y.
THELI
CHEAGREEMENT,
20MARCH,
1878
Af
tersomecl
asheswi
thYohannesI
V,Menel
i
kIIr
etr
eat
edt
oLecheandmadean
agr
eementwi
thYohannes.Li
cheAgr
eementwasconcl
udedbet
weenMenel
i
kand
YohannesI
Vatapl
acecal
l
edLi
che,
nearAnkoberi
nShowa,
on20Mar
ch,
1878.
TERMSOFTHELI
CHEAGREEMENT

A.Menel
i
kagr
eedt
orenouncet
het
it
leofneguseneguseandr
etai
nedonl
y
negus.

B.Heagr
eedt
opayannualt
ri
but
etoYohannesandt
opr
ovi
desuppl
i
esf
or
i
mper
ial
armywhenpassi
ngt
hroughShowa.

C.Bot
hMenel
i
kandYohannesagr
eedt
ocooper
ateagai
nstext
ernali
nvasi
onsor
enemi
es.

40
D.Theyal
soest
abl
i
shedpol
i
ticalmar
ri
ager
elat
ionbet
weensonofYohannesI
V
(
Aray
aSel
assi
se)
,anddaut
herofMenel
i
kII(
Zewdi
tu)
.

E.Menel
i
kagr
eedt
ocutorst
opi
ndependentcont
act
swi
thf
orei
gner
s

F.YohannesI
Vrecogni
zedki
ngMenel
i
kandhi
sdescendant
sasher
edi
tar
yrul
ers
ofShoa

G.YohannesI
Val
soaccept
edMenel
i
k’scont
rol
overWol
l
o
OUTCOMESOFTHELI
CHETREATY
 Menel
i
k’sagr
eementatLechewast
act
icaldel
ayt
hatt
arget
edt
owai
tforan
oppor
tunet
imeunt
ilt
her
ightt
imewascamet
obei
ng.
 TheLi
cheTr
eat
yputanendt
otheShowanadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
onomywi
thout
bl
oodshed.
 Yohannesgott
hesubmi
ssi
onoft
hest
rongestr
egi
onal
riv
alt
ohi
sthr
one
 Menel
i
krecogni
zedt
heemper
orshi
pofYohannes
 TheLi
cheAgr
eemental
sosav
edMenel
i
k’sShowaf
rom possi
bledest
ruct
ion
byt
heI
mper
ial
Army

BORUMEDACOUNCI
L(CONFERENCE,
1878)
Bor
umeda conf
erencewaspl
anned t
oresol
vet
her
eli
giouscont
rov
ersi
esof
Or
thodox Chur
ch dur
ing Zemene Mesaf
int
.Att
he conf
erence,Yohannes I
V
or
der
edhi
ssubj
ect
stof
oll
owoneandonedoct
ri
neoft
her
eli
gion,
i
.e.Tewahado.YohannesI
Vdi
dnotf
oll
ow t
hepol
i
cyoft
oler
ancet
oanyot
her
r
eli
gionr
athert
hanOr
thodox.Hehadnor
oom f
orI
slam.
 Yohannesnev
erappl
i
edt
hef
lexi
bil
i
tyandl
i
ber
ali
sm heshowedi
nthef
iel
dof
pol
i
ticsov
err
eli
giousi
ssues.
 I
nrel
i
gionhesoughtcompl
eteuni
tyast
hegui
dingpr
inci
ple.

 Het
husendedt
hecent
ury
-ol
drel
i
giousdi
vi
sionswi
thi
ntheOr
thodoxChur
ch.

 Yohannesgav
est
atesuppor
ttot
heuphol
der heKar
soft rraHay
manot(
Two
Bi
rt
hs)camp.Whi
l
ethe uni
tyofChur
ch was mai
ntai
ned t
hrough “
open
di
scussi
on”
,

41
 Fol
l
owi
ng t
he Bor
umeda Counci
l
,al
lMusl
i
ms wer
e or
der
ed t
o embr
ace
Chr
ist
iani
tyundert
het
hreatofper
secut
ionandconf
iscat
ionofpr
oper
ty.The
Musl
i
msofWol
l
ower
ethemai
nvi
cti
msof

RESI
STANCETOEGYPTI
ANANDMAHDI
STAGGRESSI
ONS
For
eignt
hreatagai
nstEt
hiopi
ani
ndependence,t
houghmani
fest
edev
enear
li
er,
r
eachedapeaki
nthesecondhal
foft
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury
.Itcamef
rom sev
eral
di
rect
ions;
Egy
pt,
Mahdi
stSudanandI
tal
y.
Et
hio-
Egy
pti
anRel
ati
on(
Rel
igi
on,
cul
tur
e,Commer
ceandNi
l
e)

 Et
hiopi
aandEgy
pthadal
onghi
stor
yofr
elat
ionshi
pswhi
chi
nvol
vedcul
tur
al,
commer
cial
andr
eli
gion.

 Thi
srel
ati
onshi
p wasaf
fect
ed si
ncet
het
urn oft
he19t
h cent
uryasEgy
pt
embar
ked on av
igor
ousexpansi
on i
ntot
heHor
n ofAf
ri
ca,whi
ch i
ncl
uded
Et
hiopi
aast
hesour
ceoft
heBl
ueNi
l
e.

 Theage-
oldambi
ti
ont
ocont
rolt
heNi
l
edr
ainagesy
stem wast
hemai
nint
erest
ofEgy
pti
anr
uler
s.Thusi
n1821Egy
ptoccupi
edSudan.

 Despi
tef
ier
ce r
esi
stance,t
he mi
l
itar
ysuper
ior
it
yoft
he Egy
pti
an ar
myand
i
nter
nalconf
li
ctsamongl
ocalpeopl
elef
tSudananeasypr
eyt
otheEgy
pti
an
conquer
ors.

 Ast
hesour
ceoft
heBl
ueNi
l
e,Et
hiopi
awasal
sov
ict
im ofEgy
pti
anex
pansi
on.

 I
ndeed,Sudan ser
ved asabasef
orEgy
pti
an encr
oachmenti
ntot
henor
th-
west
ernEt
hiopi
anr
egi
onsl
i
keSemen,Damby
a,andt
heShei
kdomsofAssosa
andBeni
–Shangul
.

 Ear
lyEgy
pti
ant
hreat
scoi
nci
dedwi
tht
heper
iodoft
heZamanaMesaf
int
.

 Thei
nter
nalcr
isi
soft
heper
iodpr
ovi
dedanoppor
tuni
tyf
orEgy
pti
anper
iodi
c
at
tacksandpenet
rat
ionsi
ntot
heEt
hiopi
anbor
derr
egi
ons.

TheEscal
ati
onofEt
hio-
Egy
pti
anConf
li
ct
 Et
hio-
Egy
pti
anconf
li
ctswer
eint
ensi
fi
eddur
ingt
her
eignofEmper
orTewodr
os.

42
  I
n1865t
heEgy
pti
anst
ookov
ert
hepossessi
onoft
hepor
tofMassawaf
rom t
he
Ot
tomanTur
ksont
hebasi
sofal
easecont
ract
.
 Thet
henr
ulerofEgy
pt,Khedi
veI
smai
l(1863-
79)
,int
ensi
fi
edt
het
radi
ti
onal
Egy
pti
anexpansi
ont
oamor
eaggr
essi
veat
temptatoccupat
ionofal
lEt
hiopi
a.
 Thegr
andambi
ti
onofEgy
pti
anr
uler
swast
obui
l
daGr
eat
erEgy
pti
nNor
th-
East
Af
ri
ca.
 Theyai
medatbecomi
ngmast
ersoft
heNi
l
ebasi
nandt
heNi
l
esour
ces.
Pr
etext
sempl
oyedbyKhedi
veI
smai
ltoj
ust
if
yexpansi
oni
stambi
ti
ons.

1.Er
adi
cat
ionoft
hesl
avet
radeand

2.“
Ext
ensi
onofWest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ion”i
ntoAf
ri
ca

 Khedi
veI
smai
lwasabl
etogetsuppor
tfr
om Eur
opeanpower
susi
ngt
hese
ar
gument
s.I
ndeed,t
hest
rat
egi
csi
gni
fi
canceofEgy
pt,duet
othenewl
y
opened Suez Canali
n 1869,was mor
e at
tract
ivet
o Eur
opeans t
han
Chr
ist
ianEt
hiopi
a.
Sour
ceofEgy
pt’
sunder
est
imat
ionofEt
hiopi
anmi
li
tar
ypower

 Egy
pti
anr
uler
sseem t
ohav
eunder
est
imat
edt
hemi
l
itar
yst
rengt
hofEt
hiopi
a.

 Egy
pti
answer
emi
sledi
ntobel
i
evi
ngt
hatEt
hiopi
awasweak.

 Thei
rcal
cul
ati
onswer
ebasedont
heobser
vat
ionoft
heeasewi
thwhi
cht
he
1868 Br
it
ishmi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
ont
o Maqdal
ahad beencompl
etedand t
he
subsequenti
nter
nal
pol
i
tical
conf
li
cts,
fol
l
owi
ngt
hedeat
hofTewodr
os.

Dev
elopment
sthatencour
agedEgy
pti
anl
arge-
scal
eaggr
essi
on
A.TheEgy
pti
ani
mageofaweakanddi
suni
tedEt
hiopi
a

B.AbsenceofEur
opeanopposi
ti
ont
owar
dsEgy
pti
anexpansi
oni
ntheHor
nofAf
ri
ca.

 Thepor
tsoft
heGul
fofAdenandMassawaser
vedasl
aunchi
ngpadsf
ort
he
t
hree-
fr
onti
nvasi
onofEt
hiopi
abyEgy
pti
ant
roopsi
n1875.

43
Keypl
ayer
sofEgy
pti
anaggr
essi
on

 An Egy
pti
an ar
mycommanded byMohammed RaufPasha occupi
ed t
he
Musl
i
m Ci
tySt
ateofHar
ari
nOct
ober1875wi
thv
eryl
i
ttl
edi
ff
icul
ty.
 ASwi
ss-Ger
mannamedWer
nerMunzi
nger
,of
tenr
efer
redt
oast
hear
chi
tect
ofEgy
pti
anaggr
essi
oni
nEt
hiopi
a,adv
ancedt
othecent
erf
rom t
hedi
rect
ion
ofTaj
ura.

 Howev
er,
Munzi
ngerandhi
sar
myofabout500men,
wer
eambushed
anddest
roy
edbyt
heAf
arpeopl
eont
hei
rwayt
oShoa.
 Anot
herv
ery wel
lar
med Egy
pti
an cont
ingentl
ed by a Dani
sh col
onel
,
Ar
endr
up,mov
ed i
ntot
hei
nter
iorMer
eb Mel
ashr
egi
onf
rom t
hepor
tof
Massawa.Byl
ateOct
ober1875hi
sar
myhadr
eachedt
hebanksofr
iver
Mer
eb.
YohannesI
V’sReact
ion

I
nJul
y1872,Yohanneshadwr
it
tent
oKhedi
veI
smai
lal
ett
eri
nwhi
chhe
def
inedhi
sboundar
iesi
nthenor
thandcoast
alr
egi
ons.
Heal
sodemandedt
hewi
thdr
awal
oft
heEgy
pti
ant
roopsf
rom hi
scount
ry.

I
ntheabsenceofaposi
ti
ver
esponse,ont
hepar
tofEgy
pt,Yohannest
urned
t
oseeki
ngEur
opeandi
plomat
ici
nter
vent
ion.
Hesentl
ett
erst
other
uler
sofFr
ance,
Ger
many
,Russi
a,Aust
ri
aandBr
it
ain.

Hel
ett
hem know t
heunl
awf
uli
nvasi
onofhi
scount
rybyEgy
ptandt
he
i
ntent
ionoft
heEgy
pti
anr
uler
,ashecl
aimed,t
oIsl
ami
zeandensl
avehi
s
peopl
e.
Wi
thf
ullconf
idence,heexpr
essedhi
shopet
hatChr
ist
ianEur
opeannat
ions
woul
d nott
oler
atet
he ‘
Musl
i
m unj
ustat
tack’on a Chr
ist
ian nat
ion and
r
equest
edf
airj
ust
icef
orhi
speopl
e.
Nonet
hel
ess,t
heemper
or’
sexpect
ati
onofChr
ist
iansol
i
dar
it
ywasnomor
e
t
hanwi
shf
ult
hinki
ng.Eur
opeansgav
edeafeart
ohi
spr
otest
.
Fai
lur
eofDi
plomacy
-theout
breakofWar

44
 Upont
hef
ail
ureofdi
plomacy
,Yohannesr
esor
tedt
oadef
ensi
vewaragai
nstEgy
pt.

On23Oct
ober1875,
hei
ssuedamobi
l
izat
ionor
der
.

I
ncommandof20,
000t
roops,
Emper
orYohannescr
ossedt
heRi
verMer
eb.

On16Nov
emberhef
oughtwi
tht
heEgy
pti
anar
myatt
hebat
tl
eofGundet
.

Aboutt
wohour
sofef
fect
iveat
tackont
heenci
rcl
edEgy
pti
ant
roopsr
esul
ted
i
nani
nst
antv
ict
oryf
orEt
hiopi
ans.Col
onelAr
endr
upandabout1320Egy
pti
an
t
roopswer
eki
l
ledi
nthebat
tl
e.
Consequences
Al
argenumberofEgy
pti
ant
roopsandf
ir
ear
msf
ell
int
othehandsofEt
hiopi
ans.
Egy
pti
anssuf
fer
edahumi
l
iat
ingdef
eat
Massi
vemat
eri
aldest
ruct
ionandheav
yhumanl
oss
Occupi
edEt
hiopi
ant
err
it
ori
esr
emai
nunderEgy
pti
ancont
rol

Bat
tl
eofGur
a,1876-
TheSecondMi
li
tar
yConf
ront
ati
on

Khedi
veI
smai
lbeganpr
epar
ati
onsf
oranot
herat
tackonEt
hiopi
atoav
engehi
s
ear
li
erset
back.

The f
oll
owi
ng y
ear
,about15,
000 wel
l
-ar
med Egy
pti
an t
roops undert
he
commandofMohammedRat
ibandt
heAmer
icanGener
alLor
ingi
nvaded
Et
hiopi
ant
err
it
ori
esi
nthenor
th.
Thust
hesecondEt
hio-
Egy
pti
anbat
tl
ewasf
oughton7-
9Mar
ch1876ata
pl
aceknownasGur
a,notf
arf
rom Gundet
.
Consequencesoft
heBat
tl
eofGur
a
A.Thebat
tl
eofGur
aresul
tedi
nheav
ylossesonbot
hsi
des
B.Onceagai
nvi
ctor
ywentt
oEt
hiopi
ans.
C.Wi
tht
hel
ossofabout3500 dead and 2500 t
akenaspr
isoner
s,t
hesur
viv
ing
Egy
pti
ant
roopsr
etr
eat
ed.
D.Et
hiopi
ans,
too,
lostabout4000deadbutwi
thnopr
isoner
sofwarl
ostt
otheenemy
.
E.Et
hiopi
anscol
l
ect
edasi
gni
fi
cantboot
yofar
ms.
F.Egy
pt'
smi
l
itar
ydef
eati
nEt
hiopi
ahadr
esul
tedi
nagr
avepol
i
ticalconsequencef
or

45
 t
hecount
ry.
G.Thef
allofKhedi
veI
smai
lin1879andt
heBr
it
ishoccupat
ionEgy
pti
n1882
wer
epar
tl
yther
esul
tsoft
heEt
hio-
Egy
pti
anwar
.
TheEgy
pti
ansr
emai
nedi
ncont
rolofoccupi
edr
egi
onsandpor
ts.YohannesPost
poned
t
heWarb/
c
1.Yohannes di
dnotwantt
ori
sk hi
svi
ctor
ybycont
inui
ng hi
s at
tack on
Egy
pti
ant
roopswi
thanexhaust
edar
my.
2.Heal
sowant
edt
oknowt
her
eact
ionoft
heEur
opeanpower
stot
hecr
isi
s.

Ther
esumpt
ionofDi
plomat
icEf
for
t

Thest
ranget
hing,i
nthei
mmedi
atepost
-wary
ear
,wast
hatEgy
ptbehav
edl
i
kea
v
ict
or.Egy
ptpr
oposedt
ermsunaccept
abl
eforasov
erei
gncount
ryl
i
keEt
hiopi
a.
1.Egy
ptdemandedr
epar
ati
onpay
ment

2.Rel
easeofpr
isoner
sofwarandcessi
onofoccupi
edEt
hiopi
anr
egi
ons.
Theset
ermsmadet
heconcl
usi
onoft
heconf
li
ctbyaf
ormalpeacet
reat
y
f
arf
rom bei
ngachi
evabl
e.Ev
ent
ual
l
y,aper
iodofnopeaceandnowar
cont
inuedf
ort
henextei
ghty
ear
s.
Fr
om t
heear
ly1880s,howev
er,Egy
ptsoughtadi
plomat
ical
l
iancewi
thEt
hiopi
a.
Twoev
ent
saccount
edf
ort
hischangeofst
and.
1.Fi
rst
ly,
Egy
ptf
ell
toBr
it
ishoccupat
ioni
n1882.

2.Secondl
y,t
her
iseofar
eli
giousr
evi
val
i
standnat
ional
i
stmov
ementi
nthe
Sudan byt
he,Mahadi
sts,began t
o di
smant
le Egy
pti
an cont
roloft
hat
count
ry.

Mahadi
stMov
ementPosedunpr
ecedent
eddanger
s-Hewet
tTr
eat
ysi
gned

 St
art
ingf
rom t
hewest
ernSudan,
theMahdi
stat
tackdef
eat
edEgy
pti
ant
roopsi
n
t
heSudan.

 I
nthepr
ocess,
someoft
heEgy
pti
anscoul
dnotmakei
toutoft
heSudan;
rat
her
t
heywer
eenci
rcl
edal
ongt
heEt
hio-
Sudanesebor
der
.

 Bot
hEgy
ptandi
tspr
otect
or,
Bri
tai
n,wer
enotabl
etost
opt
heener
get
icMahdi
st

46
 at
tack.

 I
nst
eadt
heysoughtanot
hermeanst
orel
i
evet
het
rappedEgy
pti
ant
roops.

 Hence,t
heywant
edt
osi
gnapeacet
reat
ythatwoul
dendt
heEt
hio-Egy
pti
an
conf
li
ct,
andmakeuseofEt
hiopi
anassi
stancei
nthi
sendeav
or.
TheConcl
usi
onoft
heHewet
tTr
eat
y-1884

 Hewet
ttr
eat
ywasal
socal
l
edAdwat
reat
yhel
din1884.
 Thepeacet
reat
ywasdesi
gnedbyBr
it
ishandl
edbyAdmi
ralSi
rWi
l
li
am
Hewet
t.
 I
twassi
gnedon3June1884.
 TheHewet
tTr
eat
yisal
soknown,
from t
henameoft
hepl
acewher
eitwas
si
gned,
ast
heAdwaTr
eat
y.
 I
tendedt
heEt
hio-
Egy
pti
anconf
li
ctt
hroughBr
it
ishdi
plomat
ici
nter
vent
ion.
 Thepeacet
reat
ywasur
gedbyEngl
andt
oletf
reet
heenci
rcl
edEgy
pti
an
f
orcebyt
heMahadi
stsofSudanal
ongEt
hio-
Sudanesebor
der
.
TERMSORPROVI
SIONSOFTHEHEWETTTREATY

1.Egy
ptandEt
hiopi
areachedanagr
eementt
hati
ncl
udedr
est
orat
ionofBogos
(
theoccupi
edt
err
it
ory
)toEt
hiopi
a

2.Et
hiopi
anf
reeaccesst
otheSea

3.Per
missi
onofI
smai
lfort
heappoi
ntmentofnewbi
shopsf
orEt
hiopi
aChur
chesf
rom
Al
exandr
ia

4.Ri
ghtofYohannesI
Vtoi
mpor
tdut
iesandl
i
mit
edamountoff
ir
ear
mst
hrough
Massawa

5.Exchangeofcr
imi
nal
s;andsaf
eev
acuat
ionoft
heenci
rcl
edEgy
pti
anf
orce
t
hroughEt
hiopi
an(
thedomi
nantofal
lpr
oposal
s).
6.Et
hiopi
apr
omi
sedt
ofaci
l
itat
etheev
acuat
ionoft
heEgy
pti
ant
roopsf
rom t
hei
r
enci
rcl
edposi
ti
oni
nEast
ernSudan,t
hroughEt
hiopi
ant
err
it
oryt
oMassawa,
andt
hent
oEgy
pt.

47
ETHI
OPI
AHADBOUGHTTWOSTRONGESTENEMI
ES(
MAHADI
STANDI
TALY)
Ont
hesur
face,
theHewet
tTr
eat
yseemedt
obemor
erewar
dingf
orEt
hiopi
athan
t
hemi
l
itar
yvi
ctor
iesofGundetandGur
a.
I
tpr
omi
sed r
est
orat
ion ofoccupi
ed r
egi
ons and openi
ng a sea out
let
.
Yohannest
huschoset
obecomeanal
l
yofEgy
pt.Butt
hisear
nedEt
hiopi
aa
ser
iousenemy
,Mahdi
stsoft
heSudan.

ForYohannes,whatheneeded f
urt
herwasBr
it
ish di
plomat
icsuppor
tto
r
est
oret
hepor
tofMassawat
oEt
hiopi
a.Yohanneswr
otet
oQueenVi
ctor
iaof
Engl
andt
ohel
phi
m getbackMassawa.
Onhi
spar
t,i
nful
fi
ll
mentoft
het
ermsoft
heHewet
tTr
eat
y,Yohannesor
der
ed
RasAl
ulat
orescuet
heEgy
pti
anar
myt
rappedi
ntheSudan.
RasAl
ulaaccompl
i
shedhi
smi
ssi
onf
ight
ingwi
thMahdi
stt
roopsatt
hebat
tl
e
ofKuf
iti
nJanuar
y1885.

Howev
er,t
hisEt
hio-
Egy
pti
anal
l
iancepr
ovokedanumberofMahdi
stat
tacks
onnor
th-
west
ernEt
hiopi
ant
err
it
ori
es.
TheMahdi
stsl
aunchedaser
iesofat
tackschar
act
eri
zedbyl
oot
ing,mat
eri
al
dest
ruct
ionandensl
avementofpeopl
e.
Et
hiopi
adi
dnotr
egai
nMassawa-YohannesI
Vdecei
vedbyBr
it
ain
 Egy
ptonl
ypar
tl
yful
fi
ll
edherpr
omi
se.

 Bogoswasr
etur
nedt
oEt
hiopi
a,butMassawawashandedt
oIt
aly
.

 Egy
pti
ant
roopsal
sowi
thdr
ewf
rom Taj
ura,
Zei
l
aandBer
ber
a.

 TheBr
it
ish,
whohadal
readybeeni
ncont
rolofAdensi
nce1839,
occupi
edt
he
por
tsofZei
l
aandBer
ber
a.
 Theyexpandedi
ntot
hei
nter
iorandcr
eat
edt
hei
rcol
onyofBr
it
ishSomal
i
land.

 TheFr
enchdi
dthesameandf
ormedt
hei
rcol
onyofFr
enchSomal
i
landby

48
 expandi
ngf
rom t
hei
r1862possessi
onofObock.
 Thepor
tofAssabwhi
chwaspur
chasedbyapr
ivat
eIt
ali
anShi
ppi
ngCompany
(
theRubbat
inoCompany
)in1869hadal
readybeent
akenbyt
hegov
ernment
ofI
tal
yin1882.
 Agai
nstt
hecl
aim ofYohannesandi
nvi
olat
ionoft
heHewet
tTr
eat
y,t
he
Br
it
ishgov
ernmentsecr
etl
yinv
itedI
tal
ytooccupyMassawa.
 I
tal
ytookcont
rol
ofMassawawhent
heEgy
pti
ansl
efti
ton5Febr
uar
y1885.

 TheBr
it
ishwhowant
edt
ocheckt
heFr
enchexpansi
oni
ntheRedSear
egi
on
want
edt
ost
rengt
henI
tal
yandf
avour
edherexpansi
oni
nther
egi
on,whi
ch
wascont
rar
ytot
het
ermsoft
heHewotTr
eat
y.

Emper
orYohannesI
Vresumeddi
plomacy(
duet
othev
iol
ati
onofHewet
tTr
eat
y)

 Yohannesdi
dnotgi
veuphopeofadi
plomat
icsol
uti
on.

 Heonceagai
nwr
otet
oQueenVi
ctor
iapr
otest
ingt
hev
iol
ati
onoft
het
reat
y
andt
heunl
awf
ulI
tal
i
anadv
ancei
ntohi
ster
ri
tor
y.Hesoughtexpl
anat
ionon
whet
herornott
heBr
it
ishwer
ebacki
ngt
hisI
tal
i
anadv
ent
ure.Ther
esponseof
Br
it
ainwasnegat
ive.Yohanneswasadv
isedt
oli
vei
nlov
eandpeacewi
tht
he
power
ful
Ital
i
ans.

Et
hio-Mahadi
stWar
Mahadi
stsast
heypr
efert
ocal
lthemsel
ves(
Ansar
s)wer
efr
eedom f
ight
ersi
n
Sudan.Themaj
orgoalofMahdi
st’
smov
ementwast
oli
ber
ateSudan f
rom
di
rect
lyEgy
ptdomi
nat
ionandi
ndi
rect
lyBr
it
ishoccupat
ion.Themaj
orcauseof
Et
hio-
Mahadi
stwarwast
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofHewet
ttr
eat
ybyYohannesI
V,
whi
chf
aci
l
itat
edt
heescapeoft
heenemyoft
henat
ional
i
sts(
Mahadi
sts)
.Thus,
in
1887,
theywer
edef
eat
edbyNegusTekel
eHamanotwhosentbyYohannesI
Vto
checkt
hem,andTekel
eHay
manotcont
rol
l
edDembi
yaandMat
tama.I
n1888,
Mahadi
stsl
edbyAbuAnj
adef
eat
edNegusTekl
eHay
manotatt
hebat
tl
eofSar
Wehaanddest
roy
edGondar
.Asar
esul
t,i
n1889,Yohannesconf
ront
edt
hem at
t
hebat
tl
eofMat
tama,
9Mar
ch1889anddef
eat
edbyt
heMahadi
stsandl
osthi
s
l
i
fe.
49
Despi
tei
nit
ialsuccesst
heEt
hiopi
ansl
ostt
hebat
tl
e,becauseYohanneswas
f
atal
l
ywoundedandhi
sar
myr
etr
eat
ed.Yohannesdi
edt
henextday
.Hi
scor
pse
wasbeheadedbyt
heAnsar
sasasi
gnofMahdi
str
evengeandt
heyseemedt
obe
cont
ent
.Inanycase,
they
,too,
hadsuf
fer
edheav
ylosses.

CONSEQUENCESOFBATTLEOFMATTAMA
1.Heav
ymat
eri
aldest
ruct
ion

2.Lossofhugemanpower

3.For
cef
ulensl
avementandsl
aver
y

4.Loot
ingandbur
ningofpr
eci
ouschur
chmanuscr
ipt
s

5.Bur
ningofchur
ches,
proper
ti
es

6.Massacr
eofcl
ergyanddeackons

7.Emper
orYohannesI
Vwaski
l
ledandbeheaded.

8.Br
oughtt
oanendEt
hio-
Mahdi
stconf
li
ct.

9.Thedeat
hofYohannesandsubsequentpowerofv
acuum i
nthenor
th.

10.
Thepol
i
tical
cent
ershi
ft
edf
rom Ti
grai
toShoa.

11.
Faci
l
itat
edt
hecor
onat
ionofNegusMenel
i
kofShoaasEmper
orofEt
hiopi
anEmpi
re.
MENELI
K’SCENTRALI
ZATI
ONANDMODERNI
ZATI
ONSPROJECTS

Thepr
ocessofempi
rebui
l
dingwasanagendaofpr
ior
it
yforbot
hTewodr
osI
I
andYohannesI
V.Bot
hused di
ff
erentappr
oachest
o achi
evet
hei
rgoal
sof
nat
ionalr
euni
fi
cat
ion.Whi
l
eTewodr
osf
ail
ed,
Yohanneswasr
elat
ivel
ysuccessf
ul
i
nbui
l
dinganempi
rewi
thr
egi
onaldy
nast
iesenj
oyi
ngi
nter
nalaut
onomy
.The
pr
ocessofEt
hiopi
anempi
ref
ormat
ionwashowev
er,compl
etedunderEmper
or
Menel
i
kII
.Menel
i
khadl
ear
nedal
otf
rom t
heexper
iencesofhi
spr
edecessor
s.At
t
her
ootofhi
sexpansi
onl
ayt
het
radi
ti
onali
nter
esti
nlandt
ri
but
eandcont
rolof
t
rader
out
es.
50
 Menel
i
k’sexpansi
onwasdi
rect
edagai
nsti
ndependentpeopl
esandst
atesi
n
t
hear
eaofpr
esentsout
hwest
ern,
sout
her
nandsout
heast
ernEt
hiopi
a.
 Hi
sexpansi
onwasdi
ff
erentf
rom t
hatofhi
spr
edecessor
sini
tsi
ntensi
tyand
unpr
ecedent
eddegr
eeofsuccess.
 Mor
eov
er,hi
ster
ri
tor
ialexpansi
oncoi
nci
dedwi
tht
hecol
oni
alexpansi
onof
Eur
opeanpower
sint
heHor
nofAf
ri
ca.
 Hi
sconquest
sofbor
derr
egi
onsofpr
esent
-dayEt
hiopi
awer
emar
kedby
f
ier
cecompet
it
ionwi
thEur
opeancol
oni
alpower
s.
 Fi
nal
l
y,asacont
enderf
ort
het
hronef
ort
wodecades,
Menel
i
kneededt
obui
l
d
up hi
s mi
l
itar
y muscl
ethr
ough conquestoft
he pr
osper
ous r
egi
ons of
sout
her
nEt
hiopi
a,whi
chpossessedv
aluabl
eit
emsoft
rade.
Menel
i
kIIachi
eved hi
ster
ri
tor
ialexpansi
on byempl
oyi
ng t
wo di
ff
erent
met
hods.

1.Mer
cyorpeacef
ull
submi
ssi
on,
and

2.Swor
ds(
for
cef
ulsubj
ugat
ion)
.

I
nter
msofper
iod,
Menel
i
k’st
err
it
ori
alexpansi
onwasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreest
ages.
1.Thef
ir
stst
agewaswhi
l
ehewaski
ngofShowa(
1870s-
1889)
.

 Thest
ateofNor
ther
nGur
aghe,Gi
beOr
omo,LeqaNaqamt
e,LeqaQel
am
and I
ll
u AbbaBor
awer
epeacef
ull
yincor
por
ated t
o Menel
i
k’st
err
it
ory
dur
ingt
hef
ir
stphase.

 Fr
om 1888-
1892,t
her
e wasno t
err
it
ori
alexpansi
on due t
othe Gr
eat
Fami
ne(
Kif
uQan)i
nEt
hiopi
a.

2.Thesecondphasehadt
ookpl
acef
rom 1889-
1896whi
chwaschar
act
eri
zedby
f
orcef
ulsubj
ugat
ion.

 I
nthi
sregar
d,Ar
si(
1886)
,Har
a(1886)
,West
ernGuar
aghe(
1888)
,and
Wal
ayt
a(1894)wer
efor
cef
ull
ysubj
ugat
ed.

3.Thel
astandt
het
hir
dphasewast
ookpl
acef
rom 1896-
1900.Kaf
a(1897)
,
Ogaden,Bor
ena,and t
he Shi
ekdom st
ates (
Assosa,Komosha,and Bel
a-
51
 Shangul
),wer
eincor
por
atedbet
ween1896-
1900f
oll
owi
ngt
hebat
tl
eofAdwa

TERRI
TORI
ALEXPANSI
ONOFMENELI
K(BEFORECORONATI
ON)
 Thepr
ocessofMenel
i
k'sexpansi
onbeganwhenhewasKi
ngofShoa.
 Fi
rst
,hesubduedt
heOr
omoofShoai
ntheear
ly1870s.
 Then,
hisar
mygott
hepeacef
ulsubmi
ssi
onoft
henor
ther
nGur
agepeopl
eknownas
t
heKi
stane.
Whatf
act
orscont
ri
but
edf
ort
hepeacef
ulsubmi
ssi
onofChr
ist
ianGur
aghe?
A.Bei
ngco-
rel
i
gioni
sts(
Chr
ist
ians)andt
hei
rgeogr
aphi
cal
proxi
mit
ytoNor
ther
nShoa
B.Or
omopr
essur
e:t
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
prot
ract
edwar
swi
tht
henei
ghbor
ingOr
omos.
Menel
ikconf
ront
ati
onwi
tht
heSi
l
ti
 The si
tuat
ion i
n sout
her
n Gur
age,mor
e pr
oper
lyt
he Si
l
ti,was,howev
er,
di
ff
erentf
rom t
hatoft
henor
th.
 Menel
i
k’sar
myf
acedf
ier
cer
esi
stancef
rom t
heMusl
i
m Gur
ageor
gani
zed
underal
ocal
leaderknownasHassanEnj
amo.
 Ar
eli
giousr
evi
val
i
stmov
ementi
nfl
uencedbyt
heMahdi
stsandbyt
heMusl
i
m
exi
l
esofWol
l
o,whohadf
acedt
hef
orcedconv
ersi
onedi
ctof1878byEmper
or
YohannesI
V,st
rengt
henedl
ocal
resi
stanceamongt
heMusl
i
m Gur
age.
 Thus,t
hisr
egi
onwassubduedbyt
hear
myofRasGobenaonl
yin1888af
ter
y
ear
sofunsuccessf
ulr
esi
stance.
Gi
beVal
ley
-boneofcont
ent
ionbet
weenMenel
ikandTekl
e-Hay
manot

 Ther
egi
onsbey
ondt
heGi
bebasi
nwer
eaboneofcont
ent
ionbet
weent
he
r
ival
troopsoft
het
woki
ngs,
Menel
i
kofShoaandTakl
a-Hay
manotofGoj
j
am.
 Act
ual
l
y,t
hel
att
erwasaut
hor
izedbyYohannesI
Vtoconquert
her
egi
onwi
th
t
hei
ntent
ionofst
oppi
ngt
heexpansi
onofMenel
i
ktot
her
egi
on.
 Asar
esul
tthesout
hwest
ernr
egi
onsbecameabat
tl
egr
oundf
ort
het
wor
ival
kings.

 Adeci
siv
ebat
tl
ewasf
oughtatEmbabo(
inWal
laga)on6June1882i
nthepr
esence
oft
het
woki
ngs.

 Thebl
oodybat
tl
ewasconcl
udedbyt
hev
ict
oryofMenel
i
kandt
hecapt
ivi
tyofTakl
a-
Hay
manot
.
52
 Thus,t
hebat
tl
eofEmbaboal
l
owedMenei
l
ikt
oest
abl
i
shaf
ir
m cont
rolov
er
t
he sout
hwest
ernr
egi
on whi
ch subsequent
ly was gi
ven r
ecogni
ti
on by
Emper
orYohannes.
 Menel
i
kfacednost
rongl
ocalr
esi
stanceher
e.Localr
uler
swer
eper
suadedt
o
acceptpeacef
uli
ncor
por
ati
onandwer
erewar
dedbyi
nter
naladmi
nist
rat
ive
aut
onomy
.

 AbaJi
ff
arI
IofJi
mma,Jot
eTul
uofLeqaQel
l
am andKumsaMor
odaofLeqa
Naqamt
ebel
ongt
othel
i
stofl
ocalr
uler
swhosubmi
tt
edpeacef
ull
ywi
tht
hei
r
l
ocal
aut
onomyr
espect
ed,
int
hey
ear
s1882-
84.
Menel
ikt
err
it
ori
alExpansi
oni
ntoSout
handSout
heast
ernRegi
ons

 Thecampai
gnsofMenel
i
k’sar
myi
nthesout
handsout
heast
ernr
egi
onswer
ever
y
cost
lyandbl
oody
.
 Ther
egi
onofAr
siwassubduedi
n1886af
terf
oury
ear
sofst
ruggl
e,dur
ingwhi
chsi
x
unsuccessf
ulmi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
onswer
esentagai
nstt
hatr
egi
on.
 Thef
inalbat
tl
eofAzul
ewaswonbyt
hear
myofRasDar
ge,t
hecousi
nof
Menel
i
k,duemai
nlyt
oit
ssuper
ior
it
yint
hepossessi
onofmoder
nfi
rear
ms.
 Har
arwas subdued af
tert
he bl
oodybat
tl
efoughtbet
ween t
he ar
myof
Menel
i
kandEmi
rAbdul
lahiatChal
anqo,
ear
lyi
nJanuar
y1887.
MENELI
K HAD TEMPORARI
LY CEASED HI
S CAMPAI
GN (
PREPARATI
ON FOR
CORONATI
ON)

 Af
terHar
ar,
theconquestofnewr
egi
onswast
empor
ari
l
yhal
tedunt
il1894.

 Menel
i
kgav
epr
ior
it
yfi
rstt
ohi
sambi
ti
onf
ort
het
hrone,andaf
terhi
scor
onat
ion,t
o
dosomet
hingaboutI
tal
i
ancol
oni
alexpansi
oni
nnor
ther
nEt
hiopi
a.

 Thus,
hisconquest
saf
terhebecameemper
orwer
emot
ivat
edbyt
heur
gentneedf
or
pr
epar
ati
onagai
nstI
tal
i
ancol
oni
ali
sm.

 Mor
eov
er,expansi
ont
othesout
hwasal
sosoughtasasol
uti
ont
othedev
ast
ati
ng
Gr
eatFami
ne(
1889-92)al
soknownbyt
henameKef
uQan,whi
chhadser
iousl
y
af
fl
ict
edt
henor
ther
nandcent
ral
regi
onsofEt
hiopi
a.

53
THEOUTBREAKOFGREATFAMI
NE(
KIFUQAN)1889-
92

Thei
mmedi
atecauseoft
hef
ami
nei
sat
tri
but
edt
oacat
tl
edi
sease,cal
l
ed
r
inder
pest
,impor
tedwi
thi
nfect
edcat
tl
efr
om I
ndi
a.Del
i
ber
atel
yimpor
tedby
I
tal
ytoEt
hiopi
athr
oughMassawa.
Thef
ami
nehadser
iousl
yaf
fect
edt
heNor
ther
nEt
hiopi
ant
hanany
wher
eel
se.

Thef
ami
newasf
urt
heraggr
avat
edbyl
ocusti
nvasi
onanddr
ought
.

The cat
tl
e epi
demi
c spr
ead f
rom nor
tht
o sout
h and ki
l
led hundr
eds of
t
housandsofcat
tl
eandmadef
armi
ngv
erydi
ff
icul
t.
Thi
scausedf
ami
net
hati
ntur
nledt
oepi
demi
cdi
seasecl
aimi
ngt
hel
i
feof
l
argenumber
sofEt
hiopi
ans.

Consequencesoft
heGr
eatFami
ne
Thef
ami
necausedagr
eatdamagedi
srupt
ingpr
oduct
ionandt
rade.

I
tal
socausedagr
eatpopul
ati
onmov
ementf
rom nor
tht
osout
h.

Menel
i
krecr
uit
edsol
dier
sfr
om sur
viv
ors

Menel
i
krel
ocat
ed(
reset
tl
ed)nor
ther
ner
sint
her
elat
ivel
ylessaf
fect
edr
egi
onof
sout
her
nEt
hiopi
a.

Peopl
eat
etaboof
oodandcar
cassofani
mal
s;canni
bal
i
sm waspr
act
iced;

Ensl
avementi
ntensi
fi
ed;
commi
tt
edsui
cidewascommon.

Thef
ami
nehadal
sof
aci
l
itat
edt
hesecondI
tal
i
anI
nvasi
onofEt
hiopi
a.
A.Conf
ront
ati
onwi
thWol
ayi
ta
Oneoft
hear
easi
nthesout
h,whoser
ichr
esour
cesat
tract
edt
hear
myofMenel
i
k,
wasWol
ayt
a.

TheconquestofWol
ayt
ain1894wasoneoft
hebl
oodi
estoft
hecampai
gnsof
Menel
i
k.

Localpeopl
e undert
hei ng Kawo Tona,def
rki ended Wol
ayt
afr
om t
he
combi
ned ar
myofnot
abl
ewarl
eader
sofMenel
i
ksuch asRasMi
chael
,
Fi
tawr
ariGebay
ehu,Li
qaMakwasAbat
e,Dej
achBal
cha,RasWol
da-
Gior
gis
54
 andAbaJi
farI
I.
I
twas,
ther
efor
e,abat
tl
ebet
weenunequal
,whi
chr
esul
tedi
nimmensel
ossi
n
humanl
i
feandmat
eri
alweal
th,
andt
hel
oot
ingoft
ensoft
housandsofheads
ofcat
tl
ebyt
hei
nvader
s.
KawoTonawaswoundedandcapt
uredt
obecomeapr
isonerf
ort
her
estofhi
sli
fe.

B.Conf
ront
ati
onwi
thKaf
fa
 I
n1897t
heol
dKi
ngdom ofKaf
fawasi
ncor
por
atedaf
tergr
eatbl
oodshedi
n
t
hewarbet
weent
hel
ocalpeopl
e,undert
hei
rr erTat
ul oGekiSer
echo,andt
he
ar
myofMenel
i
kunderRasWol
deGi
orgi
s.
 Wol
de Gi
orgi
shad enl
i
sted t
hesuppor
toft
hear
miesofRasDameseof
Wal
l
aga,AbaJi
farI
IofJi
mma,RasTasammaofI
ll
ubaborandt
her
uler
sof
Kul
l
oandKont
a.GekiSer
echowasdef
eat
edandcapt
uredaf
terni
nemont
hs
off
ugi
ti
vel
i
feandendedupi
npr
ison.
C.TheI
ncor
por
ati
onofBor
der
lands(
West
,EastandSout
heast
)
 The conquestofAssosa,BeniShanguland Komosha ar
eas al
ong t
he Et
hio-
Sudanesebor
der
.
 Dej
achJot
eofQel
em andDej
achGebr
eEgzi
abher(
bapt
ismalnameofKumsa)of
Naqamt
egav
emi
l
itar
ysuppor
ttot
hear
myofRasMekonnen.
 Thedef
ect
ionofShei
kAbdur
ahmanHoj
alet
othesi
deofRasMekonenabor
tedt
he
uni
tedr
esi
stanceoft
hel
ocal
peopl
eagai
nstt
hear
myofMenel
i
k.

 Fol
l
owi
ngt
heconquest
,Menel
i
krei
nst
atedl
oyal
rul
erst
opowerasv
assal
s.

 Expansi
oni
ntot
hebor
derr
egi
onsofBor
anaandOgaden,
li
kewi
seal
ongt
hewest
ern
bor
der
s,seemst
ohav
ebeeni
ncompet
it
ionwi
tht
henei
ghbor
ingcol
oni
alpower
s
whi
chhadadj
acentcol
oni
eswi
thEt
hiopi
a.

THECREATI
ONOFBUFFERZONE

55
 Menel
i
kwant
ed t
o cr
eat
e a buf
ferzone bet
ween t
he f
ert
il
eint
eri
orand
nei
ghbor
ingEur
opeancol
oni
esbyconquer
ingbor
derl
owl
ands.
Tocur
btheEur
opeancol
oni
alex
pansi
on

Tomai
ntai
nthet
err
it
ori
aluni
tyandi
ntegr
it
yoft
heEt
hiopi
anempi
re

Hi
sfamousmi
l
itar
yvi
ctor
yatt
heBat
tl
eofAdwai
ntensi
fi
edhi
scompet
it
ion
wi
tht
hecol
oni
alpower
s,andbyt
het
ur he20thcent
noft uryhehadcompl
eted
t
hepr
ocessofempi
ref
ormat
ion.
Nat
ureofMenel
ik’
sAdmi
nist
rat
ion
 Thei
ncor
por
ati
onoft
hesout
her
n,sout
hwest
ernandsout
heast
ernr
egi
ons
i
nvol
vedbot
hpeacef
ulsubmi
ssi
ont
hroughper
suasi
onanddev
ast
ati
ngwar
s
ofconquest
.
 Thenat
ureoft
hei
radmi
nist
rat
ionwasr
elat
edt
othewayt
heywer
eincor
por
ated.

 Regi
onst
hatr
esi
stedt
hear
myofMenel
i
kwer
etr
eat
edhar
shl
y.

 Localdy
nast
ies wer
e upr
oot
ed and r
epl
aced by appoi
ntees of t
he cent
ral
gov
ernment
.

 Local
peopl
ewer
emost
lyal
i
enat
edf
rom t
hei
rland.

 Theconquer
edpeopl
ewer
esubj
ect
edt
osev
ereeconomi
cexpl
oit
ati
onand
br
utal
treat
mentbyt
heset
tl
ersf
rom t
henor
thpr
otect
edbyar
medmen.
 Regi
onst
hatof
fer
ednor
esi
stance,howev
er,f
acedl
i
ttl
edi
ff
icul
ty.Her
e,l
ocal
r
uler
sret
ainedt
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
powerandcont
inuedasv
assal
soft
heemper
or.
Howev
er,
nat
ional
oppr
essi
onwascommont
oal
lconquer
edpeopl
e.
I
tal
ianAggr
essi
onagai
nstEt
hiopi
aandt
heBat
tl
eofAdwa

Dur
ingt
hesecond–hal
foft
he19t
hcent
ury
,at
hir
dandmaj
orsour
ceofaggr
essi
on
agai
nstEt
hiopi
awasI
tal
y.I
tal
yhad col
oni
aldesi
gnsov
erEt
hiopi
a.Ther
efor
e,her
col
oni
alambi
ti
onsl
edhert
ooccupyt
err
it
ori
esi
nthenor
th,est
abl
i
sht
hecol
onyof
Er
it
reaandf
ightt
heBat
tl
eofAdwaagai
nstEt
hiopi
ain1896.

Fi
rstSt
ronghol
dsofI
tal
yinEt
hiopi
a
 TheI
tal
i
anGov
ernmentt
ookcont
rol
ofAssabf
rom t
heRusbat
inoShi
ppi
ngCompany
56
 i
n1882.
 Then,i
n1885I
tal
yoccupi
edMassawa,andbeganat
tempt
stopenet
rat
eint
othe
i
nter
iorf
rom t
hecoast
.
 TheI
tal
i
anat
temptt
oencr
oachi
ntot
hehi
ghl
andsoft
heMer
ebMel
l
ash(
Eri
tr
ea)
r
egi
onwasunaccept
abl
ebot
htoEmper
orYohannesI
Vandhi
scommander
,Ras
Al
ulaEngi
da.
 Al
ulawasal
soGov
ernoroft
hepr
ovi
nceofMer
ebMel
l
ash.
 Ther
efor
e,t
heI
tal
i
anscamei
ntodi
rectconf
li
ctwi
thYohannesandAl
ula.

RASALULAENGI
DA’
SADVENTURE-
BATTLEOFDOGALI
,1887

 On 26 Januar
y1887 Al
ula,ata pl
ace cal
l
ed Dogal
i,cr
ushed an I
tal
i
an
cont
ingentconsi
sti
ng ofabout500 I
tal
i
an sol
dier
s,whi
ch wer
egoi
ng as
r
einf
orcement
stot
heSaat
ifor
tresst
hathehadat
tempt
edt
oat
tack.
 Thi
swasact
ual
l
ythef
ir
stser
iousbl
owt
oIt
ali
ancol
oni
aladv
ancei
nEt
hiopi
a.
 Thus,i
tcr
eat
ed gr
eatanxi
etyand pr
ovoked I
tal
i
an desi
ref
orr
evenge.I
t
equal
l
yof
fendedt
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
BRI
TAI
N’SI
NTERVENTI
ON-
MANI
FESTEDDI
PLOMATI
CDI
SHONESTY
 Howev
er,whi
l
eIt
alywant
edmi
l
itar
yrev
enge,Br
it
aini
nter
venedasapeace
br
oker
,ofcour
se,
onbehal
foft
heaggr
essor
.
 ABr
it
ishenv
oyGer
, aldPor
tal
,metYohannesi
nNov
ember1887.

Ter
msoft
hePor
talMi
ssi
on

1.Byt
hePor
talMi
ssi
on,
Yohanneswasaskedt
oapol
ogi
zef
orAl
ula’
s“unj
ustat
tack”
ont
heI
tal
i
ans.

2.Pr
oposedawari
ndemni
tyf
orI
tal
y

3.Cessi
onofoccupi
edcoast
alr
egi
onst
oIt
aly
.Por
tal
’
smi
ssi
onf
ail
ed.Yohannes

57
 decl
aredhi
schoi
ceofwarr
athert
hanacceptt
hesepr
oposedt
ermsofpeace.He
al
so wr
otet
o Queen Vi
ctor
ia condemni
ng Br
it
ish di
plomat
ic di
shonest
yand
unf
air
ness.
YOHANNESI
VRESORTEDTOWAR
RasAl
ula’
srej
ect
ionofconcedi
ngEt
hiopi
ant
err
it
oryt
oIt
alywasal
sof
ir
m andmade
wari
nev
itabl
e.Shor
tl
yaf
ter
war
dsEmper
orYohannescal
l
edhi
speopl
etoar
ms.
Wi
thi
naf
ew weeks,about80,
000menf
oll
owedYohannesonhi
smar
ch
acr
osst
heMer
ebRi
vert
ofi
ghtt
heI
tal
i
ansatt
hei
rfor
tressofSaat
iinMar
ch
1888.
TheSaat
iconf
ront
ati
ondi
dnott
urnt
oact
ualf
ight
ing,howev
er,becauset
he
I
tal
i
ansr
efusedt
ocomeoutoft
hei
rfor
ti
fi
edposi
ti
onandmeett
heEt
hiopi
an
ar
myi
ntheopenf
iel
d.
Adeadl
ockwascr
eat
edt
hatl
ast
edf
oramont
h.
TheEt
hiopi
anar
my,
consi
sti
ngl
argel
yofpeasant
sshor
tofsuppl
i
es,
coul
dnot
st
ayl
ongatSaat
i.
Theyhadt
oret
urnhomet
othei
rfar
ms.Norwast
hesuppl
yofpr
ovi
sions
enought
okeepupt
heconf
ront
ati
onf
orl
ong.

YohannesI
VfacedTr
iangul
arTensi
on(
Mahadi
st,
Ital
yandDomest
icpr
obl
em)
Whydi
dEmper
orYohannespost
ponet
hewarwi
thI
tal
y?

Thear
ri
val
ofnewsf
rom t
heot
herdi
rect
ionr
educedt
heopt
ionst
oone.

1.Ther
ebel
l
ionofNegusMenel
i
kandNegusTakl
a-Hay
manotagai
nsthi
m.

2.Yohanneswasi
nfor
medoft
hedest
ruct
ivei
nvasi
onofMahdi
stt
roopsasf
aras
Gondar

3.Heal
sohear
daboutt
hef
ri
endl
yrel
ati
onsMenel
i
kofShoaandt
heI
tal
i
ans,
whi
chwasest
abl
i
shedont
hebasi
soft
heConv
ent
ionofNeut
ral
i
tyt
hey
si
gnedi
nOct
ober1887.
4.Theun-
wil
l
ingnessofI
tal
i
anst
ocomeoutf
oranopenbat
tl
e

Al
ltheset
hingsmadeYohannesdeci
det
opost
ponet
hewarwi
thI
tal
y.Hechose
f
ir
stt
opuni
sht
hei
nter
nal
plot
ter
sandt
henf
ightt
heMahdi
sts.
58
 Yohannesat
tackedGoj
j
am f
ir
standaf
terabl
oodydest
ruct
iongott
hesubmi
ssi
onof
i
tski
ng.
 Thepl
ant
ofi
ghtMenel
i
kwasdr
opped,howev
er.I
nst
ead,t
heemper
orandMenel
i
k
madeanagr
eementt
ohel
peachot
heragai
nstt
hei
rcommonenemi
es.
 Bot
hhadmut
ual
int
eresti
npeace,
becauseYohannesdi
dnotwantabl
oodyci
vi
lwar
atat
imewhenhi
scount
rywasi
nvadedbyt
wof
orei
gnenemi
es-t
heMahdi
stsand
I
tal
y.
 Menel
i
k,t
oo,
real
i
zedt
hemi
l
itar
ysuper
ior
it
yofYohannes.
 TheI
tal
i
ans,whoai
medatsubv
ert
ingMenel
i
kagai
nstYohannes,hadal
readywon
hi
sneut
ral
i
tyi
ntheev
entofwarbet
weent
hem andt
heemper
or.
 Thi
swasagr
eedi
ntheConv
ent
ionofNeut
ral
it
ysi
gnedi
nOct
ober1887,i
nwhi
ch
t
heypr
omi
sedt
ogi
veMenel
i
k5000r
if
les.
 Nev
ert
hel
esst
heser
if
leshadnotr
eachedMenel
i
k.Ther
efor
e,Menel
i
khadgood
r
easonnott
ofi
ghtwi
thYohannes.
3.
3.2.TheBi
rt
hoft
heI
tal
ianCol
onyofEr
it
rea
I
tisof
tencl
aimedt
hatt
heTr
eat
yofWuchal
e,si
gnedbet
weenEmper
orMenel
i
k
andt
heI
tal
i
anenv
oyCountPi
etr
oAnt
onel
lion2May1889,di
rect
lyl
edt
othe
cr
eat
ionoft
heI
tal
i
ancol
onyofEr
it
ri
a.

Pr
ecedi
ngdev
elopment
s

Longy
ear
sofI
tal
o-Shoanf
ri
endshi
p.Theof
fi
cialcont
act
sbet
weenMenel
i
kandt
he
I
tal
i
ansgoasf
arbackas1876.

COMMENCEMENTOFMUTUALI
STI
CRELATI
ON

1.
Thecomi
ngofI
tal
ianGeogr
aphi
calSoci
ety

 AnI
tal
i
anGeogr
aphi
cal
Soci
etyl
edbyMar
qui
sO.Ant
inor
i.Ant
inor
i’
scamet
oShowa

 I
thadt
heobj
ect
iveofi
nvest
igat
ingt
hechancesf
orcol
oni
alexpansi
onunder
t
hecov
erofsci
ent
if
icst
udy
.
 Asar
egi
oncl
oset
otheI
tal
i
anbaseatAssab,
andsi
ncet
heShoanki
ngwasa
r
ivalofEmper
orYohannes,
Shoawasconsi
der
edasanot
herappr
opr
iat
ebase

59
 oral
l
yforI
tal
i
ancol
oni
alambi
ti
ons.
 Onhi
spar
t,Menel
i
kneededt
hef
ri
endshi
pofI
tal
yasameansofacqui
sit
ionof
f
ir
ear
msf
rom abr
oadwi
thwhi
chhecoul
dfi
ghthi
swayt
othet
hrone.
 Menel
i
kgav
ear
est
ingpl edLetMar
acenearAnkobercal
l afy
atot
heI
tal
i
ans,
t
hel
att
eragr
eedt
opostanagentatAssabwhowoul
dbuyf
ir
ear
msf
or
Menel
i
k.

TheConcl
usi
onoft
heTr
eat
yofCommer
ceandFr
iendshi
pOct
ober1883.

Thi
sini
ti
alal
l
iancewasf
urt
hercement
edbyt
heTr
eat
yofCommer
ceandFr
iendshi
p.
Thi
str
eat
ywassi
gnedBet
weenKi
ngMenel
i
kandAnt
onel
l
iofI
tal
yinOct
ober1883.I
t
consi
stedoft
hef
oll
owi
ngkeypr
ovi
sions
1.Pr
ovi
sionsaboutconsul
arex
change

2.Anagr
eementonf
reet
rade,

3.Fr
eemov
ementoft
hei
rnat
ional
s

4.Fr
eedom ofr
eli
giouspr
opagat
ion.
3.
TheConcl
usi
onofConv
ent
ionofNeut
ral
it
y,Oct
ober
,1887
Thet
hir
dIt
alo-Shoant
reat
ycamei
n1887,f
oll
owi
ngt
heDogal
iInci
dentwhenI
tal
i
ans
neededt
hehel
pofMenel
i
k mor
ethanheneededt
hei
rs.
I
tappear
sthatt
heI
tal
i
anst
ri
edt
owi
ntheconsentofMenel
i
ktohel
pthem i
n
f
utur
eunav
oidabl
ewaragai
nstYohannes.
Duet
ohi
sunwi
l
li
ngnesst
ofi
ghtYohannes,howev
er,t
heI
tal
i
ansper
suaded
hi
m atl
eastt
oremai
nneut
ral
,i
ntheev
entofwarbet
weenI
tal
yandYohannes.
As i
ndi
cat
ed abov
e,he agr
eed t
othi
sthr
ough a t
reat
ylat
ercal
l
ed t
he
Conv
ent
ionofNeut
ral
it
y,whi
chwassi
gnedi
nOct
obert
haty
ear
,1887.
3.
TheConcl
usi
onoft
heWuchal
eTr
eat
y,May
,1889

TheTr
eat
yofWuchal
e,al
thoughsi
gnedaf
terMenel
i
kdecl
aredhi
msel
femper
or,
wasanext
ensi
onoft
hei
rol
dmut
uali
nter
estandf
ri
endshi
p.TheWuchal
eTr
eat
y
wasdr
aft
edbyAnt
onel
liandsi
gnedbyMenel
ikandAnt
onel
lii
nMay1889,i
n
Menel
i
k’scur
rentcamp,
inWol
l
o.

60
Amongsev
eralagr
eement
ssi
gnedatWuchal
e,t
hemaj
oroneswer
e

 peacebet
weenEt
hiopi
aandI
tal
y;

 r
esol
vi
ngboundar
ypr
obl
emswi
thcommi
ssi
ons;

 Et
hiopi
anf
reeaccesst
opor
tofMassawa;

 exchangeofcr
imi
nal
s,and

 t
hecondi
ti
ont
hroughwhi
chEt
hiopi
anexpect
edt
oconductf
orei
gndi
plomacy
(
Art
icl
eXVI
I)
,whi
chr
educedEt
hiopi
a,t
othest
atusofI
tal
i
anpr
otect
orat
e
TheTr
eat ehadt
yofWuchal went
yar
ti
cles,
butt
het
wov
erysi
gni
fi
cantonesi
nter
msof
t
hei
rcont
ri
but
iont
othesubsequentI
tal
o-Et
hiopi
anconf
li
ctswer
ear
ti
clesI
IIandXVI
I.
 Ar
ti
cleI
II
,del
i
mit
ed t
he boundar
ybet
ween I
tal
i
an-
occupi
ed r
egi
ons of
Mer
ebMel
ashandt
her
estofEt
hiopi
a.
 Thev
il
lagesofAr
afai
l
i,Segenei
ti
,Asmar
a,AdiYohani
s-f
rom eastt
owest
-
ser
vedasaboundar
yli
nef
ort
heI
tal
i
anpossessi
ons.
 Thus,
theI
tal
i
ansgotl
egalr
ecogni
ti
onov
ermuchoft
hel
owl
andandsome
oft
hehi
ghl
andr
egi
onsbey
ondt
her
iverMer
eb.
Whatwast
hepr
oxi
mat
ecauset
hati
gni
tedt
heBat
tl
eofAdwa?
Ar
ti
cleXVI
Ioft
het
reat
ywasl
aterbecamet
hesour
ceofconf
li
ct,
andf
inal
l
yledt
o
t
hebat
tl
eofAdwai
n1896becausei
nthev
isi
onsoft
hear
ti
cle,I
tal
ytr
icked
Et
hiopi
a.
TheI
tal
i
anv
ersi
ont
hear
ti
clef
ori
nst
ance,ar
ti
cul
atedas“
tomakef
orei
gn
r
elat
ionEt
hiopi
anshoul
dhav
etoconsul
tandhav
eper
missi
onf
rom I
tal
y”
wher
eas
TheAmhar
icv
ersi
onhadt
hephr
ase“
Ethi
opi
acoul
dconsul
tIt
alyi
fshewant
s.”
RasMekonnenwentt
oIt
alyt
ogett
her
ati
fi
cat
ionoft
hewhol
etr
eat
y.They
per
suadedhi
mtosi
gnanaddi
ti
onalConv
ent
ionon1Oct
ober1889.Thi
swas
ai
medatadv
anci
ngf
urt
hert
owar
dst
heRi
verMer
ebundert
hecov
erofdel
i
mit
ing
t
heboundar
y,ont
hebasi
sofef
fect
iveoccupat
ion.TheI
tal
i
ansoccupi
edt
he
whol
eregi
onasf
arast
heMer
ebRi
ver
,whi
cht
heydecl
aredast
hei
rcol
onyof
Er
it
reaon1Januar
y1890.

61
 I
tal
ianAmbi
ti
onov
ert
heRestofEt
hiopi
a
Tomakemat
ter
sev
enwor
se,t
heI
tal
i
anspur
suedadi
plomat
iccampai
gnt
o
maket
hewhol
eofEt
hiopi
athei
rpr
otect
orat
e.Tot
hisend,
theyusedacal
cul
ated
cont
radi
cti
oni
ntheAmhar
icandI
tal
i
anv
ersi
onofAr
ti
cleXVI
Ioft
heWuchal
e
Tr
eat
y.
A.TheAmhar
icv
ersi
onoft
hisar
ti
cler
eadst
hatEt
hiopi
acanuset
hehel
pofI
tal
y
i
nherdi
plomat
icr
elat
ionswi
thot
herEur
opeanpower
s.
B.TheI
tal
i
ant
extcont
ainedanobl
i
gat
orycommi
tmentofEt
hiopi
atouset
he
goodof
fi
cesofI
tal
yforherr
elat
ionswi
thEur
ope;and t
her
ebyi
tdeni
ed
Et
hiopi
a hersov
erei
gnt
y.Fur
ther
mor
e,I
tal
ynot
if
ied t
he gr
eatpower
s of
Eur
opet
hat
,byAr
ti
cleXVI
Ioft
heWuchal
eTr
eat
y,Et
hiopi
ahadbecomean
I
tal
i
npr
otect
orat
e.
Menel
ikI
Ical
cul
atedl
ytr
ickedbyI
tal
y(I
tal
y’
sdi
plomat
ict
ri
ck)
 Menel
i
klear
nedoft
heI
tal
i
ant
ri
ckswhenr
esponset
ohi
slet
ter
s,wr
it
ten
di
rect
lywi
thoutt
heknowl
edgeofI
tal
y,camef
rom Br
it
ainandGer
many
.
 I
nthesel
ett
ersf
rom Eur
opehewasadv
isedt
ocont
actt
hem onl
ythr
oughhi
s
“
prot
ect
or”
.
 Thi
sledt
oamaj
orf
ri
cti
onbet
weenI
tal
yandEt
hiopi
a.

Menel
ikr
eact
eddi
plomat
ical
l
y

 Menel
i
kwr
otet
oKi
ngUmber
toofI
tal
ypr
otest
ingagai
nstt
heI
tal
i
ancl
ai
m.

 Heaskedt
heI
tal
i
angov
ernmentt
ocor
rectAr
ti
cleXVI
I.

 I
tal
ywasnotwi
l
li
ngt
ocor
recti
t.

 Menel
i
k,howev
er,
tur
nedt
oawi
derdi
plomat
iccampai
gn,
andi
nApr
il1891he
di
spat
chedaci
rcul
arl
ett
ert
oal
lEur
opeanpower
s.
 Hei
nfor
medt
hem aboutI
tal
i
andi
plomat
icdi
shonest
yandt
hathehadno
obl
i
gat
iont
orespectI
tal
i
anpr
otect
orat
eri
ght
s.
 ThatwasbecauseEt
hiopi
awasi
ndependentandnotapr
otect
orat
eofI
tal
y.

 Ev
enmor
e,hedef
inedt
heEt
hiopi
anboundar
yasext
endi
ngasf
arast
hesea.

62
 Menel
i
krequest
edt
hehel
pofChr
ist
ianpower
stogetatl
eastanout
lett
othe
sea.Butt
her
ewasnohel
pfr
om Chr
ist
ianEur
ope.

Twi
npol
ici
esofI
tal
y:Subv
ersi
onandPer
suasi
on
 TheI
tal
i
angov
ernmentf
oll
owedt
het
winpol
i
ciesofper
suasi
onandsubv
ersi
oni
n
Et
hiopi
a.

 Thef
ir
str
efer
stot
heI
tal
i
anunsuccessf
ulef
for
ttoi
nduceMenel
i
ktoagr
eet
o
t
heI
tal
i
anv
ersi
onofAr
ti
cleXVI
I.
 Thi
sef
for
twascompl
etel
yabor
tedwhen,
inFebr
uar
y1893,
Menel
i
kabr
ogat
ed
(
cancel
l
ed)
theTr
eat
yofWuchal
e.
 I
tal
i
an subv
ersi
veact
ivi
ti
esamong di
ssat
isf
ied nobl
esdi
d,howev
er,hav
e
i
nit
ial
successmai
nlyi
nnor
ther
nEt
hiopi
a.
 Fori
nst
ance,by t
he Mer
eb Conv
ent
ion ofDecember1891,t
he I
tal
i
ans
achi
evedt
het
empor
arydef
ect
ionoft
heTi
greanchi
efsundert
hel
eader
shi
pof
RasMengeshaYohannes,t
heper
sonchosenbyEmper
orYohannesashi
s
successor
.
 Nonet
hel
ess,
thesubv
ersi
veact
ivi
ti
esoft
heI
tal
i
anspr
ovedacompl
etef
ail
ure.
The Tr
ait
orsr
enewed t
hei
ral
legi
ance t
o Menel
ikI
I:The Fai
lur
e of
Subv
ersi
vePol
icy
 Et
hiopi
ancol
l
abor
ator
soft
heI
tal
i
anssoonunder
stoodt
hehi
ddencol
oni
almot
iveof
t
heI
tal
i
ans.

 Thi
sbecameev
encl
ear
er,
wit
hIt
ali
anr
aci
stat
ti
tudesi
ntheset
tl
ementpat
ter
n
oft
hei
rci
ti
zensi
nEr
it
rea.
 Thef
ir
stsi
gni
fi
cantbl
ow t
othesubv
ersi
vepl
anofI
tal
ycamei
nJune1894,
whenRasMengeshaandRasAl
ular
enewedt
hei
rloy
alt
ytoMenel
i
k.
 I
nDecember1894,Dej
azmachBaht
aHagos,t
hei
rfor
mercol
l
abor
atorand
gov
ernorofAkal
eGuzayi
nEr
it
rea,st
art
edapeasantr
ebel
l
ionagai
nstt
he
I
tal
i
ans.
 RasMengeshaandRasAl
ulacr
ossedt
her
iverMer
ebandf
oughtt
heI
tal
i
ans
atQoat
itandSenaf
eear
lyi
n1895.
63
 Asr
evenge,
theI
tal
i
anar
myi
nvadedt
hewhol
eofTi
gray
,inSept
ember1895.

 I
tal
yopenl
ybegant
ousemi
l
itar
ymeanst
oreal
i
zet
hedr
eam ofbecomi
nga
col
oni
almast
erov
erEt
hiopi
a.

Di
plomat
icef
for
tfai
led-Menel
ikI
I’
smi
li
tar
yPr
epar
ati
on

I
nter
nal
l
y

 Apar
tfr
om t
heEmper
or,hi
swi
feEmpr
essTay
tuher
sel
fwasanadv
ocat
eof
anar
medsol
uti
ont
otheI
tal
i
andi
plomat
icdi
shonest
y.
 Thus,
Menel
i
kbeganpr
epar
ingf
ort
hef
inal
showdownwi
thI
tal
y.

 I
nter
nal
l
y,hecont
inuedhi
sex
pansi
oni
ntot
hepr
osper
ousr
egi
onsofpr
esent
daysout
her
nEt
hiopi
a,mai
nlyt
obui
l
duphi
shumanandmat
eri
alr
esour
ces,
as
y
ouhav
eseeni
nthepr
ecedi
ngpages.
– I
nter
nat
ional
l
y;

I
nter
nat
ional
l
y,Meni
l
ikdi
dhi
sbestt
owi
nal
l
iesmai
nlyf
ort
hei
mpor
toff
ir
ear
ms,
par
ti
cul
arl
yfr
om Fr
anceandRussi
a.
 On17Sept
ember1895,
Menel
i
kissuedamobi
l
izat
ionor
deri
nwhi
chhest
ated
t
heI
tal
i
anunl
awf
uli
nvasi
onofhi
scount
ry.
 Hegotaposi
ti
ver
esponsef
rom hi
speopl
ewhi
chenabl
edhi
mtol
eadanar
my
ofabout100,
000 r
ecr
uit
ed f
rom al
lcl
auses,et
hni
c gr
oups and r
egi
ons
i
ncl
udi
ngt
henewl
yconquer
edar
easofsout
h,sout
hwestandsout
heast
.
Et
hiopi
answhol
ehear
tedl
ywel
comedMenel
ik’
smobi
li
zat
ionor
der
 I
ndeed,
Menel
i
kledauni
tedEt
hiopi
aagai
nstI
tal
y.

 AnI
tal
i
anwr
it
erwhosaw t
heposi
ti
ver
esponseofsol
dier
s,peasant
s,y
oung
andol
d,menandwomen,f
orMeni
l
ik'
smobi
l
izat
ionor
derwr
ote,I
tlooksasi
f
t
hewhol
epopul
ati
onwasmov
ingf
orwar
.
 Thet
henbi
shopandt
hecl
ergyt
hemsel
vesaccompani
edt
hear
myt
othebat
tl
efi
el
d.
Thecont
ri
but
ionsofEmpr
essTay
itu-
Lionhear
tedQueen

 Empr
essTai
tuwast
hepr
udentadv
isorofMenel
i
kII
.Shegav
efr
uit
fuladv
ise

64
 onv
ari
ousaspect
s(soci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
)
 Shepl
ayedsi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
ntheexami
nat
ionoft
hecont
entofWuchal
eTr
eat
y

 Shehadaccur
atel
ypr
edi
ctedani
nev
itabl
edangeragai
nst
Ethi
opi
a

 Empr
essTay
tuhadst
art
edpr
epar
ati
onf
orwarsi
ncel
ongago.

 She gat
her
ed women i
nthe pal
ace t
o pr
epar
efood,dr
ink,ut
ensi
l
s,t
radi
ti
onal
medi
cines,
bandages,
etc.

 Shehadal
readysentmessagest
oherv
assal
sofnor
ther
nEt
hiopi
atosuppl
y
f
oodt
othear
mywhi
l
epassi
ngt
hrought
hei
rrespect
iver
egi
ons.
 Shemobi
l
ized an ar
myof5000 t
roopsunderhercommand,and f
oll
owed her
husbandt
othecampai
gn.

TheCont
ri
but
ionsofot
herEt
hiopi
anWomen
1.Womenpl
ayedanexceedi
ngl
yimpor
tantcont
ri
but
ions

2.Thet
otal
numberof
Ethi
opi
anwomenwhowentt
oAdwai
snotexact
lyknown.

3.ButoneFr
enchwr
it
err
epor
tedt
hatt
her
ewer
eabout1200women.

4.Gav
emor
alsuppor
ttot
hecombat
ant
s

5.Theyal
sogav
eser
viceasf
ight
ers,nur
singt
hewounded,suppl
yi
ngf
oodand
dr
inkst
ofi
ght
ers,
clear
ingr
oads,
guar
dingcamps,
etc.
TheBat
tl
eofAdwa,
1896

TheBat
tl
e

A.TheFi
rstengagement(
theBat
tl
eofAmbal
age,
1895)

Bef
oret
hef
inaldeci
siv
eencount
eratAdwa,t
heI
tal
i
anandt
heEt
hiopi
ant
roops
f
oughtatt
wopl
aces.Thef
ir
stbat
tl
ewasf
oughton7December1895atAmba
Al
age,i
nsout
her
nTi
gray
,bet
weenacont
ingentoft
heEt
hiopi
anv
anguar
dfor
ce
l
edbyFi
tawr
ariGebey
ehuandanI
tal
i
anf
orceundert
hecommandofMaj
or
Tosel
l
i.
 TheI
tal
i
answer
ecompl
etel
ydef
eat
edandl
ostabout2000t
roops,i
ncl
udi
ng

65
 Maj
orTosel
l
ihi
msel
f,f
rom t
het
otal
of2350I
tal
i
anst
roops.
 I
tal
i
ans wer
efor
ced t
oret
reatnor
thwar
dst
othei
rst
rong f
ort
if
icat
ion at
Maqal
ewhi
chwasdef
endedby4cannons.

B.TheSecondEngagement(
Maqal
eSei
ge)
,1896
 Desi
gned byTai
tut
hatai
med t
o cutof
ftheI
tal
i
ansf
rom t
hei
rsuppl
i
es
i
ncl
udi
ngwat
er,whi
chwasef
fect
iveandf
orcedI
tal
i
anst
owi
thdr
ew f
rom
Maqal
e.
 Undert
hecommandofRasMakonnen,
theEt
hiopi
anar
my,
whi
chconsi
stedof
t
hecombi
nedt
roopsofdi
ff
erentr
egi
onal
lor
ds,
enci
rcl
edt
heI
tal
i
anf
ort
ressof
Maqal
e.
 TheEt
hiopi
anar
mywasadv
isedt
ocont
rolasmal
lst
ream neart
hef
ort
ress,
whi
chwasasour
ceofwat
erf
ort
heI
tal
i
ant
roops.
 Thest
ream wast
hencont
rol
l
edby900sol
dier
sfr
om herowncont
ingent
.

 Bet
ween7-
21Januar
y1896,Maqal
l
ewasundersi
ege.TheI
tal
i
anar
my
st
ati
onedt
her
esuf
fer
edagr
eatdealf
rom shor
tageofwat
er.TheI
tal
i
ans
wer
efor
cedt
osur
rendert
hef
ort
ress.

 Menel
i
kal
l
owedt
heI
tal
i
ansasaf
eev
acuat
ion.Thatwasdonenotonl
y
hopi
ng f
orapeacef
ulsol
uti
onf
ort
heconf
li
ct,butal
so asapl
an t
o
adv
ancef
urt
herwi
thi
nTi
grayundert
hecov
erofapeacegest
ure,
ift
hewar
wast
ocont
inue.

Empr
essTay
ituBi
tul(
archi
tect
edt
heMaqal
eSei
ge)

Di
plomat
ici
nit
iat
iveabor
ted-deci
siv
ewarbr
okeout
TheI
tal
i
ansdi
dnot
,howev
er,
agr
eet
oanypeace.About20,
000t
roopsf
ormedi
ntof
our
br
igades,
undert
hesupr
emecommandofGener
alOr
est
eBar
ati
eri
,wer
ereadyf
orwar
.
 Hal
foft
heI
tal
i
ant
roopsconsi
stedofAskar
isf
rom Er
it
rea.

 Numer
ical
l
y,t
heI
tal
i
anar
mywasonl
yonef
if
thoft
heEt
hiopi
ans.
Adv
ant
agesofI
tal
i
ans

A.TheI
tal
i
anshadt
headv
ant
ageofbet
terf
ir
ear
mst
hanEt
hiopi
ans.

66
 B.Theyhadal
somoder
ntr
aini
ngandpr
ofessi
onal
mil
i
tar
yleader
shi
p.

C.Moder
ncommuni
cat
ionsandt
ranspor
tat
ion

D.Excel
l
entpr
epar
ati
on

 Thr
ee I
tal
i
an br
igades wer
eled byGener
als Al
ber
tone,Ar
imondiand Dabor
mida
r
espect
ivel
y.

 Gener
alAl
ber
tonewasi
nchar
geoft
her
ear
guar
d.

 Despi
tegoodpr
epar
ati
ons,howev
er,t
heI
tal
i
anmi
l
itar
yleader
shi
phadnoexact
knowl
edgeaboutt
henumberandt
het
act
icsoft
heEt
hiopi
anar
my.
 Ther
oleoft
hel
ocalpeopl
easdoubl
eagent
sto bot
htheI
tal
i
ansand t
he
Et
hiopi
ansi
dewasv
eryhel
pful
tot
heEt
hiopi
anar
my.
TheRol
epl
ayedbydoubl
e-agent
s

 Theyhel
ped bypr
ovi
ding f
aul
tyi
nfor
mat
ion t
othe enemy
.Fori
nst
ance,
SundayMar
ch1,
1896,
thedayofcommemor
ati
onofSt
.Geor
ge,
wassel
ect
ed
ast
hedat
eoft
hemaj
orbat
tl
e,af
tert
woweeksoft
ensi
onandconf
ront
ati
on
bet
weent
heEt
hiopi
anandt
heI
tal
i
ant
roops.

 Thi
sdeci
sionwasmadebyGener
alBar
ati
erimi
sledbyawr
ongadv
icebyt
he
doubl
eagent
s.

 Adel
usi
veadv
icet
hatEt
hiopi
anar
miesnev
erf
ightonhol
i
day
swasgi
vent
o
hi
m byBashaAwal
om,
(adoubl
eagent
).

 Thegener
alwasal
sot
oldofi
nter
nalconf
li
ctsamongt
hegener
alsofMenel
i
k
andshor
tageoff
oodamonghi
str
oops.
C.TheThi
rdEngagement(
Bat
tl
eofAdwa)
,1Mar
ch1896
 Thebat
tl
ebeganon1Mar
ch1896wi
tht
heI
tal
i
anst
ri
keont
heEt
hiopi
ancamp.
 Anext
remel
ybl
oodybat
tl
ewasf
oughtunt
ilmi
d-af
ter
noon.
 TheEt
hiopi
anar
myf
oughtbr
avel
yandscor
edasmashi
ngv
ict
ory
.
 TheI
tal
i
ansl
ostabout7000oft
hei
rmendead,2500badl
ywoundedand3500
madepr
isoner
sofwar
.
 TheEt
hiopi
anar
myal
sosuf
fer
edheav
ycausal
i
tiesbutwi
thnopr
isoner
sofwar
.
67
  Losi
ngt
hebat
tl
e,Bar
ati
erior
der
edagener
alr
etr
eatandhi
ssur
viv
ingt
roops
cl
ear
edoutoft
hewhol
epr
ovi
nceofTi
gray
.
 TheI
tal
i
andr
eam ofr
educi
ngEt
hiopi
atoacol
onyendedi
nfai
l
ure.Ther
efor
e,
I
tal
ywasl
eftonl
ywi
thhercont
rol
overEr
it
rea.

Fact
orst
hataccount
edf
ort
hev
ict
ory(
success)ofEt
hiopi
a
Anumberofi
nter
twi
nedf
act
orswer
ecr
edi
tedf
ort
hesuccessofEt
hiopi
ans

1.I
tal
i
anf
aul
tyr
eadi
ngofmaps

2.Fal
sei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom l
ocal
“spi
es”

3.Under
est
imat
ionofEt
hiopi
anuni
ty,

4.Wr
ongmi
l
itar
yst
rat
egyandpoorl
eader
shi
p.

5.MuchofMenel
i
k’sar
mywasal
sowel
lequi
ppedwi
thgoodi
mpor
tedf
ir
ear
ms.

6.Ther
ewasser
iousl
ackofcoor
dinat
ionamongt
hedi
ff
erentI
tal
i
anbr
igades.

7.Et
hiopi
anshadt
headv
ant
ageofst
ronguni
ty,
str
ongmor
aleandcommi
tment
t
othecauseofEt
hiopi
a’
ssov
erei
gnt
y.
8.Ther
ewasef
fi
cientco-
ordi
nat
ionamongt
hedi
ff
erentt
roopsofr
egi
onal
lor
ds.

9.Themor
alsuppor
trender
edbyt
hecl
ergy
,women,mi
nst
rel
s(t
radi
ti
onalsi
nger
s),
et
c,

10.
Thepr
operknowl
edgeoft
opogr
aphyal
socont
ri
but
edagr
eatdealt
othe
v
ict
oryofEt
hiopi
ant
roops.
TheConsequencesandHi
stor
icalSi
gni
fi
canceoft
heAdwaVi
ctor
y
 Et
hiopi
aent
eredt
het
went
iet
hcent
uryasoneoft
hev
eryf
ew i
ndependent
nat
ions i
n Af
ri
ca.Li
ber
ia,and unt
il1911-
12 Mor
occo,wer
ethe ot
her
i
ndependentst
ates;t
houghLi
ber
iadi
dnotf
ightanywarofi
ndependenceas
Et
hiopi
adi
d.
68
I
.Si
gni
fi
cancesofv
ict
oryofAdwa
 Thesov
erei
gnst
atusofEt
hiopi
agoti
nter
nat
ional
recogni
ti
on.Thi
srecogni
ti
on
wasexpr
essedi
ntwoway
s.
A.Fi
rst
ly,di
ff
erentpower
s opened t
hei
rlegat
ions i
n Addi
s Ababa:I
tal
y
(
1896)
,Br
it
ainandFr
ance(
1897)
,theUSA(
1903)
,Ger
many(
1905)
,et
c.
B.Secondl
y,Eur
opean power
spossessi
ng col
oni
esadj
acentt
o Et
hiopi
a
del
i
mit
edt
hei
rrespect
ivecommonboundar
iesbet
weenEt
hiopi
aandt
hei
r
col
oni
es,i
nthey
ear
sbet
ween1897-
1908.Thi
sgav
ebi
rt
htot
hepr
esent
shapeofEt
hiopi
a.
 Thebat
tl
eofAdwawast
hef
ir
stpr
olongedbl
ackv
ict
oryov
ert
hewhi
tesat
gl
obal
lev
el.Hence,
itshockedEur
opeans.
 I
nspi
redt
heear
lyPan-
Afr
icanmov
ement
.

 I
nspi
redbl
acksol
i
dar
it
yandnat
ional
i
sm.

 Adwaseemst
ohav
edr
awnt
heat
tent
ionoft
hei
nter
nat
ional
communi
tyt
oEt
hiopi
a

 Ont
heEt
hiopi
ansi
de,
Adwawast
hesy
mbol
ofdi
gni
tyandpr
ide,
andat
tract
ed
t
heopeni
ngf
orei
gnl
egat
ionsf
ordi
plomat
s.
 Af
terAdwa,f
orei
gnt
rav
eler
s,mer
chant
sandot
herEur
opeansf
rom di
ff
erent
nat
ionscamet
oEt
hiopi
a.Ther
efor
e,t
heAdwav
ict
oryhasbeenasy
mbolof
nat
ional
pri
de.
 I
thasmadesucceedi
nggener
ati
onsofEt
hiopi
ansmor
edet
ermi
nedt
oguar
d
t
hei
ndependenceoft
hecount
ryatal
lcost
s.
I
I.
ConsequencesofVi
ctor
yofAdwa
 I
tspeededupt
heBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofSudan.Br
it
ishdi
ditbecauset
hedef
eat
ofI
tal
ymi
ghtf
aci
l
itat
ethequi
ckmov
eofFr
ancet
ocont
rolSudanandt
he
sour
ceofBl
ueNi
l
e.
 I
tpr
eci
pit
atedt
hedownf
allofCr
isp’
sgov
ernmenti
nIt
aly
,andbr
oughtgener
al
Bar
ater
iofI
tal
ytot
ri
al
.
 I
tcr
eat
ed a pr
ofound shock and anxi
etyi
nIt
alyand t
her
e wer
e wi
despr
ead
di
stur
bances.I
nmaj
orci
ti
esofI
tal
y,t
her
ewer
edemonst
rat
ions,someoft
hem
bear
ingsl
ogansl
i
ke,
Viv
aMenel
i
k!Vi
vaTay
tu!
.
69
 Thedemonst
rat
orsdemandedt
hat

A.Thecour
t-
mar
ti
alofGener
alBar
ati
eri
,

B.Ther
eleaseofI
tal
i
anpr
isoner
sofwarandt
hewi
thdr
awal
ofI
tal
yfr
om Af
ri
ca.

C.Thegov
ernmentofCr
ispi
,theI
tal
i
anPr
emi
er,
fel
lami
dabuseandser
ious
cr
it
ici
sm.I
nconsequence,Cr
ispir
esi
gnedi
mmedi
atel
y.Bar
ati
erihadt
o
l
eav
ethear
myandendedupi
npr
ison.

TheAddi
sAbabaPeaceTr
eat
y(on26Oct
ober1896)

AnI
tal
i
andi
plomat
icmi
ssi
oncamet
oEt
hiopi
aandsi
gnedt
heTr
eat
yofAddi
sAbaba
wi
thEmper
orMenel
i
kon26Oct
ober1896.

Themosti
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionsoft
heagr
eementwer
e

1.I
tconcl
udedt
heI
tal
o-Et
hiopi
anwarof1896

2.I
ttot
all
yabr
ogat
edt
heWuchal
eTr
eat
y

3.Thecont
inuat
ionofI
tal
i
ancont
rol
ofEr
it
rea

4.I
tal
y’
srecogni
ti
onofEt
hiopi
ani
ndependence

5.Repat
ri
ati
ont
heI
tal
i
anwarpr
isoner
s.Howev
er,i
tlef
tboundar
ydel
i
mit
ati
on
bet
weenEt
hiopi
anandI
tal
i
ancol
oni
esf
ort
hef
utur
e.
6.Et
hiopi
a,t
oo,
agr
eedt
othecont
inuat
ionofI
tal
i
ancol
oni
alcont
rol
overEr
it
rea

7.Ther
eleaseofI
tal
i
anpr
isoner
sofwar
.
Howdi
dtheVi
ctor
yofAdwai
mpactGr
eatBr
it
ain?
TheechoofAdwawasv
erywel
lhear
dinBr
it
ainaswel
l
.Theconcer
nBr
it
ain
showedt
othi
sbl
ackv
ict
oryagai
nstawhi
tecol
oni
alpowerwasunder
standabl
e.
 Br
it
ainhadmanycol
oni
esi
nAf
ri
cai
ngener
al,andwasacol
oni
alnei
ghborof
Et
hiopi
a,i
npar
ti
cul
ar.

 Mor
eov
er,t
hesuccessoft
heBr
it
ishpl
anofbl
ocki
ngpossi
bleexpansi
onof
Fr
ancet
owar
dst
heWhi
teNi
l
ebecamequest
ionabl
ewi
tht
hedef
eatI
tal
y
suf
fer
ed.
70
 Ther
efor
e,Br
it
ainwasf
orcedt
orev
iseherf
ormerpol
i
cyofwai
tandseewi
th
r
egar
dtoMahdi
stSudan(
1885-
96)
.
 Asar
esul
ttheBr
it
ishgov
ernmenthast
enedt
oconquerSudani
nthenameof
Egy
pt,
andaj
ointar
myofBr
it
ainandEgy
pti
nvadedt
heSudani
n1896.
 TheBat
tl
eofOmdur
man(
1898)mar
kedt
hef
alloft
heMahdi
stst
ateandt
he
est
abl
i
shmentoft
heso-cal
l
edAngl
o-Egy
pti
anCondomi
nium r
uleov
ert
he
Sudan.
 Nonet
hel
ess,t
hisBr
it
ishsuccessdi
dnotst
opt
heFr
enchf
rom mov
ingt
othe
Whi
teNi
l
e,si
mul
taneousl
yfr
om westandeastAf
ri
ca.

TheAngl
o-Fr
enchf
ri
cti
on-
theFashodaCr
isi
s-r
esul
tofAdwaVi
ctor
y
 Menel
i
kwant
edt
oexpl
oitt
heAngl
o-Fr
enchr
ival
ryov
ert
heWhi
teNi
l
eforhi
s
ownpl
anofexpandi
nghi
sempi
re.
 Fr
om WestAf
ri
ca,
aFr
enchCapt
ainnamedMar
chandl
edanexpedi
ti
ont
othe
upperNi
l
e.Asmal
lFr
enchf
orceunderMar
chandandal
argeBr
it
ishf
orce
f
acedeachot
heratapl
acecal
l
edFashodai
ntheSudani
n1898.
 Bl
oodshedatFashodaandwarbet
weenBr
it
ainandFr
ancewer
eav
oidedby
t
hewi
thdr
awal
oft
heFr
ench.
 Thi
slef
tSudant
othecol
oni
alr
uleofBr
it
ain,t
houghi
twascal
l
edAngl
o-Egy
pti
an
Sudan.

 Thus,
itcoul
dsaf
elybesai
dthatt
hef
earandanxi
etyt
heAdwav
ict
orycr
eat
ed
among Eur
opean col
oni
ali
sts pr
eci
pit
ated t
he col
oni
zat
ion ofSudan,an
Af
ri
cannei
ghborofEt
hiopi
a.
Theemer
genceofEt
hiopi
ani
sm-
resul
tedf
rom v
ict
oryofAdwa
 Anot
herexpr
essi
onoft
hev
aluegi
vent
oAdwav
ict
oryasat
orch-
bear
erof
Bl
ack Nat
ional
i
st st
ruggl
e was t
he emer
gence of r
eli
gious separ
ati
st
mov
ement
scol
l
ect
ivel
yknownasEt
hiopi
ani
sm.
 Atf
acev
alue,t
hemov
ementseemed r
eli
gious,usi
ng such namesl
i
keCopt
ic,
Aby
ssi
nianandEt
hiopi
an.

 The essence oft

he mov
ementwas,howev
er,f
ir
m r
esi
stance agai
nstwhi
te
domi
nat
ion.

71
Li
mit
ati
onsofVi
ctor
yofAdwa

1.I
tal
i
answer
enott
otal
l
ydr
ivenoutofal
lEt
hiopi
anr
egi
ons

2.Er
it
rear
emai
nedi
nthehandsofI
tal
i
ansupt
o1941

3.Et
hiopi
alostherRedSeapor
tsandaccesst
osea
TheEt
hiopi
anEmpi
reSt
atei
nthePost
-AdwaPer
iod,
upt
o1935
Theper
iodt
hatf
oll
owedt
hev
ict
oryofAdwat
otheFasi
cistI
tal
i
ani
nvasi
oni
n1935
wi
tnessed sev
erali
mpor
tantdev
elopment
sin Et
hiopi
a.Al
though peasantsoci
o-
economi
ccondi
ti
onsshowedpr
act
ical
l
ynoi
mpr
ovementf
rom t
hepast
,moder
ntr
ends
st
art
edt
obei
ntr
oducedgr
adual
l
yincer
tai
nsoci
o-economi
csect
ors.I
ndeed,el
ement
s
ofmoder
nizat
ionwer
eint
roducedi
ntr
anspor
t,t
rade,educat
ionandur
bani
zat
ion.Thi
s
i
snott
oment
iont
hest
il
linsi
gni
fi
cantadv
ancemadei
nsuchnon-
soci
o-economi
c
sect
orsl
i
kegov
ernmentandt
hear
my.

Soci
o-Economi
cCondi
ti
ons
Thef
ir
stt
hreedecadesoft
het
went
iet
hcent
urysaw r
elat
ivel
ybet
tersoci
o-
economi
cdev
elopment
s.Thosewer
einonewayoranot
herr
elat
edt
othel
egacy
oft
hemaj
orev
ent
soft
he19t
hcent
uryEmpi
ref
ormat
ionandst
ruggl
eagai
nst
f
orei
gnaggr
essi
on.
I
nthi
ssect
ion,abr
iefdi
scussi
onoft
hesedev
elopment
swi
l
lbegi
venwi
th
par
ti
cul
aremphasi
sonsoci
o-economi
caspect
s,whi
chhadunder
gonesome
changes.

TheBi
rt
hoft
heCapi
tal
Thepol
i
ticalst
abi
l
ityt
hatf
oll
owedt
heest
abl
i
shmentofanexpandedempi
re
f
aci
l
itat
edt
her
evi
valofl
ocalandf
orei
gnt
rade.Addi
sAbabawasf
oundedby
Empr
essTay
tui
nNov
ember1886,andbecamet
hecent
reofgov
ernmentand
economi
cact
ivi
ti
es.
 El
sewher
eint
hesout
h,sout
h-westandsout
h-east
,asi
gni
fi
cantnumberof
gar
ri
son cent
ers of t
he expandi
ng ar
my of Menel
i
k ev
olv
ed i
nto
admi
nist
rat
iveandcommer
cial
cent
ers.
 Thef
oundat
ionofAddi
sAbabai
n1886mar
kedt
heendofmobi
l
ecour
tsi
n

72
 t
heEt
hiopi
ahi
stor
y.
 Empr
essTai
tuf
aci
l
itat
edt
hepr
ocessoff
oundat
ionWhi
l
eMenel
i
kwasi
n
Har
ar.
 Theper
missi
vecondi
ti
onst
hatal
l
owedt
hef
oundat
ionofAddi
sAbabawer
e

1.Thei
ncor
por
ati
onoft
henei
ghbor
ingOr
omost
ates,whi
chr
educedt
hepossi
ble
t
hreat
s;

2.Theat
tract
ivehotspr
ingofFi
nfi
ne;

3.Thehost
il
ecol
dweat
hercondi
ti
onandst
eepnessofEnt
oto.

Fact
orst
hataccount
edf
ort
heconsol
idat
ionofAddi
sAbaba

Adwav
ict
ory
,whi
chat
tract
edf
orei
gndi
plomat
s;

Ther
egi
str
ati
onofur
banl
and

Thel
andchar
terof1907;

Thei
ntr
oduct
ionofeucal
ypt
ust
reet
hatsol
vedt
heshor
tageoff
ir
ewoodf
ort
he
r
oyal
camp.

Theconst
ruct
ionofDj
i
bout
i-
Addi
sAbabar
ail
way

UNI
TSEVEN

MAJORGLOBALDEVELOPMENT

THEFI
RSTWORLDWAR(
1914-
18)
TheFi
rstWor
ld War(
1914-
1918)wasbasi
cal
l
yther
esul
tofeconomi
cand
pol
i
ticalr
ival
ri
es r
aised among t
he i
ndust
ri
ali
zed nat
ions ofEur
ope.These
r
ival
ri
esgav
eri
set
oconf
li
ctst
hatl
edt
othef
ormat
ionofmut
ual
l
yant
agoni
sti
c
mi
l
itar
yal
l
iances.Thewarst
art
edbet
weenaf
ew nat
ionsbel
ongi
ngt
othet
wo
73
host
il
emi
l
itar
ybl
ocs,
andev
ent
ual
l
ydr
aggedi
nsev
eral
other
stot
akepar
t.
I
. Thebasi
ccausesoft
heFi
rstWor
ldWarwer
e:
 I
mper
ial
i
str
ival
ri
es
 Col
oni
al
ism
 Mi
l
itar
ism
 Cr
eat
ionofmi
l
itar
yal
l
iances(
blocs)

 Nat
ional
i
sm

1. Ri
val
ryamongi
mper
ial
istpower

a.Thedev
elopmentofi
ndust
ri
alr
evol
uti
on

b.Nat
ional
i
sm-cr
eat
ed t
ensi
on bet
ween Fr
ance and Ger
man.Fr
ance want
ed t
o
av
engei
tsdef
eati
ntheFr
anco-
Prussi
awarof1870andt
oregai
nit
’sl
ostt
he
pr
ovi
ncesofAl
saceandLor
rai
ne.
2.Mi
li
tar
yAl
l
iances

a.Tr
ipl
eAl
li
ance:
-fi
rstf
ormedi
n1882byGer
many
,It
alyandAust
ro-
Hungar
y.Lat
er
namedCent
ralPowerwhi
chi
ncl
udedGer
man,I
tal
y,Aust
ri
o-Hungar
yandOt
toman
Tur
keyi
n1914.Bul
gar
iaj
oinedi
n1915andI
tal
ylef
t&j
oinedt
hecent
ralent
ent
ein
1915.
b.Tr
ipl
eEnt
ent
e:-f
ir
stf
ormedbyBr
it
ainandFr
ancet
heEnt
ent
eCor
dial
ein1904.
Lat
ert
ransf
ormedi
ntoTr
ipl
eEnt
ent
ewhenRussi
ajoi
nedi
n1907.I
tconsi
sted
mor
ethan20count
ri
es,i
ncl
udi
ngUSA,Japan,t
heUni
onofSout
hAf
ri
ca,Por
tugal
andRumani
arenamedt
heAl
li
edPower
s.
3.Nat
ional
ism
 I
nni
net
eent
hcent
uryEur
ope,nat
ional
i
sm pr
ovedt
obet
hemai
nsour
ceofar
med
conf
li
cts.
 I
nIt
alyandGer
manynat
ional
i
sm hadachi
evednat
ionaluni
ty.Buti
thadaf
fect
ed
ot
herEur
opeancount
ri
esi
nsomeway
s.
 Fori
nst
ance,
theGer
manuni
fi
cat
ionhadhumi
l
iat
edt
heFr
enchpeopl
e.
 Af
tert
hisv
ict
oryov
erFr
ancei
ntheFr
aco-
Prussi
anwar(
1870-1871)Ger
many

74
 f
orcef
ull
ytookt
heFr
enchpr
ovi
ncesofAl
saceandLor
ri
ane.
 Mor
eov
er,t
hecor
onat
ionofWi
l
hel
m(Wi
l
lhel
m)Iast
heEmper
orofUni
tedGer
many
wasconduct
edi
ntheFr
enchpal
aceofHal
lofMi
rr
orsatVer
sai
l
les.
 Thi
scr
eat
edadesi
ref
orr
evengeamongt
heFr
enchandwai
tforanoppor
tunet
ime
t
oregai
nthei
rlostpr
ovi
n
Thei
mmedi
atecauseofWWI
Theassassi
nat
ionofFr
anci
sFer
dinandofAust
ri
aandhi
swi
feSophi
aatSar
ajev
o
(
Bosni
a)byGev
ril
oPr
inci
p,aSer
bnat
ional
i
ston28June1914.
TheCour
seoft
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
Assoonast
hemur
derofFr
anci
s:
-
 Ger
manyent
eredt
hewart
ohel
pAust
ri
a
 Russi
awantt
ohel
pSer
bia,
and
 Fr
ancehel
pedRussi
a
TheFi
rstWor
ldWarhadt
wowarf
ront
s.Thewest
ernwarf
rontwast
hemostdeci
siv
e
war
.
1.TheWest
ernwarf
ront
Ger
manyf
oll
owedt
heSchl
ief
fenpl
an,
desi
gnedbyaGer
manchi
efofSt
affAl
fr
edVon
Schl
i
eff
enwhi
chpl
annedt
oat
tackFr
ancet
hroughneut
ralBel
gium andoccupi
edPar
is
wi
thi
n6weeksi
na“
Swi
ngi
ngDoor
”oper
ati
on.Thent
urnt
oEastagai
nstRussi
a.

2.TheEast
ernwarf
ront
Russi
amader
api
dmobi
l
izat
ionandat
tackedt
heGer
man.So,Ger
manyf
orcedt
o
t
ransf
erpar
tofherar
myt
otheeast
ernf
ront
.Russi
adef
eat
edbyGer
manyat
Tannenber
g.Ther
efor
e,ont
hewest
ernf
ront
,st
art
edapr
otr
act
edst
ruggl
ebet
ween
Fr
ance,Br
it
ainandBel
gium agai
nstGer
manywhenopposi
ngar
miescamet
oa
St
alemat
e,t
heydugt
renchest
hatr
unf
rom Engl
i
shChannelt
oSwi
tzer
land.The
spacebet
weenopposi
ngt
renchescamet
obeknownas“
NoMan’
sland”wher
ethey
f
oughtabat
tl
eofat
tri
ti
onusi
ngnewmoder
nweapon.Suchaspoi
soni
nggas,t
ank
andai
rpl
ane.

Whyt
heUSAdi
djoi
nedt
hewar
?
75
 Themi
l
itar
ybal
ancewaschangedwhen,Amer
icaent
eredt
hewar
.Becauset
he
Ger
mansubmar
ineorunderwat
erboatsankacommer
cialshi
pandcausedt
he
deat
hofl
argenumberofpeopl
eincl
udi
ngmanyAmer
icanci
ti
zenson7May1915.
ThenUSAdecl
aredwaronGer
manyon6Apr
il1917.Fi
nal
l
ytheal
l
iedf
orcebecame
v
ict
ori
ousov
ert
hecent
ral
power
s.
TheConsequenceofWWI
1.Soci
al:
-about10mi
l
li
onsol
dier
sloset
hei
rli
vesandov
er20mi
l
li
onwounded,
died
mi
l
li
onsofci
vi
li
ans.
2.Economy
:-t
otal
costoft
hewari
sest
imat
edov
er$300bi
l
li
on.

3.Pol
i
tical
:
-

A.USAandSov
ietUni
on/
Russi
abecamet
hel
eadi
ngwor
ldpower
.

B.3maj
orEur
opeandy
nast
ieswer
edet
hroned.Thesewer
e:

1.Hohenzol
l
ernsofGer
many

2.Hapsbur
gsofAust
ri
aHungar
y,and

3.RomanovofRussi
a

C.Newnat
ional
stat
esar
osei
ncent
ral
Eur
ope.

D.Thef
ormat
ionoft
heLeagueofNat
ion

E.Si
gnedsev
eralpeacet
reat
ies.Suchas:TheVer
sai
ll
esTr
eat
y:-
wassi
gnedon28
June1919bet
weent
hev
ict
ori
ouspower
swi
thGer
many
.

Byt
hisTr
eat
yGer
many
 Losthert
err
it
ori
esandcol
oni
es

76
  Putast
ri
ctl
i
mitonGer
many
’smi
l
itar
ypower

 Rhi
nel
andr
ichi
nmi
ner
aldeposi
tst
akenawayf
rom Ger
manyandoccupi
edby
al
l
iedpower
s
 Cancel
l
edt
heunf
airTr
eat
yofBr
est
-Li
tov
skwhi
chsi
gnedbet
weenGer
manyand
Russi
ain1918
 Requi
redt
opaywarr
epar
ati
on

 TheAmer
icanpr
esi
dentWoodr
ow Wi
lsonf
orwar
ded“
14poi
nts”ser
vedas
gui
del
i
neofpeaceset
tl
ement
.Exampl
e:-t
her
ightofsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ionofnat
ion.

TheSecondWor
ldWarandt
heLi
ber
ati
onofEt
hiopi
a

Wasf
oughtf
rom 1939-
45bet
weent
heAl
l
iedandAxi
smaj
ormi
l
itar
ybl
ocks.
1.TheAl
li
edPower
:-consi
stedBr
it
ain,
France,
USA,
USSRet
c.

2.TheAxi
sPower
:-consi
stedofGer
many
,It
alyandJapan.

RootCausesoft
heSecondWor
ldWar

a.Ther
iseoff
asci
sm i
nIt
aly
,Ger
manyandJapan.

 Thef
asci
st-
It
alyl
edbyBent
oMussol
i
nii
n1922

 Nazi
-Ger
manyl
edbyAdol
fHi
tl
er.Hesucceedt
heNaziPar
tyi
nGer
manyi
n1933.He
f
oughti
ntheWWIandj
oinedt
heNaziPar
ty/
Nat
ionalSoci
ali
stGer
manWor
ker
’sPar
ty/
i
n1919.Howev
er,i
n1923hepl
annedcoupde’
tatwi
thhi
sar
mynamed“
BrownShi
rt
”,
butt
hecoupwasabor
tedandhei
mpr
isoned.Whenhewasi
npr
isonhewr
oteabook
ent
it
ledMei
neKampforMySt
ruggl
ewhi
chpr
esent
shi
sphi
l
osophi
esandf
utur
epl
an.

77
b.Mi
li
tar
ist
icJapan:
-wassucceedi
n1930sf
oll
owedapol
i
cyofaggr
essi
on.By
1931i
nvadedManchur
ia,nor
ther
nChi
na.Sot
heLeagueofNat
ioncondemned
heraggr
essi
on,butJapanwi
thdr
ew f
rom t
heLeagueofNat
ioni
n1933.Then
Japanst
art
edt
heSi
no-
Japanesewarf
ort
otal
conquestofChi
nai
n1937.
c.Thesi
gni
ngofVer
sai
l
lespeacet
reat
yin1919

d.Thef
ail
ureoft
heLeagueofNat
ions

e.Fai
l
ureatdi
sar
mament

f
. Thef
ormat
ionofmi
l
itar
ybl
ocs

g.Thegr
eatdepr
essi
on

h.TheSpani
shci
vi
lwarof1936-
39

i
. Thef
ail
ureoft
hepr
inci
pleofsel
f-
det
ermi
nat
ion:
-Hi
tl
ercont
rol
l
edAust
ri
a,i
n
1938andannexedpar
tofCzechosl
ovaki
auni
tedSudet
enl
andwi
thGer
manyi
n
Mar
ch 1939.I
n Sept
ember1938 Fr
ance,Br
it
ain and Ger
manysi
gned t
he
“
Muni
chDeal
”al
l
owedGer
manyt
otakepar
tofCzechosl
ovaki
a.I
nAugust1939,
Ger
manyandUSSRsi
gnedt
heNazi
-Sov
ietNon-
Aggr
essi
onpact
.
I
mmedi
ateCauseoft
heSecondWor
ldWar
Thei
nvasi
onofPol
andbyGer
manyon1Sept
ember1939,
thenFr
anceandBr
it
ain
decl
aredwaronGer
manyon3Sept
ember1939.

TheCour
seoft
heSecondWor
ldWar
Wi
thi
nthr
eeweeksGer
manycont
rol
l
edPol
and.Thi
sGer
manycal
l
edt
hePol
i
sh
Campai
gnasBl
i
tzkr
ieg/l
i
ght
eni
ng/war
.ThenGer
manyannexedWest
ernPol
and,
whi
l
eRussi
acont
rol
l
edEast
ernPol
andb/
n1939-
40.Russi
aal
socont
rol
l
edBal
ti
c
count
ri
es/Est
oni
a,Lat
via,Li
thuani
aand Fi
nland/
.Ther
efor
e,Ger
manyi
nvaded
USSRi
nJune1941.

 Ger
manyi
nvadedFr
ancei
nMay1940i
nthewestt
hrought
heneut
ralHol
l
and
andBel
gium.TheHi
tl
erencour
agedbyt
hev
ict
oryofFr
ance,decl
aredwaron
Br
it
ain.But
,theef
fect
iveBr
it
ishr
esi
stancer
esi
stedt
heNazi
inv
asi
on.
 USAopposedt
heJapaneseexpansi
oni
nFarEast
.ThenJapanat
tackedt
he
USANav
alBaseatPear
lHar
bour
onPaci
fi
cIsl
andsofHawai
iinDec.1941.
Duet
ooft
his,
USAdecl
aredwaronJapan.
78
 Ger
many
,It
alyandJapanwer
esuccessf
uli
nthei
rconquestoft
heWWI
Iupt
othe
endofOct
ober1942.Fori
nst
ance:

 Ger
mancont
rol
l
edv
astt
err
it
ori
esi
nEur
ope

 Japancont
rol
l
edv
astt
err
it
ori
esi
nFarEastandPaci
fi
cIsl
and,
and

 I
tal
ycont
rol
l
edi
nEastAf
ri
ca.

I
nEur
opeUSSRmadest
rongr
esi
stanceagai
nstGer
manyandscor
edv
ict
oryatt
he
bat
teofSt
l ali adandKur
ngr skb/
n1942-
43.Thi
swast
hebegi
nni
ngofAl
l
ied
count
erof
fensi
vei
nEur
opeandext
endt
oAf
ri
ca.I
nJune1940I
tal
yjoi
nedont
he
si
deofGer
manyi
ntoWWI
I.Thi
sledt
oBr
it
ishmi
l
itar
yint
erv
ent
ioni
nthel
i
ber
ati
on
ofEt
hiopi
a.Br
it
ishbel
i
evedt
hatmi
l
itar
yinv
olv
ementwoul
ddef
endhercol
oni
al
i
nter
esti
nAf
ri
ca.Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
e,whowasi
nexi
l
einLondon,secur
ed
Br
it
ishmi
l
itar
ysuppor
tandj
ointAngl
o-Et
hiopi
anl
i
ber
ati
oncampai
gnwasl
aunched
f
rom t
heSudanandKeny
a.

Howev
er,t
roopsunderGener
alWi
l
li
am Pl
attat
tackt
heI
tal
i
ansi
nEr
it
rea.Thet
wo
Br
it
ishof
fi
cer
s,Maj
orGener
alOr
deChar
lesWi
ngat
eandBr
igaderGener
alDani
el
Sandf
ord,
ledaj
ointar heGedeonFor
myknownast ceEmper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
ethat
ent
eredGoj
j
am i
nApr
il1941.TheBr
it
ishcommanderLi
eut
enantGener
alSi
rAl
l
an
Cunni
ngham ent
eredEt
hiopi
athr
oughBr
it
ishEastAf
ri
ca/Keny
a/andhi
sar
my
cont
rol
l
edAddi
sAbabaon6Apr
il
,1941.Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
ere-
ent
eredhi
s
capi
tal
on5May
,1941andof
fi
cial
l
yhoi
stedt
heEt
hiopi
anf
lag.

 Br
it
ain,USA,&Fr
ancecl
earoutGer
manyandI
tal
i
anf
orceoutofNor
thAf
ri
cai
nMay
1943.Thi
swast
hesecondAl
l
iedmi
l
itar
yvi
ctor
yinAf
ri
ca.

The2ndf
ronthadal
readybeenopenedi
nEur
opei
n1944.Fr
ancewasl
i
ber
atedi
n
1944andRussi
ali
ber
ated1943-
44

NB:Adol
fHi
tl
erwascommi
tt
edsui
cideonApr
il1945.Mussol
i
niwasdef
eat
edi
n
1943andmur
der
edbyI
tal
i
ancommuni
stsi
n1945.

79
Al
l
iedf
orces,mai
nlyt
heUSA,New Zeal
andandAust
ral
i
a,hadbegunr
eoccupy
ing
Paci
fi
cIsl
andssi
nce1943.TheUSAdr
oppedat
omi
cbombsonJapaneseci
ti
es
Hi
roshi on6thand9thofAugust1945.
ma&Nagasaki
Ef
fect
soft
heSecondWor
ldWar

1)Theal
l
iedpowerbecamev
ict
ori
ousov
ert
heaxi
spoweri
n1945.

2)I
mmensel
ossofi
nhumanandmat
eri
alweal
th.

3)About50mi
l
li
onpeopl
esl
ostt
hei
rli
ves.

4)I
thast
enedt
hepr
ocessofdecol
oni
zat
ioni
nAsi
aandAf
ri
ca.

5)Bl
oodl
essdi
plomat
icandpol
i
tical
compet
it
ion.

6)Causedf
ort
heout
breakoft
heCol
dwar
.

7)Thef
ormat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ion.And
TheUSSRandUSAbecamel
eadi
ngsupper
-power
soft
hewor
ld.

TheFor
mat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ion

Pr
esi
dentRoosev
eltoft
heUSAandPr
imeMi
nist
erWi
nst
onChur
chi
l
lofBr
it
ainhel
d
ahi
stor
icconf
erenceont
heAt
lant
iccoastofCanadai
nAugust1945andmadea
j
ointdecl
arat
ionknownast
heAt
lant
icChar
ter
.Di
scussedt
oest
abl
i
shi
nter
nat
ional
or
gani
zat
ionoft
heUni
tedNat
ionOr
gani
zat
ion.26nat
ions,
whot
ookpar
tint
hewar
agai
nstGer
manymeti
nWashi
ngt
onandagr
eedt
oacceptt
heAt
lant
icChar
teri
n
Januar
y1942.I
n1943,Chi
na,Br
it
ain,Russi
aandUSA,meti
nMoscow&pl
edget
o
setupt
hei
nter
nat
ional
organi
zat
ioni
npl
aceoft
heLeagueofNat
ion.

Bet
weenAugust
-Nov
ember1944,aconf
erenceofdel
egat
esf
rom al
l
iedcount
ri
es
metatDumbar
ton Oaks,(
nearWashi
ngt
on D.
C)t
oimpl
ementt
he Moscow
decl
arat
ionof1943.I
nJune1945,atSan-
Franci
sco,r
epr
esent
ati
vesof50nat
ions
appr
ovedt
heChar
teroft
hef
utur
eUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ion.

 Thent
heUNOwasf
ormal
l
ysetuponApr
il25,
1945.

80
 Maj
orobj
ect
ives/goal
s/oft
heUNO

I
. Mai
ntai
nint
ernat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y.

I
I. Takemeasur
esf
orpr
event
ionandr
emov
aloft
hreat
stot
hepeace&
suppr
essact
sofaggr
essi
on.
I
II
. Encour
agei
nter
nat
ionalcooper
ati
oni
nsol
vi
ngeconomi
c,soci
al,cul
tur
al
orhumani
tar
ianpr
obl
ems.
I
V. Pr
omot
erespectf
orhumanr
ight
swi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ion.

V. Dev
elopf
ri
endl
yrel
ati
onsamongnat
ions.

TheSt
ruct
ureoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ion

1.TheGener
alAssembl
y:
-madeupofal
lmemberst
ates.Eachmember
s
hasonev
otei
ntheassembl
yandi
tmaysendupt
o5del
egat
est
oit
smeet
ing.
Conduct
edonceay
ear
.

Responsi
bil
it
iesoft
heAssembl
y
 Admi
ssi
onofnewmembernat
ions
 Expul
sion/
dismi
ssal
/ofmember
s
 Super
visi
onoft
hebudget
 Appoi
ntmentoft
heSecr
etar
yGener
al
 Mai
ntenanceofpeaceandsecur
it
y
2.
The Secur
it
yCounci
l
:-i
sthe l
eadi
ng or
gan oft
he UNO.Has f
ive
per
manentmember
s/Br
it
ain,Fr
ance,USA,USSRandChi
na/si
nce1971.Non-
per
manentmember
sel
ect
edev
eryt
woy
ear
s.Per
manentmember
shav
ethe
r
ightofVet
o.

Thecounci
lhasami
l
itar
yst
affcommi
tt
eeandhast
hepowert
omobi
l
izear
med
f
orceunderU.
Ncont
rol
.Thecounci
lcont
rol
stheel
ect
ionoft
heSecr
etar
yGener
al
andt
headmi
ssi
onofnewmember
sint
otheor
gani
zat
ion.

Hast
hepowert
osendcommi
ssi
onst
oinv
est
igat
epr
obl
emsi
nar
easofconf
li
ct.
3. TheSecr
etar
iat
:-i
sanadmi
nist
rat
ivebody& has15,
000wor
ker
sfr
om
v
ari
ousmembernat
ions.NewYor
kist
heheadquar
ter
.

81
I
tsResponsi
bil
i
ties
 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofdeci
sionsofGener
alAssembl
yandSecur
it
yCounci
l
.

 Br
ingi
ssuesofmaj
orconcer
ntot
heat
tent
ionoft
heGener
alAssembl
y

 Dr
awsupannual
repor
toft
heor
gani
zat
ion

 Coor
dinat
etheact
ivi
ti
es&di
rectf
undsf
ort
hemanyspeci
ali
zedagenci
es
The Secr
etar
y Gener
al:
-is appoi
nted by t
he Gener
alAssembl
y on t
he
r
ecommendat
ionoft
heSecur
it
yCounci
lforFi
vey
ear
.Secr
etar
yGener
alsofUN
l
i
stedi
nthebel
owt
abl
e:

NO Nameoft
heSecr
etar
yGener
als Nat
ional
i
ty Ter
m ofOf
fi
ce
1 Tr
ygi
veLi
e Nor
way 1949-
52
2 DagHammar
skj
old Sweden 1952-
61
3 U-
Tant Bur
ma 1961-
70
4 Kur
tWal
dhei
m Aust
ri
a 1971-80
5 Jav
ierPer
ezDeCuel
l
ar Per
u 1981-
90
6 Bout
rosGal
i
s Egy
pt 1991-
96
7 Kof
iAnan Ghana 1997-
2006
8 BankMoon Sout
hKor
ea 2007-
16
9 Ant
oni
oGut
ier
rez Por
tuguese 2017-
present

4.
TheEconomi
candSoci
alCounci
l:
-assi
gnedbyt
heGener
alAssembl
yfor3
y
eart
erm.

I
tsResponsi
bil
i
ties
 Handl
edmat
ter
srel
atedt
oeconomi
c&soci
alaf
fai
rs.

 I
tdi
scusses,st
udyand make r
ecommendat
ions on soci
al,economi
c,
humani
tar
ianandenv
ironment
ali
ssues.
 Thr
ough i
ts speci
ali
zed agenci
es i
taccompl
i
shed r
emar
kabl
e wor
ks.
Thesespeci
ali
zedagenci
esar
etheI
nter
nat
ional
LabourOr
gani
zat
ion(
ILO)
,
82
 t
heFood&Agr
icul
tur
alOr
gani
zat
ion(
FAO)
,theWor
ldHeal
thOr
gani
zat
ion
(
WHO)
,theUni
tedNat
ionsEducat
ionalSci
ent
if
ic&Cul
tur
alOr
gani
zat
ion
(
UNESCO)
,Int
ernat
ionalMoneyFund(
IMF)
,Uni
tedNat
ionsI
nter
nat
ional
Chi
l
dren’
sEmer
gencyFund(
UNI
CEF)
,Wor
ldBank(
WB)andUni
tedNat
ions
Hi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
orRef
ugees(
UNHCR).
1.Tr
ust
eeshi
p Counci
l
:-was est
abl
i
shed and i
twas r
esponsi
blef
or
super
visi
ng t
he admi
nist
rat
ion oft
rustt
err
it
ori
es whi
ch wer
e cal
l
ed
mandat
esaf
terWWI
.Thef
unct
ionoft
hiscounci
lgr
adual
l
ycamet
oanend
whent
het
rustt
err
it
ori
esachi
evedt
hei
rindependence.
6.
Int
ernat
ionalCour
tofJust
ice:
-

 Thecour
tsi
tsatTheHaguei
ntheNet
her
lands.

 Thecour
thas15j
udgesj
oint
lychosenbyt
heGener
alAssembl
y&t
he
Secur
it
yCounci
l
.
 Thecour
tismai
nlyconcer
nedwi
thl
egal
issues.

 I
tsof
fi
cial
languagesar
eEngl
i
sh&Fr
ench.

UN-Successes

1)St
oppedt
heci
vi
lwari
nGr
eece&t
heKor
eanWar
.

2)Medi
atedt
heSuezCanal
cri
sisof1956amongBr
it
ain,
France,
Egy
pt&I
srael
.

3)Hal
tedt
her
eli
giousbl
oodshedamongI
ndi
a&Paki
stan.

4)Ar
bit
rat
edt
heAr
ab-
Isr
ael
conf
li
ct.

5)Adopt
edt
heDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sin1948.

6)Appr
ovedt
heGenoci
deConv
ent
ioni
nor
dert
opr
otectanyet
hni
cgr
oup
f
rom ext
inct
ioni
n1948.

UN-Li
mit
ati
ons

1.I
nabi
l
ityt
oest
abl
i
shaper
manenti
nter
nat
ional
armedf
orce.

2.Theemer
genceofdi
ff
erentbl
ocswi
thi
ntheUN.Fori
nst
ance,Sov
ietBl
oc,
Amer
icanBl
oc,
Afr
o-Asi
anBl
ocet
c.
3.Thev
etopowerenj
oyedbysomemember
saf
fect
stheUNpr
inci
pleoft
he
83
 equal
i
tyofmembernat
ions.

TheEmer
genceofRi
valSuperPower
sandt
heCol
dWar

Col
dwar
:-wasnei
theraner
aofwarnorpeacechar
act
eri
zedbyanar
medr
ace&
pr
opaganda campai
gn agai
nsteach ot
her
.Isnotopen mi
l
itar
ycl
ash orwar
s
Causedbypol
i
tical
andeconomi
cgoal
s.Hadt
wobl
ocs:
1.Thewest
ernbl
ocheadedbyUSA

2.Theeast
ernbl
ocheadedbyUSSR
Fr
eei
ngofUSAi
nfl
uencei
nWest
ernEur
opeUSSRencour
agedt
heest
abl
i
shment
ofcommuni
str
egi
mesi
nEast
ernEur
opeb/
n1945-
48.Thesecommuni
stst
ates
cal
l
edasUSSRSat
ell
i
tes.

Sat
ell
it
e:-meansacount
rycont
rol
l
edbyapower
fulone.Al
bani
a,Bul
gar
ia,
Hungar
y,Rumani
a,Czechosl
ovaki
a,Pol
and&East
ernGer
manywer
etheRussi
an
Sat
ell
i
test
ates.Communi
stswer
eal
soact
ivei
ntheMi
ddl
eEast
,Lat
inAmer
ica,
andSout
heastAsi
a&Af
ri
ca.

West
ernReact
ion:
-tocont
rolt
heUSSRexpansi
ont
hebl
oct
ookt
hreef
orms.
Thesear
e:

1.Pol
icyofCont
ainment
:-f
ormedbyUSApr
esi
dentHar
ryTr
umant
oanend
communi
stexpansi
on i
n 1947.Thi
sis known as Tr
uman Doct
ri
ne,made
mi
l
itar
y&f
inanci
alai
dtoanynat
ionst
obecomef
reef
rom USSRorcommuni
st
pr
essur
e.
Thedef
ensi
vemi
li
tar
yal
l
iances

A.TheNor
thAt
lant
icTr
eat
yOr
gani
zat
ion(
NATO):
-wasf
ormedwi
tht
hei
nit
iat
ive
ofUSA on Apr
il4,1949.Bel
gium,Canada,Denmar
k,Fr
ance I
cel
and,I
tal
y,
Luxembour
g,Net
her
land,Nor
way
,theUni
tedKi
ngdom &USAwer
etheor
igi
nal
member
sofNATO.Lat
erj
oinedGr
eece,
Tur
key&WestGer
many
.

Par
iswast
hef
ir
stheadquar
terofNATO,
lat
ermov
edt
oBr
ussel
sA. The
Sout
hEastAsi
aTr
eat
yOr
gani
zat
ion(
SEATO)
:-i
ncl
udeNew Zeal
and,Paki
stan,
Phi
l
ippi
nes,
Thai
l
and,
France,
Engl
and&USA.

84
B.TheMi
ddl
eEastTr
eat
yOr
gani
zat
ion(
METO)
:-wasor
gani
zedbyEngl
and&
f
inancedbyUSA.I
tincl
udedTur
key
,Ir
an,
Paki
stanandEngl
and.

2.St
rengt
heni
ngEur
ope’
sEconomyDef
ence:
-wasf
ormedbyGeor
geC.Mar
shal
USAsecr
etar
yofst
ateon5June1947.Thi
siscal
l
edMar
shalPl
an.Wi
tht
his
pl
an si
nce 1948.
52,t
he USA l
aunched a pr
ogr
am ofr
ebui
l
ding Eur
ope’
s
economy
.USAr
eadi
nesst
opr
ovi
dehugef
inanci
alsuppor
ttohel
pEur
opet
o
r
ecov
erf
rom t
her
uinsofwar
.

3.St
rengt
heni
ngofNon-
Eur
opeanEconomi
cDef
ences:-knownast
hePoi
ntFour
Pr
ogr
am.For
med byTr
uman.The USA al
l
ies began economi
c ai
dtot
he
backwar
dar
east
o checkt
hecommuni
stexpansi
on.Technol
ogi
calsuppor
t
pr
ovi
dedt
othesecount
ri
est
oimpr
ovet
hei
rnat
uralr
esour
ces&agr
icul
tur
eto
Asi
a&Af
ri
ca.
UNI
TEI
GHT

AFRI
CANMOVETOWARDSI
NDEPENDENCE

AFRI
CANRESI
STANCETOCOLONI
ALI
SM ANDTHESTRUGGLE
AGAI
NSTCOLONI
ALRULE

TheAf
ri
canpeopl
esr
esi
stanceagai
nstcol
oni
ali
sm di
vi
dedi
ntot
hree(
3).Thesear
e:
1.Ear
lyr
esi
stance
2.St
ruggl
efori
ndependence,
and
3.Theemer
genceofor
gani
zednat
ional
li
ber
ati
onmov
ement
.
Ther
ewer
esev
eralear
lyr
esi
stancegr
oupsi
nAf
ri
caagai
nstEur
opeancol
oni
alr
ule.
Suchas:
-
2.Samor
iTour
eoft
heMandi
ngo:
-wasl
eaderofWestAf
ri
cai
nthepr
esentdayof
East
ernSenegal
,Sout
hEast
ernMal
iandGui
nea.Hehadadmi
rabl
emi
l
itar
yski
l
l
andl
eader
shi
pqual
i
tiesknownas“
TheNapol
eonofWestaf
ri
ca.
”Hewas
f
oughtagai
nstFr
ench col
oni
alexpansi
on i
n WestAf
ri
ca.Fi
nal
l
y,he was
def
eat
edbyFr
anceandcapt
uredi
n1898,andexi
l
edhi
mtoGabondi
edt
wo
y
ear
slat
eratt
heageof70.
3.TheAshant
iEmpi
re:
-locat
edi
nthepr
esentdayofGhanawasest
abl
i
shedasa
nat
ioni
nthel
ateof17th candbui
l
tal
argeandst
rongempi
rei
nthe19th c.

85
 Ashant
ehenwast
het
it
leoft
hei
rki
ngs.
Foughtagai
nstBr
it
ishcol
oni
alr
uleand
def
eat
edi
n1900.
4.TheUr
abiPasha’
sRebel
li
onEgy
pt:
-wasacol
oneli
ntheEgy
pti
anar
mywhen
Br
it
ishandFr
enchi
mper
ial
i
sm domi
nat
edEgy
pt.Heor
gani
zedanat
ional
i
st
ar
myr
evol
tagai
nstBr
it
ishandFr
enchi
mper
ial
i
sm andt
hepuppetEgy
pti
an
r
uler
s.Fi
nal
l
y,hi
sar
mywasdef
eat
edbyBr
it
ishatt
hebat
tl
eofTelEl
-Kabi
rin
1881.Then,
theEgy
ptf
ail
edunderBr
it
ishcol
oni
alr
ule.
5.TheMahdi
stMov
ementi
ntheSudan:
-Mahdi
stmeanst
heonet
hatshowst
he
cor
rectwayofpr
act
ici
ngI
slam.I
twasar
eli
giousr
evi
val
i
standant
i-
col
oni
al
r
esi
stancemov
ementagai
nstEgy
pti
n 188,whi
ch f
ounded byMohammed
AhmedI
bnAbdal
l
ahdef
eat
edandki
l
ledt
hef
orceGor
don.Theywer
edef
eat
ed
byGener
alKi
tchnerl
edt
hej
ointEgy
pti
anandBr
it
ishf
orceatOmdur
mani
n
1898.
Then,f
rom1898Sudanf
ellundert
hej
ointBr
it
ishandEgy
ptr
ule.Thi
swas
knownast
heAngl
o-Egy
pti
anCondomi
nium r
ule.But
,Br
it
ishwasr
ealmast
ers
ofSudan.
6.TheMaj
iMaj
iRebel
li
oni
nTangany
ika:
-Zanzi
barwasl
edbyBushi
riI
bnSal
i
m
(anAr
absugarpl
ant
er)def
eat
edandki
l
ledbyGer
mani
n1889.ThenGer
mans’
adv
ancedi
ntot
hei
nter
iorofTangany
ika.TheMaj
iMaj
irev
oltbr
okeouti
n1905-
07agai
nstt
heoppr
essi
vecol
oni
alpol
i
cyofGer
many
.Causedbyt
heGer
man
gov
ernmentt
ofor
cegr
owi
ngcot
tonf
orex
por
t.
Pan-
Afr
icani
sm
Theor
igi
noft
hei
deaofPan-
Afr
icani
sm wasf
ormedout
sideAf
ri
ca,bybl
ack
peopl
eli
vedi
nnor
thAmer
icaandt
heCar
ibbeani
sland.Thet
erm Pan-
Afr
icani
sm
expr
esst
womai
nideas.

1.I
tisanexpr
essi
onofadesi
ref
orAf
ri
canuni
ty.

2.I
texpr
essesasenseofuni
tyamongal
lbl
ackpeopl
es.
Assumedacommonbr
other
hoodofal
lpeopl
esofAf
ri
ca,Nor
thAmer
icaandt
he
WestI
ndi
es.Foundedbyabl
ackWestI
ndi
ansDr
.DuBoi
sin1900.Al
soknownas
“
Pan-
blackorPan-Negr
o.”I
thadsi
xcongr
esses.Thesewer
e

A.TheFi
rstPan-
Afr
icanCongr
ess:
-washel
dinLondoni
n1900,whi
chpr
otestt
o
Br
it
ain’
sQueenVi
ctor
iaagai
nstr
aci
str
ulei
nSout
hAf
ri
caandRhodesi
a.Chai
red
byt
rai
nedWestI
ndi
esl
awy
er,H.Sy
lvest
erWi
l
li
ams.Thepar
ti
cipant
soft
he
86
 conf
erencecamemai
nlyf
rom Amer
icaandWestI
ndi
es,
forexampl
eDr
.DuBoi
s.
B.TheSecondPan-
Afr
icanCongr
ess:
-washel
dinPar
isi
n1919.I
tcoi
nci
dedwi
th
t
heVer
sai
l
lespeaceconf
erence.
C.TheThi
rdPan-
Afr
icanCongr
ess:
-fi
rsthel
dinLondon,
nexti
nBr
ussel
sin1921.
I
temphasi
zedt
hei
mpor
tanceof“
int
er-
raci
sm”t
hati
sraci
alequal
i
tyandj
ust
ice.
Thekeymessageoft
heconf
erencewas“
thehabi
tofdemocr
acymustbemade
t
oenci
rcl
ethewor
ld.
”
D.TheFour
thPan-
Afr
icanCongr
ess:
-hel
dinLondonandLi
sboni
n1923.
Iti
ssued
amani
fest
otodemandi
ng“
inf
ineweaskal
lthewor
ldt
hatbl
ackf
olkbet
reatas
men.Wecanseenoot
herr
oadt
opeaceandpr
ogr
ess”
.
E.TheFi
ft
hPan-
Afr
icanCongr
ess:
-hel
dinNew Yor
kin1927,di
rect
lyl
edbyDu
Boi
s.
F.TheSi
xthPan-
Afr
icanCongr
ess:
-washel
dinManchest
eri
n1945,at
tendedby
DuBoi
s,KwameNkr
umahofGhana,JomoKeny
att
aofKeny
a,NnamdiAzi
hwe
ofNi
ger
iaandt
hewel
l
-knownSout
hAf
ri
canwr
it
erPet
erAbr
aham.I
tadopt
eda
r
esol
uti
ondemandi
ngi
ndependencef
orAf
ri
cansandanendt
ocol
oni
ali
sm
TheFi
rstConf
erenceofI
ndependentAf
ri
canSt
ates
 I
twashel
dinAccr
a,Ghana,i
nApr
il1958.I
nDecembert
hesecondconf
erence
washel
dthi
s.
 Et
hiopi
a,Ghana,
Egy
pt,
Gui
nea,
Liber
ia,
Liby
a,Mor
occo,
andTuni
siaat
tendedt
he
conf
erence.Bot
heconf
erencescal
l
edf
ort
hei
ndependenceoft
hecont
inent
f
rom col
oni
al
ism.
 I
nmeant
ime,
regi
onal
groupsbegant
oemer
gei
nAf
ri
ca.Thesear
eli
stedbel
ow:

I
. The Br
azzav
il
le Gr
oup:
-was composed ofex-
French col
oni
es.Or
igi
nal
l
y,
or
gani
zedbyFr
ancei
n1944andf
urt
herst
rengt
henedi
n1958.Cont
inuedt
hei
r
r
elat
ionwi
thFr
anceaf
teri
ndependence.
I
I. TheCasabl
ancaGr
oup:
-it
smember
scr
it
ici
zedneo-
col
oni
ali
sm whi
chmade
Af
ri
can st
ates economi
cal
l
y dependenton t
hei
rfor
mercol
oni
almast
ers.
Ther
efor
e,t
hemember
ssuppor
tedt
hepr
oposalofKwameNkr
umahf
or“
Uni
ted
St
atesofAf
ri
ca”
.Wi
tht
hiscommongr
oundandv
isi
on,Ghana,Mal
i
,Gui
nea,
Egy
ptandMor
occohel
daconf
erencei
nthecapi
talofMor
occo,Casabl
ancai
n
1961.
I
II
. TheMonr
ovi
aGr
oup:
-it
smember
sshar
edmanyv
iewsi
ncommon.Suchas
:
87
 Al
lmember
sbel
i
evedt
hatt
hei
rowni
nter
nalpr
obl
emsmustbesol
vedf
ir
st
bef
oret
heest
abl
i
shmentofani
nter
-st
atepol
i
tical
uni
on.
 Bel
i
eved i
nthe necessi
tyf
orcoor
dinat
ed f
for
tamong Af
ri
can st
ates f
or
economi
cdev
elopment
s.
 I
tconsi
stedanumberofi
ndependentAf
ri
canst
atesi
ncl
udi
ngEt
hiopi
aand
Li
ber
ia.Lat
te,
almostal
loft
heBr
azzav
il
legr
oupmember
sjoi
nedt
hisgr
oup.
 Hav
ingt
hiski
ndofdi
ff
erences,Af
ri
canst
atescamet
oget
heratAddi
sAbaba
andest
abl
i
shedt
heOr
gani
zat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
ty(
OAU)i
nMay1963.

TheFor
mat
ionoft
heOAU
TheOr
gani
zat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
ty(
OAU)wasest
abl
i
shedatAddi
sAbabaon25
May1963.Thechar
teroft
heor
gani
zat
ionwassi
gnedby31i
ndependentAf
ri
can
st
ates.Thechar
terhad33ar
ti
cles;i
twasbasedont
hepr
inci
pleofUni
ted
Nat
ionsand wor
ked i
n cooper
ati
on wi
thi
tsmember
shi
p.Addi
sAbabai
sit
headquar
ter
s.

TheAi
msofOAU
Todef
endt
hei
ndependenceofAf
ri
cancount
ri
es,

Toi
ncr
easescooper
ati
onanduni
tyamongAf
ri
cancount
ri
es.

Toscal
eupgener
ali
nter
nat
ional
cooper
ati
onandsuppor
tthebasi
chumanr
ight
s
decl
aredbyt
heUni
tedNat
ionOr
gani
zat
ion.

To wor
ktoget
heri
n or
dert
oimpr
ovet
he st
andar
d ofl
i
ving i
n Af
ri
ca,i
.e.
,
cooper
ati
oni
neconomi
c,educat
ionanddef
ense.

Theel
i
minat
ionofcol
oni
ali
sm f
rom Af
ri
ca.

Ret
aini
ngofexi
sti
ngboundar
y,and

Neut
ral
i
tyi
nthecol
dwar
ThePr
inci
palOr
gansofOAU
88
 TheAssembl
yofHeadsofSt
atesandGov
ernment
:-whi
chi
sthesupr
eme
or
ganoft
heor
gani
zat
ionanddeci
sion-
maki
ngpower
.Meetonceay
ear
.
 TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ers:
-consi
stsoff
orei
gnmi
nist
ersandmeet
stwi
ceay
ear
orwhenr
equi
red.I
thast
hepowert
omaker
ecommendat
ions.
 TheGener
alSecr
etar
iat
:-i
thasanadmi
nist
rat
iveSecr
etar
yGener
alappoi
nted
byt
heassembl
y.
 TheCommi
ssi
onofMedi
ati
on:
-conci
l
iat
ionandar
bit
rat
ion.

 Ot
herspeci
ali
zedcommi
ssi
ons.
Pr
obl
emsofI
ndependentAf
ri
canSt
atesandt
heOAU
 Separ
ati
stmov
ement
sandi
nter
-et
hni
ctensi
ons.

 Pol
i
tical
inst
abi
l
ity

 Fr
equentbor
derconf
li
ct

 Mi
l
itar
ycoups

 Si
ngl
epar
tyr
ule,
inj
ust
iceandci
vi
lwar
s

 Economi
cdependencyoncapi
tal
i
stcount
ri
es

 Unempl
oyment
,hi
ghl
evel
ofBr
ain-
Drai
nRef
ugees

 Af
fect
edbyHI
V/AI
Ds,
22mi
l
li
onoutof33mi
l
li
on
SuccessofOAU

 Li
ber
atedf
rom col
oni
al
ism

 St
ruggl
eagai
nstapar
thei
dinSout
h

 I
nter
venedi
nmanyr
egi
onal
conf
li
ct

 Medi
atei
nmanyconf
li
ctswer
eEt
hiopi
aandSomal
i
a,Mor
occoandNi
ger
ia

 Cooper
ati
onamongst
atesf
oreconomi
cdev
elopmentandr
egi
onalor
gani
zat
ion
hasbeensetup.
 Howev
er,t
o sol
vet
hei
rpr
obl
ems and t
o speed up Af
ri
can pol
i
ticaland
economi
cdev
elopment
,theAf
ri
canUni
onwasest
abl
i
shedi
n2004.TheAUi
s
notdi
ff
erentf
rom OAU.TheAUi
sanat
uraldev
elopmentoft
heOAUi
ntohi
gher
l
evel
ofi
ntegr
ati
on.TheAuhad4sol
i
dbasi
s.Thesear
e:

89
 Af
ri
canPar
li
ament

 Pan-
Afr
icancour
tofj
ust
ice

 Af
ri
candev
elopmentofFund,
and

 Af
ri
cani
nvest
mentFund.

UNI
TNI
NE
ETHI
OPI
AFROM LI
BERATI
ONTOREVOLUTI
ON

I
n1941,Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
ewasr
est
oredt
oimper
ialpowerwi
tht
heBr
it
ish
suppor
t.Att
hebegi
nni
ng,
theemper
ordi
dnotf
ull
yexer
cisehi
sreal
power
.Fi
rstt
he
emper
orbui
l
tabur
eaucr
acyt
hatser
vedhi
sint
erest
.Themi
nist
eri
algov
ernment
wasr
einst
atedi
n1943.11mi
nist
ersandt
heof
fi
ceoft
hePr
imemi
nist
erwer
eset
up.The expansi
on ofeducat
ion i
nthe count
rywas i
ntended t
o pr
oduce t
he
necessar
yeducat
edmanpowerf
ort
heex
pandi
ngmoder
nbur
eaucr
acy
.

Toconsol
i
dat
etheaut
ocr
ati
crul
eofHai
l
eSel
assi
eandt
hef
eder
ati
onofEr
it
rea
wi
th Et
hiopi
ain 1952,t
he const
it
uti
on of1931 was r
evi
sed i
n 1955.The
const
it
uti
oni
ntr
oduceduni
ver
saladul
tsuf
frage,al
l
owedanel
ect
edChamberof
Deput
ies,
prov
isi
onf
orhumanr
ight
,fr
eedom ofspeechandpr
ess.

Theemper
orf
urt
herconsol
i
dat
edhi
saut
ocr
ati
crul
ethr
oughr
eor
gani
zi
ngt
hear
my.
TheI
mper
ial
BodyGuar
dwasr
e-est
abl
i
shedwi
thSwedi
shassi
stancei
n1942.

Economi
cDev
elopment
s

90
 Post1941,Et
hiopi
aneconomygr
ew atav
eryl
ow r
ate.TheBr
it
ishmi
ssi
ont
o
Et
hiopi
awasendedi
n1950,butEt
hiopi
ahadest
abl
i
shi
ngr
elat
ionwi
thUSAasa
count
er-
wei
ghtt
oBr
it
ishdomi
nat
ion.

Et
hio-
Amer
icanTr
eat
yof1953
 Et
hiopi
aagr
eedt
oUSAt
ouseKAGNEW communi
cat
ionsSt
ati
oni
nAsmar
a.

 USAagr
eedt
ogi
vemi
l
itar
yassi
stancet
oEt
hiopi
a.

 USAi
nvol
vedi
nimpr
ovi
ngandext
endi
ngt
hecommuni
cat
ionSect
ors.

 Est
abl
i
sht
heEt
hiopi
anai
rl
inebyt
hehel
pofUSAi
n1945.

 TheI
mper
ial
HighwayAut
hor
it
ywasest
abl
i
shedi
n1951.

 TheI
mper
ialBoar
dofTel
ecommuni
cat
ionswassetupandSwedencl
osel
y
cooper
atedwi
tht
heBoar
d.
 TheEt
hiopi
aneducat
ionalsy
stem wasshapedal
ongt
heAmer
icansy
stem of
educat
ion.
 ThePeaceCor
psPr
ogr
am oft
he1960swaspar
toft
hisAmer
icanassi
stance.
Cr
isi
sofAut
ocr
acyandOpposi
ti
onst
otheI
mper
ialRul
e
3.The 1960 Coup De’
tat:
-was l
ed Br
igadi
ergener
alMengi
stu Neway t
he
commanderoft
heI
mper
ialBodyGuar
d,andGer
mameNewayadmi
nist
rat
orof
Wol
ayt
aandJi
j
iga,whowaseducat
edi
nUSA.Pl
annedt
oest
abl
i
shednew
gov
ernmentsuchascr
ownPr
inceAssef
aWossenasheadofst
ate,RasI
mru
H/
Sel
assi
easpr
imemi
nist
eroft
henewgov
ernment
.
Howev
er,af
teraf
ew day
sofmi
l
itar
yoper
ati
onsi
nAddi
sAbaba,t
hecoupf
ail
ed
becauseofl
ackofcoor
dinat
ion.
 Mengi
stuNewaywaswounded&l
ateronsent
encedt
obehung.

 Chi
efoft
hePol
i
ceFor
ce,
Gener
alTsi
geDebu,
waski
l
ledi
nthebat
tl
e;Ger
mame
Newaywaski
l
led.
4.TheEt
hiopi
anSt
udentMov
ement
:-wasemer
gedi
nthe1950i
ntheUni
ver
sit
yof
Addi
sAbaba.Att
hei
nit
ialst
age,
thequest
ionsoft
hemov
ementwer
eforbet
ter
l
ear
ningf
aci
l
iti
esandser
vicest
hatwer
efol
l
owedbydemandsf
orf
reedom of
t
hepr
essandor
gani
zat
ion.Theybegant
opubl
i
sht
hei
rownnewspaperw/
c
exposedt
hemi
ser
abl
eli
feoft
hepeasant
’sandur
bandwel
l
ers.I
n1965,t
he

91
 Uni
ver
sit
ySt
udent
s’Uni
onofAddi
sAbaba(
USUAA)wasf
ormed.Themov
ement
becamet
oor
adi
calcameoutt
ost
reetwi
tht
hesl
ogan“
Landt
otheTi
ll
er”
,
demandedf
orci
vi
lri
ght
s,l
iber
ti
es,
rel
igi
ousandet
hni
cequal
it
ies.
5.ThePeasantRebel
li
on:
-thel
i
feofEt
hiopi
anpeasant
swasext
remel
ymi
ser
abl
e
i
nthepostl
i
ber
ati
ondecades.Causedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors.
 Theexpansi
onofcommer
cial
far
mswhi
chr
esul
tedt
heev
ict
ionofpeasant
s.

 I
ncr
easi
ngl
andt
ax,
thepr
ocessofpr
ivat
izat
ionandl
andsal
e.

a.TheGoj
jam PeasantRebel
li
on:
-wasst
art
edi
nMot
aandDegaDamoti
n1968,
agai
nstt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofnew agr
icul
tur
alt
ax.Howev
er,i
tst
oppedaf
tert
he
r
emov
alofunpopul
arof
fi
cial
s and post
poned t
he new t
axand exempt
ed
peasant
sfr
om t
axesf
rom t
hey
ear
sof1950-
68.
b.The Bal
e PeasantRebel
li
on:
-st
art
ed i
n 1963,r
ebel
l
ed agai
nstexpl
oit
ati
on,
cor
rupt admi
nist
rat
ion,l
and al
i
enat
ion and r
eli
gious oppr
essi
on.I
t was
suppor
tedbyRepubl
i
cSomal
i
a.I
tst
art
edi
n1963i
nEl
ker
eandi
n1964i
nWabe
Del
loandGenal
eledbyWaqoGut
u.Fi
nal
l
y,t
hegov
ernmentanOr
omogener
al
JagemaKel
loasgov
ernorofBal
e.
Theout
breakofFami
ne:
-int
hey
ear
sfr
om 1958-
74,t
hewor
stf
ami
neoccur
redi
n
Et
hiopi
a.Thef
eudalgov
ernmentt
ri
edi
tsbestt
ohi
det
hef
ami
nes.Butt
hef
ami
ne
exposed t
he i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
tyi
n 1974 by Et
hiopi
an st
udent
s and a
document
aryf
il
m pr
oducedbyt
heBr
it
ishj
our
nal
i
stJonat
hanDi
mbi
lby
.
TheEr
it
reanPr
obl
em
Af
tert
hel
i
ber
ati
onofEt
hiopi
aandEr
it
rea,Et
hiopi
awant
edt
orest
orat
ionof
OgadenandEr
it
rea.Thent
hei
ssuepr
esent
edatt
he1945Londonconf
erenceof
t
heAl
l
iedpower
s,t
heconf
erencef
ail
edt
ogi
ver
esponset
oEt
hiopi
a’
scl
aims.

Accor
dingt
othe1946Par
isPeaceConf
erence,I
tal
ywasf
orcedt
ogi
veupi
ts
f
ormercol
oni
es.Howev
er,t
heEr
it
reanquest
ionst
il
lremai
nedunsol
ved.Fol
l
owi
ng
t
hist
wocompet
inggr
oupsemer
gedi
nEr
it
rea.

1.TheUni
oni
stPar
ty:
-suppor
teduni
onwi
thEt
hiopi
a,i
twast
hel
argestpol
i
tical
gr
oupi
nEr
it
reabyt
hatt
ime.
.
2.TheMusl
im League:
-demandedt
hei
ndependenceofEr
it
rea.
I
n1948,
Bri
ti
sh,
France,
USAandUSSRpr
esent
edt
heEr
it
reani
ssuet
otheUni
ted
Nat
ionGener
alAssembl
y.Then,t
heUNappoi
ntedacommi
ssi
onoff
iveper
son
92
 f
rom Bur
ma,Guat
emal
a,Nor
way
,Paki
stanandSout
hAf
ri
cat
osol
vet
hedemand
ofEr
it
reanpeopl
e.Thecommi
ssi
onmemberst
atesexpr
essedt
hei
rownopi
nion
t
owar
dst
hesol
uti
onofEt
hio-Er
it
reanpr
obl
em.Accor
dingl
y.

 Paki
stanandGuat
emal
arecommendedi
ndependencet
oEr
it
rea.

 Sout
hAf
ri
caandBur
mar
ecommendedf
eder
ati
onofEr
it
reawi
thEt
hiopi
a.And

 Nor
waysuppor
tedt
heuni
onofEr
it
reawi
thEt
hiopi
a.
Fi
nal
l
y,t
heUNr
esol
vedasf
eder
ati
onofEr
it
reawi
thEt
hiopi
aundert
heEt
hiopi
an
gov
ernmenti
n1952.Accor
dingt
othi
sar
rangementt
hef
eder
algov
ernmentwas
aut
hor
izedt
ocont
rolEr
it
rea’
sfor
eignaf
fai
rs,def
ence,f
inance,commer
ceand
por
ts.Separ
ati
stgr
oupsengaged i
n a peacef
ulst
ruggl
ein 1958.Thi
swas
f
oll
owedbyt
hear
medst
ruggl
eoft
heMusl
i
m domi
nat
edEr
it
reanLi
ber
ati
onf
ront
(
ELF)al
soknownasJabaha.

I
n 1972 mostoft
he di
ff
erentgr
oupsuni
ted t
hemsel
vesundert
heEr
it
rean
Peopl
e’
sLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
EPLF)orSha’
bya.
TheELFandEPLFwer
efoughteach
ot
herf
orsupr
emacyi
nEr
it
rea.

ThePopul
arRev
olut
ionof1974andi
tsAf
ter
mat
h

Opposi
ti
ont
othei
mper
ialr
egi
mer
eachedi
tspeaki
nFebr
uar
y1974,i
nthaty
ear
t
heEt
hiopi
anmassesf
rom di
ff
erentsect
ionoft
hesoci
etymadeaser
iesof
st
ri
kes,
prot
est
sanddemonst
rat
ionsanddemandedr
adi
cal
changes.
Thef
ir
str
evol
uti
oncamef
rom t
hear
my.Thear
myst
ati
onedatNegel
eBor
ana

1.Mut
ini
edi
npr
otestagai
nstpoorl
i
vingcondi
ti
onsi
nJanuar
y1974.Theydemand
sal
aryi
ncr
easeandi
mpr
ovementoft
hel
i
vingcondi
ti
ons.
2.Wor
ker
s:-st
ruggl
efort
hei
rri
ghtt
olongbef
ore1974agai
nstl
ongwor
kinghour
s,
poorpay
ment
,poorwor
kingcondi
ti
onandcor
ruptmanagement
.St
art
edby
wor
ker
sofr
ail
way
,theWonjsugarf
act
oryandAkakiText
il
efact
ory
.They
r
eal
i
zedt
heneedf
oranor
gani
zedt
radeuni
onmov
ement
.In1962,wor
ker
s
est
abl
i
shedanat
ionalor
gani
zat
ionknownast
heConf
eder
ati
onofEt
hiopi
an
LabourUni
on(
CELU)
.Theydemandi
ngsal
aryi
ncr
ease,pensi
ons,annuall
eav
e,

93
 i
nsur
ance,
medi
cal
car
e,r
educt
ionofofwor
kinghour
s,et
c.
3.TheEt
hiopi
anTeacher
sAssoci
ati
on:
-r
oseagai
nstt
heexpl
oit
ati
vesy
stem of
t
hest
atei
ngener
al,andnewl
yint
roducededucat
ionalr
efor
m pr
ogr
am known
asEducat
ionSect
orRev
iew of1971-
72i
npar
ti
cul
ar.Teacher
scr
it
ici
zedt
he
pr
ogr
am asunf
airt
owar
dst
hepoor
.i
nthemi
ddl
eofFebr
uar
y1974,t
eacher
suppor
tedbyst
udent&par
ent
sdemandedr
efor
ms.
4.TaxiDr
iver
:-
demandedani
ncr
easei
ntr
anspor
tfeesi
naccor
dancewi
th50%
r
iseofpet
rolpr
icest
hatf
oll
owedt
he1973Mi
ddl
eEastEner
gycr
isi
s.Suppor
ted
byst
udent
s.
5.Musl
ims:
-oft
hecapi
talsetoutf
ordemonst
rat
ionanddemandedr
eli
gious
equal
i
ty,separ
ati
onofchur
chandst
ateandof
fi
cialobser
vanceofMusl
i
m
hol
i
day
s.

Fi
nal
l
y,t
hemut
inyofdi
ff
erentdi
vi
sionsoft
heAr
myandt
heAi
rFor
cebr
oughta
ser
iouschal
l
enget
othest
atesi
ncet
hebegi
nni
ngof1974.On28June1974t
he
r
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
hev
ari
ousuni
tsest
abl
i
shedt
heCo-
ordi
nat
ingCommi
tt
eeof
t
heAr
medFor
ces,
thePol
i
ce&t
heTer
ri
tor
ialAr
my.Thi
sbodycamet
obeknown
ast
heDer
g.On28Febr
uar
y1974Pr
imeMi
nist
erAkl
i
luHabt
ewol
dresi
gnedand
r
epl
acedbyEndal
kachewMekonnen,
butnotst
oppedt
her
evol
uti
on.

TheDer
gbegant
oexer
cisepowerandt
akeact
ion,hi
ghr
anki
ngof
fi
cial
soft
he
i
mper
ialr
egi
me,i
ncl
udi
ng Pr
ime Mi
nst
erEndal
kachew wer
e det
ained and Li
j
Mi
kaelI
mrubecamePr
imeMi
nist
er.On12Sept
ember1974Empr
orH/
Sel
assi
e
wasdeposed&det
ained.

TheMi
li
tar
yRul
e1979-
91
Anewcabi
nethadbeenf
ormedbyLi
jEndal
kachewMekonnen,whor
epl
acedby
Pr
imeMi
nist
erMi
kaelI
mru.Af
tert
hef
ormat
ionoft
hePMACt
heDer
gtookov
er
t
hest
atepowerundert
hechai
rmanshi
pofLi
eut
enantGener
alAmanMi
kael
Andom.Aman Mi
kaelAndom,hi
msel
fwas ki
l
led i
n Nov
.1974.Di
ff
erent
opposi
ti
onsemer
gedagai
nstDer
gfr
om t
eacher
s,st
udent
s,wor
ker
sandot
her
ci
vi
li
ans.
Der
gTookSomeMeasur
esorRef
orms
 Thedev
elopmentt
hroughcooper
ati
oncampai
gnf
ormedi
nDec.1974.

94
 Nat
ional
i
zedi
ndust
ri
es,
banksandi
nsur
ancecompani
esf
ormer
lypr
ivat
eownedi
n
1975.

 I
ssued on nat
ional
i
zat
ionofr
urall
and and i
tsr
edi
str
ibut
iont
othel
andl
ess
peasant
s.

 Agov
ernmentcont
rol
l
edent
erpr
iseknownasAgr
icul
tur
alMar
ket
ingCor
por
ati
on
(
ErshaSebi
lGebey
aDi
ri
ji
t)wasest
abl
i
shed.

 Ur
banl
andsandext
rahouseswer
enat
ional
i
zedon26Jul
y1975.
Mostoft
hemeasur
est
akenbyt
heDer
gbr
oughtsev
eralOpposi
ti
onsf
rom t
he
f
oll
owi
ng:
-
 Et
hiopi
anDemocr
ati
cuni
on(
EDU)

 Er
it
reanPeopl
e’
sLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
EPLF)

 Ti
greanPeopl
esLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
TPLF)

 Et
hiopi
anPeopl
e’
sRev
olut
ionar
yPar
ty(
EPRP)

 Er
it
reanLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
ELF)

 Or
omoPeopl
esLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
OPLF)

 TheAl
lEt
hiopi
anSoci
ali
stMov
ement(
AESM)
I
nApr
il1976,t
hemi
l
itar
yregi
mehadal
soest
abl
i
shedt
hePr
ovi
sionalOf
fi
cef
or
MassOr
gani
zat
ionandAf
fai
rs(
POMOA)
.Itwasmast
ermi
nded&st
aff
edmai
nly
bymember
soft
heAl
l
-Et
hiopi
aSoci
ali
stMov
ement(
Mei
son)
.POMOA,hadt
he
pur
poseofdi
ssemi
nat
ingMar
xism-
Leni
nism amongt
hemasses.I
twast
oreal
i
ze
t
hisobj
ect
ivet
hatat
rai
ningcent
ref
orof
fi
cial
soft
heDer
gknownast
heYekat
it
66Pol
it
icalSchoolwasest
abl
i
shed.
Sev
eral Mar
xist
-Leni
nist or
gani
zat
ion emer
ged cal
l
ed Mar
xist
-Leni
nist
Or
gani
zat
ion,
I
n Dec.1979 t
oreal
i
ze t
he obj
ect
ivet
he PMAC of
fi
cial
l
y est
abl
i
shed t
he
Commi
ssi
onf
orOr
gani
zi
ngt
hePar
tyoft
heWor
kingPeopl
eofEt
hiopi
a(COPWE)
.
Thesoci
ali
stconst
it
uti
on,t
hePeopl
e’
sDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
a(PDRE)
setupi
n1987.Fi
nal
l
yin1991Der
gwasdeposedandt
heheadofst
ateMengi
stu
Hai
l
emar
iam f
li
ghtt
oZi
mbabwe.
TheSomal
iaRepubl
i
c’sI
nvasi
onofEt
hiopi
a&I
nter
vent
ionofUSSR

95
I
nJune1977,Somal
i
aledbySi
adBar
redecl
aredanaggr
essi
onagai
nstEt
hiopi
a.
Suppor
tedbyRussi
anadv
isor&weaponr
y,t
heSomal
i
scr
ossedJi
j
igat
oDi
reDawa.
Et
hiopi
aal
so suppor
ted byCubaad t
heDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofYemen and
Somal
i
awasdef
eat
edbyEt
hiopi
ainJul
y1978.
Decl
ineandFal
loft
heMi
li
tar
yRegi
me
a.I
nter
nalFact
ors
 Thef
ami
neof1984/
5
 TheMay1989coupagai
nstMengi
stu’
sempi
re
 Chal
l
engesofEr
it
reanPeopl
e’
sLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
EPLF)
 Chal
l
engesoft
heTi
greanPeopl
e’
sLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
TPLF)
 Et
hiopi
anPeopl
eDemocr
ati
cMov
ement(
EPOM)
 Or
omoPeopl
e’
sDemocr
ati
cOr
gani
zat
ion(
OPDO)
 Et
hiopi
anDemocr
ati
cUni
on(
EDU)
 Et
hiopi
anDemocr
ati
cOf
fi
cer
s’Rev
olut
ionar
yMov
ement(
EDORM)
 Or
omoLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
OLF)
 Or
omoI
slami
cFr
ont(
OIF)
 Gambel
aLi
ber
ati
onFr
ont(
GLF)
b.Ext
ernalFact
or:
-
Thedecl
i
neofUSSRi
n1985,soDer
glostt
hesuppor
tfr
om USSR.Howev
er,t
he
Et
hiopi
anPeopl
eRev
olut
ionar
yDemocr
ati
cFr
ont/
EPRDF/andEr
it
reanPeopl
e
Li
ber
ati
onFr
ont/
EPLF/
int
ensi
fi
edt
hei
roper
ati
on.Fi
nal
l
y,t
heEPLFcont
rol
l
ed
Asmar
a,capi
talofEr
it
reai
n1991.I
nmeant
ime,t
heEPRDFcont
rol
l
edAddi
s
Ababaon28May1991.Thenoneweekear
li
erMengi
stuf
li
ghtt
oZi
mbabwe

96
97