INDUSTRIAL VOCATIONAL TRAINING

REPORT ON

MAIN RECEIVE SUB-STATION (220/33/6.6KV)

AT
SUNFLAG Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Bhandara

Submitted by :-
Akshata Ghanshyam Bhajipale
( Electrical Engineering)
( Government college of engineering, Jalgoan)
 Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled

MAIN RECEIVE SUB-STATION (220/33/6.6KV)
Is submitted by
Ms. Akshata Ghanshyam Bhajipale
Student of B.Tech (Electrical Engineering) at Government college of Engineering
Jalgoan.
To Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Bhandara.

Student has completed her project study on FURNACE BLOOM DISCHARGING &
DESCALER in our organization in Blooming mill department from 26/06/2023 to
25/07/2023 ( 30 days of internship).
This is to certify that the project is the result of students own study, observation
and hard work.

Under guidance of
Mr. S.K.SINGH
(SR MANAGER MRSS DEPT.)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Prior to present anything about the project I want to express my sincere gratitude
to the management of Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. Bhandara for giving me this
opportunity, to have practical experience of professional environment.
I offer my sincere appreciation and gratitude for the learning opportunities
provided by the management and the department.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. S.K.SINGH (SR MANAGER MRSS
DEPT.) without whom my study on this project would not have been successful.
I also want to express my gratitude to the H.R. of Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.

Last but not the least, My completion of this project could not have been
accomplished without the support of all the engineers and workers of the factory,
I'm grateful to them.

Date:-25/07/2023
Place:- Bhandara
ABOUT COMPANY

In 1989 Sunflag Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. has established its major global force.

Sunflag Iron & Steel is prestigious unit of Sunflag group.

The plant is located in the center part of India in Bhandara, Maharashtra it is 70 km from
Nagpur.

The plant has a capacity to produce 360,000 tonnes per annum of high quality special steel
using liquid pig iron and sponge iron as basic inputs.

The Sunflag iron and steel is an ISO/TP 16949-2009 and ISO 9001-2001 approved NABL
accredited AD 2000 merkblatt WO certificate from TUSV-NORD, backed up with sound
management practices and highly motivated team. It is a small wonder the Sunflag product are
exported to a number of countries.

It manufactures and sells steel rolled product in India and other countries.

It provides services in Automobile sector, Railway, Ordnance factory, General Engineering and
power sector.

The company export it’s product to South East Asian, African, the Middle East and South
American Countries.

The product manufactured here are Round Bar, Round Corner square, Hexagonal wire Bar,
Hexagonal straight Bar, Flat, Bright Bar etc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC NAME

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ABOUT SUBSTATION
Definition
Sub-Station
Types of Substation
220/132KV sub-station
About the substation
3. SELECTION OF SITE
4. EQUIPMENT IN A 220/33/6.6KV SUB-STATION
Bus-bar
Insulator
Isolating Switch
Circuit breaker
Protective relay
Instrument Transformer
Current Transformer
Voltage Transformer
CapacitorVoltage Transformer
Metering and Indicating Instrument
Miscellaneous equipment
Transformer
Lightening arrestors
Line isolator
5. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
6. TRANSFORMER
7. INSULATOR
8. CIRCUIT BREAKER
9. CONTROL AND RELAY ROOM
10. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

The present day electrical power system is ac i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is produce at the power station, which
are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer
through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it
may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency power
factor etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station for example,
generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to
132KV) for transmission of electric power. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have
to be stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-
station.
ABOUT THE SUBSTATION

1.Definition of sub-station:
“The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to dc freq. p.f. etc) of
electric supply is called sub-station”

2. Sub-Station:
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at
different voltage levels. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be
owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on
SCADA for remote supervision and control. A substation may include transformers to change voltage
levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of
two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution
system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were
converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their
own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators
were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

3. Types of Substation:
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system, the
method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures used. These
categories are not disjointed; to solve a particular problem, a transmission substation may include
significant distribution functions, for example.
 Transmission substation
 Distribution substation
 Collector substation
 Switching station
Transmission substation:

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all
transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that
allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may
have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor
correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase
shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.

Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little
more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area
(several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of
protection and control equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems).
Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850.

Distribution substation:

A distribution substation in Scarborough, Ontario disguised as a house, complete with a driveway, front
walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the front yard. A warning notice can be clearly seen on the "front
door". Disguises for substations are common in many cities.

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system of an
area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network,
unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for
local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission lines.
Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number
of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on
the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead
(or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer
premises.

In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either the transmission
or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although
on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be
installed along the line. The downtown of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with
high- voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typical
distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side.
Collector substation:

In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required. It
resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind
turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates
around 35 kV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The
collector substation can also provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering and control of the
wind farm. In some special cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter station.

Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants of comparable
output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler in Germany and Hradec in
the Czech Republic, where power is collected from nearby lignite-fired power plants. If no transformers
are required for increase of voltage to transmission level, the substation is a switching station.

Converter substation:

Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current, or interconnected
non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to change the frequency of
current, or else convert from alternating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters
changed frequency to interconnect two systems; such substations today are rare.

Switching station:

(Switchyard at Grand Coulee Dam, USA, 2006)

A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level.
Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used
for switching the current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure. An example is the
switching stations for the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line.

A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located directly
adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from the power station supply their
power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the transmission lines take their
power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard.
EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station, Service
requirement and the degree of protection desired.

220KV EHV Sub-Station has the following major equipments:

1. Bus-bar
2. Insulator
3. Isolating Switch
4. Circuit breaker
5. Protective relay
6. Instrument Transformer
7. Current Transformer
8. Voltage Transformer
9. CapacitorVoltage Transformer
10. Metering and Indicating Instrument
11. Miscellaneous equipment
12. Transformer
13. Lightening arrestors
14. Line isolator

 Bus-bar:
When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus- bar are
used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate at
constant voltage. The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments
for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line.
There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the
current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a
Conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works
only if the first is having any fault .

 Insulator
The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the current to the
conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are
several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend
upon the service requirement.

 Isolating Switches:
In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator.
An isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry no load. For
example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators are to
be opened, the C.B. must be opened first.

 Circuit breaker:
 A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault
condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station.
It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and
automatically under fault condition.
There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers
(b)Spring circuit breakers
For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to
66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or SF6
cut breaker are used.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input, say
above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high pressure.
When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts
operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be
manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it
due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when
any fault occur alarm bell rings.

 Protective relay:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. to isolate the
defective element from the rest of the system”. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and
fault condition. The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current,
frequency and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the trip circuit of CB.

 Instrument Transformer:
The line in Sub-station operate at high voltage and carry current of thousands of amperes. The
measuring instrument and protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and current
(about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines. This
difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines.
There are two types of instrument transformer-
1. Current Transformer:
A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer which steps-down the current in a known
ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire connected in series with
the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with line having large number of turn of
fine wire and provides for measuring instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the
current in the line. Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering
the substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1amp. This is done because
we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current.
The main use of his transformer is:
(a) distance protection
(b) backup protection
(c) measurement

2. Potential Transformer:
 It is essentially a step – down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The primary of these
transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. TheSecondary way consist of
a few turns and provides for measuring instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the
line voltage.

3. C V T:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high
voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay.
In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is
split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to
isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at
least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal
and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.
CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts
where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack
of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second
capacitor,C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

 Metering and Indicating Instrument:

There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Volt-meters, energy meter etc.)
installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformers are
invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.

 Miscellaneous equipment:
In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a Substation :
i) Fuses
ii) Carrier-current equipment
iii) Sub-Station auxiliary supplies.

 Transformer:
There are four transformers in the incoming feeders so that the four lines are step down at the same
time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used. While in case of lower KV
line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used Auto transformer.
Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the
system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation
and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation,
maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service
throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential
that the personnel associated with the installation, operation or maintenance of the transformer is
through with the instructions provided by the manufacture diverted around the protected insulation in
most cases to earth.

Auto transformer:
Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the
system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation
and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation,
maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service
throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential
that the personnel associated with the installation operation or maintenance of the transformer is
through with the instructions provided by the manufacture.

Basic principles:
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an Electric current can produce a magnetic field
(electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage
across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes
the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
It is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
conductors — the transformer's coils. Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly
wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically - coupled cores. A varying
current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the
transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
"secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and
electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the Primary voltage
and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to the number of turns in the primary as
follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC)
voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than
NP.
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a
stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national
power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are
essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically
practical. Pole -mounted single-phase transformer with center-tapped secondary. Note use of the
grounded conductor as one leg of the primary feeder.
Induction law:
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of induction, which
states that:
Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and Φ equals the
magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the
magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through
which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation. The simplified description
above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary current required to establish a
magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of
zero resistance, when a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux
around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the
magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the
magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field.
 The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since the ideal
windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltage VP and VS
measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs.The primary EMF
acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This is due
to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose
development of any such change in magnetic field.

 Lightening Arrester:
To discharge the switching and lightening voltage surges to earth.

 Wave trap:
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the
unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main
incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the
substation.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned Electrical
System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from the
point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work.
As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The instruments have
their usual functioning.
They are as follows in the single line diagram:
 Lightening arrestors
 CVT
 Isolators with earth switch
 Circuit breaker
 BUS
 Potential transformer with a bus isolator
 Isolator
 Current transformer
 A capacitor bank attached to the bus
Fig: Single line diagram for MRSS 220/33/6.6KV Substation
TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static machine, which transform the potential of alternating current at same frequency.
It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and high voltage into low voltage
at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy transformed
into higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step
down transformer. Fig: 160 MVA Transformer at sub-station.

Fig: 160 MVA Transformer at sub-station.

Fig: 20 MVA Transformer at sub-station.

 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:
 Power Transformer
 Instrument Transformer
 Auto Transformer

Further, Transformer classified in two types:

 On the basis of working
 On the basis of structure
 INSULATORS

An electric insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it
nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field. This contrasts with
other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. The property
that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or
conductors.

A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges (charge
carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become electrically conductive when a sufficiently
large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the
breakdown voltage of an insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high
resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have
lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used
voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like
polymers and most plastics.

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing
current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment
is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to
attach electric power distribution or transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers. They support
the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground.

TYPES OF INSULATORS: There are five types of insulators:

1. Pin type insulator
2. Suspension type insulator
3. Strain type insulator
4. Shackle type insulator
5. Stay type insulator

1. Pin type insulator: Pin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still popularly used in
power network up to 33 KV system. Pin type insulator can be one part, two parts or three parts type,
depending upon application voltage. In 11 KV system we generally use one part type insulator where
whole pin insulator is one piece of properly shaped porcelain or glass. As the leakage path of insulator
is through its surface, it is desirable to increase the vertical length of the insulator surface area for
lengthening leakage path.

2. Suspension type insulator: In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes uneconomical to use pin
insulator because size, weight of the insulator become more. Handling and replacing bigger size single
unit insulator are quite difficult task.
 3. STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR: When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of
conductor it is referred as string insulator. When there is a dead end or there is a sharp corner in transmission
line, the line has to sustain a great tensile load of conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have
considerable mechanical strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating properties.

4. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATOR:The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low
voltage distribution network. It can be used both in horizontal and vertical position. The use of such
insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using of underground cable for distribution
purpose. The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and minimizes the
possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle insulator is fixed
with the help of soft binding wire.

5. STAY TYPE INSULATOR: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a height.
The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator and is usually of porcelain and is so
designed that in case of breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will not fall to the ground.
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER:
According to different criteria there are different type of circuit breaker:
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as:
 Vacuum circuit breaker
 SF6 circuit breaker
 Air blast circuit breaker
 Oil circuit breaker

SF6 circuit breakers :

The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6
circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10MVA. It consists of
fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the
mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption
chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these holes. A typical SF6 circuit
breaker consists of interrupter units. Each unit is capable of interrupting currents up to 60 KA and
voltage in the range 50-80 KV. A number of units are connected in series according to system voltage.
SF6 breakers are developed for voltages range from 115 to 500 KV and power of 10MVA rating and with
interrupting time of 3 cycles and less. Fig: SF6 circuit breaker
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input, say
above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high pressure. When if
the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if
the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually
seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to
any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any
fault occur alarm bell rings. The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv stations. The spring
here reduces the torque produced so that the breaker can function again. The spring type is used for
step down side of 132kv to 33kv also in 33kv to 11kv and so on. They are only used in low distribution
side.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER: Vacuum circuit breakers are the breakers which are used to protect
medium and high voltage circuit from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit
breakers, vacuum circuit breakers are literally break the circuit so that energy can not continue flowing
through it, thereby preventing fires, power surge and other problems which may emerge. These devices
have been utilized since the 1920s and several companies have introduced refinements to make them
even safer and more effective. Fig: vacuum circuit breaker
Batteries at sub-station Used of battery in sub-station: Storage battery system is used in emergency
situation for the working of electrical equipments:
 To open and close the switch gear
 For indication and control
 Emergency lighting
 Relay and interlocking equipments
 For working of alarm circuit.

CONCLUSION

It was indeed a pleasure to work in such cordial environment of Sunflag Iron & steel Co. Ltd.
Bhandara.

Practical knowledge is equally important as theoretical knowledge. Being an engineering

student it is important to know how industries work and I' m thankful to Sunflag Iron & steel Co.
Ltd. For giving me this opportunity.

The purpose of this project was to knowing your field a little more, to have practical knowledge
of your field. I'm truly grateful to everyone who helped me throughout this project.