PAPER II

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF INDIA - II

(Structure And Working of The Indian Constitution)

(Paper Code : K-2002)

The course shall comprise of the following

(1) Union Parliament : Organization, Procedure regarding Enactment of Legislation,

Parliamentary Privileges.

(2) Union Executive : The President, his Powers and Position including Ordinance

Making Power.

(3) Prime Minister and the Cabinet. Is the Prime Minister Real Head?

(4) Distribution of Legislative Powers between Union and the States. Territorial and

Topical Distribution of Powers. Power of Parliament to Legislate on State Matters.

Doctrine of Territorial Nexus. Doctrine of Pith and Substance, Doctrine of

Colourable Legislation.

(5) Emergency Provisions with Special References to Proclamation of Emergency and

President's Rule.

(6) Union Judiciary : Supreme Court of India. Composition and Jurisdiction

(7) Amendment of the Constitution. Power and Procedure; Basic Structure of the

Constitution.

Union Parliament

The Union Parliament of India, also known as the Indian Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of
the country. It is a bicameral legislature, which means it consists of two houses: the Rajya Sabha
(Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament, with a total strength of 245 members. Members of
the Rajya Sabha are elected by the state and territorial legislatures, with each state and union territory
having a fixed number of seats based on its population. Members of the Rajya Sabha serve a term of
six years, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.

The Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament, with a total strength of 545 members. Members of
the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India through a system of universal adult suffrage.
Members of the Lok Sabha serve a term of five years, unless the house is dissolved earlier.

The Parliament of India has a wide range of powers and responsibilities, including the power to make
laws on subjects listed in the Union List, Concurrent List, and State List of the Constitution; to approve
the budget; to oversee the functioning of the executive; and to impeach the President of India, the
Vice President of India, and judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.

The Indian Parliament meets in the Sansad Bhavan building located in the capital city of New Delhi.
The sessions of the Parliament are convened by the President of India, and are usually held in three
sessions in a year: the Budget Session (February to May), the Monsoon Session (July to September),
and the Winter Session (November to December).

Organization, Procedure regarding Enactment of Legislation, ?

Organization of the Union Parliament:

The Union Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the country and is composed of two
houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People).

The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of Parliament and is composed of a maximum of 245 members, of
which 233 are elected by the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union Territories, and 12 are
nominated by the President of India. Members of the Rajya Sabha serve a term of six years, with one-
third of the members retiring every two years.

The Lok Sabha is the lower house of Parliament and is composed of a maximum of 545 members, of
which 543 are directly elected by the people of India and two are nominated by the President of India.
Members of the Lok Sabha serve a term of five years, unless the house is dissolved earlier.

Procedure regarding Enactment of Legislation:

The process of enacting legislation in the Indian Parliament begins with the introduction of a bill in
either house of Parliament. A bill may be introduced by a member of Parliament or by a minister on
behalf of the government.

After the bill is introduced, it is referred to a standing committee for examination and report. The
standing committee may invite public comments on the bill before preparing its report. The report of
the standing committee is then presented to the house for consideration.

The bill is then discussed and debated in the house, and amendments may be proposed and discussed.
If the bill is passed by the house, it is sent to the other house for consideration. The other house may
either pass the bill with or without amendments, or reject the bill.

If the bill is passed by both houses of Parliament, it is sent to the President of India for assent. The
President may either give assent to the bill, withhold assent, or send the bill back to Parliament for
reconsideration.

Detailed Procedure for Enactment of a Bill in Parliament:

Introduction of the Bill: The process of enacting legislation in the Indian Parliament begins with the
introduction of a bill in either house of Parliament. A bill may be introduced by a member of
Parliament or by a minister on behalf of the government.

First Reading: After the bill is introduced, it is listed for the first reading. During the first reading, the
bill is introduced, and a copy of the bill is distributed to all members of the house.

Second Reading: After the first reading, the bill is listed for the second reading. During the second
reading, the bill is discussed and debated, and amendments may be proposed and discussed.

Referral to Standing Committee: After the second reading, the bill is referred to a standing committee
for examination and report. The standing committee may invite public comments on the bill before
preparing its report.

Report of Standing Committee: The report of the standing committee is presented to the house for
consideration. The house may either accept or reject the report, or refer the bill back to the standing
committee for further examination.

Third Reading: After the report of the standing committee is considered, the bill is listed for the third
reading. During the third reading, the bill is discussed and debated, and amendments may be
proposed and discussed.

Passing of the Bill: If the bill is passed by the house, it is sent to the other house for consideration. The
other house may either pass the bill with or without amendments, or reject the bill. If the bill is
passed by both houses of Parliament, it is sent to the President of India for assent.

Assent of the President: The President may either give assent to the bill, withhold assent, or send the
bill back to Parliament for reconsideration. If the President gives assent to the

Procedure regarding Enactment of Legislation ???????

The procedure for enacting legislation in the Indian Constitution is defined in Articles 107 to 111 and
196 to 200, and it involves several stages. The detailed procedure for the enactment of legislation in
the Indian Parliament can be summarized as follows:

Introduction of Bill: A bill is introduced in either house of Parliament by a minister, a private member,
or a committee of Parliament. In the case of a money bill, it can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha,
with the prior recommendation of the President.

First Reading: After the bill is introduced, it goes through the first reading in the house where it is
introduced. During this stage, the bill is not discussed, and it is printed and circulated among the
members.

Reference to Standing Committee: After the first reading, the bill is referred to a standing committee
for examination and report. The standing committee studies the bill and makes recommendations on
its provisions.

Presentation of Report: Once the report of the standing committee is presented to the house, the bill
is discussed and debated. Members of Parliament may propose amendments to the bill during the
debate.

Second Reading: After the debate, the bill goes through the second reading, where each clause is
discussed and voted upon. The members can propose amendments to each clause of the bill.

Third Reading: After the second reading, the bill goes through the third reading, where the members
vote on the bill as a whole. No amendments can be proposed at this stage.

Passing of Bill: If the bill is passed by the house where it was introduced, it is sent to the other house
for consideration. If the other house passes the bill without any amendments, it is sent to the
President for assent.

Consideration by Other House: The other house may accept the bill as it is, reject it, or propose
amendments to it. If the other house proposes amendments, the bill is sent back to the house where
it was originally introduced for consideration of the amendments.

Joint Sitting: If both houses of Parliament cannot agree on the provisions of the bill, a joint sitting of
both houses may be convened to resolve the differences.
Assent by President: If both houses of Parliament pass the bill, it is sent to the President for assent.
The President may give assent to the bill, withhold assent, or send the bill back to Parliament for
reconsideration. If the bill is sent back to Parliament for reconsideration, it may be amended or passed
again by both houses before it is sent back to the President for assent.

Enactment: After the President gives assent to the bill, it becomes an Act of Parliament and is
published in the Gazette of India.

In the case of money bills, the procedure is slightly different. Money bills can only be introduced in the
Lok Sabha, and after the bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha for its
recommendations. The Rajya Sabha must return the bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days, with or
without recommendations. If the Lok Sabha accepts the recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the bill
is deemed to have been passed by both houses of Parliament. If the Lok Sabha rejects the
recommendations of the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both houses in its
original form.

Parliament privilages ????

Parliamentary privileges refer to certain rights and immunities enjoyed by Members of Parliament
(MPs) in the Indian Parliament. These privileges are designed to protect the independence and dignity
of Parliament, and to ensure that MPs can carry out their duties without fear of intimidation or
obstruction. The parliamentary privileges are mentioned in Article 105 of the Constitution of India and
are as follows:

Freedom of Speech: MPs have the right to speak freely in Parliament, and no member can be arrested
or prosecuted for anything said or done in Parliament or its committees. This privilege is essential for
MPs to express their views freely and fearlessly without any fear of retaliation.

Freedom from Arrest: MPs cannot be arrested while going to, attending or returning from Parliament,
except in cases of serious offences such as murder, rape, etc.
Exemption from Jury Duty: MPs are exempted from serving on juries, which is in line with their duties
as representatives of the people.

Right to Punish for Contempt: Parliament has the power to punish individuals for contempt of the
House or its members. This privilege is necessary to ensure that the dignity and authority of
Parliament are maintained and to prevent anyone from undermining its functioning.

Right to Regulate Internal Affairs: Parliament has the right to regulate its own internal affairs, including
the conduct of its members. This privilege is necessary for the efficient functioning of Parliament and
the effective discharge of its responsibilities.

Right to Prohibit Publication: Parliament has the right to prohibit the publication of its proceedings or
reports of its committees, which are considered confidential. This privilege is important to ensure that
sensitive information is not disclosed to the public.

Right to Information: MPs have the right to seek information from the government on matters of
public interest, and the government is required to provide such information in a timely manner.

These privileges are essential for the smooth functioning of the Indian Parliament and are aimed at
protecting the dignity and authority of the House. However, these privileges are not absolute and are
subject to certain limitations. For example, the freedom of speech of MPs cannot be used to defame
individuals or institutions, and the power to punish for contempt cannot be used to stifle legitimate
criticism of Parliament. Moreover, the exercise of these privileges is subject to judicial review, and the
courts can strike down any action taken by Parliament that is found to be in violation of the
Constitution or the laws of the land.

Union Executive : The President, his Powers and Position including Ordinance

Making Power.

The President of India is the head of the Union Executive and is elected by an electoral college
consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament and members of the legislative assemblies of the
States. The President occupies a pivotal position in the Indian constitutional setup and is vested with
wide-ranging powers and functions.

Some of the powers and position of the President are as follows:

Executive Powers: The President is the executive head of the Union of India and has the power to
appoint the Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Governors of States, Judges of the Supreme Court
and High Courts, and other officials. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian
Armed Forces.

Legislative Powers: The President is an integral part of the Indian Parliament and can summon or
prorogue either House of Parliament or dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President also has the power to
address the Parliament, and his address is considered to be a policy statement of the government.

Financial Powers: The President has the power to make or promulgate ordinances when the
Parliament is not in session, provided there is an urgent need for legislation. The ordinances have the
same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but they need to be approved by Parliament within six
weeks of the reassembly.

Diplomatic Powers: The President is the head of the Indian state and represents the country in
international affairs. The President appoints ambassadors and high commissioners, receives foreign
dignitaries and can negotiate and sign treaties on behalf of India.

Emergency Powers: The President has the power to declare a national emergency if he is satisfied that
there is a threat to the security of the country or a part of it. The President can also declare a state of
emergency if there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State.

Judicial Powers: The President can grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment to persons
who have been convicted of offences under Union laws.

The President is also immune from legal proceedings during his term of office, and his actions cannot
be questioned in any court of law. However, the President can be impeached by Parliament for
violation of the Constitution or for any other high crime or misdemeanor.

In summary, the President of India occupies a prominent position in the Indian political system and is
vested with wide-ranging powers and functions. The power to promulgate ordinances is one of the key
powers of the President and is often used in cases of emergency or when Parliament is not in session.
The President is also immune from legal proceedings during his term of office and can be impeached
only for violation of the Constitution or for any other high crime or misdemeanor.

2nd answer

The President of India is the head of the Union Executive in India and is vested with a range of powers
and functions. These powers are enshrined in the Constitution of India, and the President is expected
to exercise these powers in accordance with the Constitution and the laws of the land.

The following are some of the key powers and position of the President of India:

Executive Powers: The President of India is the head of the executive branch of the Indian
government. The President has the power to appoint the Prime Minister, other ministers of the Union
Cabinet, the Attorney General of India, and other key officials. The President can also remove these
officials from their positions if he deems it necessary.

Legislative Powers: The President of India is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. The President
can summon or prorogue either House of Parliament or dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President can also
address both Houses of Parliament and his address is considered to be a policy statement of the
government.

Financial Powers: The President of India has the power to make or promulgate ordinances when the
Parliament is not in session. This power is vested in the President so that the government can take
urgent action on important issues when the Parliament is not in session. The ordinances have the
same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but need to be approved by Parliament within six weeks
of the reassembly.

Diplomatic Powers: The President of India is the head of the Indian state and represents the country in
international affairs. The President can appoint ambassadors and high commissioners, receive foreign
dignitaries, and negotiate and sign treaties on behalf of India.
Emergency Powers: The President of India has the power to declare a national emergency if he is
satisfied that there is a threat to the security of the country or a part of it. The President can also
declare a state of emergency if there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State.

Judicial Powers: The President of India can grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment to
persons who have been convicted of offenses under Union laws.

The power to promulgate ordinances is one of the key powers of the President. Ordinances are issued
by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers when Parliament is not in session.
Ordinances are temporary laws that have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but they
need to be approved by Parliament within six weeks of the reassembly. If the ordinance is not
approved by Parliament within this time, it ceases to have effect.

In conclusion, the President of India occupies a prominent position in the Indian political system and is
vested with wide-ranging powers and functions. The power to promulgate ordinances is one of the key
powers of the President and is often used in cases of emergency or when Parliament is not in session.
The President is also immune from legal proceedings during his term of office, and his actions cannot
be questioned in any court of law. However, the President can be impeached by Parliament for
violation of the Constitution or for any other high crime or misdemeanor.

3rd answer

The President of India is the head of the Union Executive in India and is vested with a range of powers
and functions as per the Constitution of India. The following are some of the key powers and position
of the President of India along with the relevant articles of the Constitution:

Executive Powers: The President of India is the head of the executive branch of the Indian
government. The President has the power to appoint the Prime Minister, other ministers of the Union
Cabinet, the Attorney General of India, and other key officials. The President can also remove these
officials from their positions if he deems it necessary. This power is enshrined in Article 75(1) and
Article 78 of the Constitution.

Legislative Powers: The President of India is an integral part of the Indian Parliament. The President
can summon or prorogue either House of Parliament or dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President can also
address both Houses of Parliament and his address is considered to be a policy statement of the
government. This power is enshrined in Article 85 and Article 87 of the Constitution.

Financial Powers: The President of India has the power to make or promulgate ordinances when the
Parliament is not in session. This power is vested in the President so that the government can take
urgent action on important issues when the Parliament is not in session. The ordinances have the
same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but need to be approved by Parliament within six weeks
of the reassembly. This power is enshrined in Article 123 of the Constitution.

Diplomatic Powers: The President of India is the head of the Indian state and represents the country in
international affairs. The President can appoint ambassadors and high commissioners, receive foreign
dignitaries, and negotiate and sign treaties on behalf of India. This power is enshrined in Article 53 of
the Constitution.

Emergency Powers: The President of India has the power to declare a national emergency if he is
satisfied that there is a threat to the security of the country or a part of it. The President can also
declare a state of emergency if there is a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State. This power
is enshrined in Article 352 and Article 356 of the Constitution.

Judicial Powers: The President of India can grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment to
persons who have been convicted of offenses under Union laws. This power is enshrined in Article 72
of the Constitution.

The power to promulgate ordinances is one of the key powers of the President. Ordinances are issued
by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers when Parliament is not in session.
Ordinances are temporary laws that have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, but they
need to be approved by Parliament within six weeks of the reassembly. If the ordinance is not
approved by Parliament within this time, it ceases to have effect.

In conclusion, the President of India occupies a prominent position in the Indian political system and is
vested with wide-ranging powers and functions. The power to promulgate ordinances is one of the key
powers of the President and is often used in cases of emergency or when Parliament is not in session.
The President is also immune from legal proceedings during his term of office, and his actions cannot
be questioned in any court of law. However, the President can be impeached by Parliament for
violation of the Constitution or for any other high crime or misdemeanor.

is Prime minister real head ?

Yes, as per the Constitution of India, the Prime Minister is the real head of the government in India.
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet collectively form the executive branch of the government, which is
responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country.

The following are some of the key points that establish the position of the Prime Minister as the real
head of the government:

Appointment: The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India, who acts on the advice of the
majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority
party in the Lok Sabha.

Powers and Functions: The Prime Minister has wide-ranging powers and functions, including the
power to recommend the appointment of other ministers to the President, the power to allocate
portfolios to ministers, and the power to preside over Cabinet meetings. The Prime Minister is also
responsible for the overall functioning of the government and is answerable to Parliament for the
same.

Collective Responsibility: The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, which means that all
members of the Cabinet are collectively responsible for all decisions taken by the government.
However, the Prime Minister is the leader of the Cabinet and is responsible for the overall functioning
of the government. In case of a disagreement within the Cabinet, the opinion of the Prime Minister
prevails.

Removal: The Prime Minister can be removed from his/her position by the President if he/she loses
the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha or if he/she resigns. The Prime Minister can also be
removed by the President on the recommendation of the Lok Sabha if he/she is found guilty of
violating the Constitution or for any other high crime or misdemeanor.

In conclusion, the Prime Minister is the real head of the government in India and has wide-ranging
powers and functions. While the Cabinet is collectively responsible for all decisions taken by the
government, the Prime Minister is responsible for the overall functioning of the government and is
answerable to Parliament for the same. The position of the Prime Minister is crucial in the Indian
political system, and his/her actions have a significant impact on the governance and administration of
the country.

Distribution of Legislative Powers between Union and the States ????

The Indian Constitution provides for a federal system of government, where the powers are divided
between the Union (central) government and the State governments. The distribution of legislative
powers between the Union and the States is outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

List I of the Seventh Schedule contains the Union List, which includes subjects on which the Union
government has exclusive power to legislate. Some of the important subjects in the Union List include
defense, foreign affairs, banking, currency, and inter-state trade and commerce. The Union
government can make laws on these subjects without the consent of the State governments.

List II of the Seventh Schedule contains the State List, which includes subjects on which the State
governments have exclusive power to legislate. Some of the important subjects in the State List
include public order and police, agriculture, health and sanitation, and local government. The State
governments can make laws on these subjects without the consent of the Union government.

List III of the Seventh Schedule contains the Concurrent List, which includes subjects on which both the
Union and the State governments can legislate. Some of the important subjects in the Concurrent List
include education, forests, criminal law, and adoption and succession. Both the Union and the State
governments can make laws on these subjects, but in case of a conflict, the law made by the Union
government prevails.

The following are some of the key provisions of the Constitution related to the distribution of
legislative powers:
Article 246: This article defines the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States
as outlined in the Seventh Schedule.

Article 248: This article empowers the Parliament to make laws on any subject, even if it is not
included in any of the lists, if it is in the national interest.

Article 254: This article deals with the situation where there is a conflict between the laws made by
the Union and the State governments. It states that if a law made by the State government is
repugnant to the law made by the Parliament on a Concurrent List subject, then the law made by the
Parliament prevails.

In conclusion, the distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States in India is
outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. The Union List, State List, and Concurrent List
provide for exclusive and concurrent powers to the Union and State governments to legislate on
various subjects. The Constitution also contains provisions to resolve conflicts between laws made by
the Union and the State governments.

Territorial and

Topical Distribution of Powers. ???

The Indian Constitution divides the powers between the Union and the States in two ways: territorial
distribution and topical distribution.

Territorial Distribution of Powers:

The Constitution of India divides the powers between the Union and the States on the basis of
territorial jurisdiction. The Union has the power to legislate on matters that affect the entire country,
while the State governments have the power to legislate on matters that affect their respective states.
The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution divides the powers between the Union and the States
in three lists:

(i) Union List: This list contains subjects that are exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Union
government, such as defense, foreign affairs, currency, etc.
(ii) State List: This list contains subjects that are exclusively under the jurisdiction of the State
governments, such as public order, agriculture, health, etc.

(iii) Concurrent List: This list contains subjects that are shared by both the Union and the State
governments and on which they can make laws. Examples include education, forests, criminal law, etc.

Article 246 of the Indian Constitution lays down the territorial distribution of powers between the
Union and the States. It provides that the Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect
to any matters enumerated in the Union List, while the State Legislatures have exclusive power to
make laws with respect to any matters enumerated in the State List. Both the Parliament and the State
Legislatures have the power to make laws on the subjects listed in the Concurrent List, but in case of a
conflict, the law made by the Parliament prevails.

Topical Distribution of Powers:

The Indian Constitution also divides the powers between the Union and the States on the basis of
topical jurisdiction. For instance, both the Union and the States can legislate on the subject of
education. However, the Union government can legislate on the establishment and maintenance of
the national-level educational institutions such as IITs and IIMs, while the State governments can
legislate on the establishment and maintenance of state-level educational institutions such as
universities and colleges.

Article 248 of the Indian Constitution provides that the Parliament has the power to make laws on any
subject for the whole or any part of the territory of India, if it is in the national interest to do so, even
if the subject matter is not enumerated in any of the lists mentioned above.

In conclusion, the Indian Constitution divides the powers between the Union and the States in two
ways: territorial and topical distribution of powers. The Union List, State List, and Concurrent List
provide for exclusive and concurrent powers to the Union and State governments to legislate on
various subjects. The Constitution also contains provisions to resolve conflicts between laws made by
the Union and the State governments.

power of Parliament to Legislate on State Matters ??/

As per the Indian Constitution, the Parliament has the power to legislate on State matters in certain
circumstances. This power is provided under Article 249 of the Indian Constitution.

Article 249 empowers the Parliament to make laws on any matter enumerated in the State List if it is
necessary in the national interest. This means that if the Parliament is convinced that a matter, which
is within the legislative competence of a State Legislature, needs to be regulated uniformly throughout
the country, it can make laws on that matter even if it is mentioned in the State List.

However, for the Parliament to exercise this power, two conditions need to be met. Firstly, the Rajya
Sabha must pass a resolution by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting declaring
that it is necessary in the national interest that the Parliament should legislate on the matter specified
in the resolution. Secondly, the law made by the Parliament on that matter will be in force only for a
period of not more than one year. The period can be extended by another year through a similar
resolution passed by the Rajya Sabha.

It is important to note that this power is an exception to the normal distribution of legislative powers
between the Union and the States under the Constitution. It is intended to deal with extraordinary
situations where the national interest demands uniformity in laws across the country. The power is
not meant to be used to override the powers of the States to make laws on matters in the State List.

Doctrine of Territorial Nexus. ???

The Doctrine of Territorial Nexus is a fundamental principle of jurisdiction, which states that a State
can only exercise its powers and authority within its territorial boundaries. This doctrine is an
important principle under the Indian Constitution, and it is reflected in several provisions of the
Constitution.

One of the key provisions that reflect the Doctrine of Territorial Nexus in the Indian Constitution is
Article 245. This article provides that the Parliament and the State Legislatures have the power to
make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India, as the case may be, subject to the
provisions of the Constitution.
Similarly, Article 246 of the Constitution provides for the distribution of legislative powers between
the Union and the States. The Union List, State List, and Concurrent List are the three lists under which
the legislative powers are divided. The Parliament has the power to make laws on subjects mentioned
in the Union List, while the State Legislatures have the power to make laws on subjects mentioned in
the State List. The Concurrent List contains subjects on which both the Parliament and the State
Legislatures can make laws.

The Doctrine of Territorial Nexus is also reflected in several other provisions of the Constitution, such
as Article 13, which provides that laws that are inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental
rights of citizens shall be void. This provision applies to laws made by the Parliament or the State
Legislatures, and it reinforces the principle that the exercise of legislative power must be within the
territorial nexus.

In summary, the Doctrine of Territorial Nexus is a fundamental principle of jurisdiction that underpins
the Indian Constitution. The Constitution provides for the distribution of legislative powers between
the Union and the States, with the principle that each State can exercise its powers and authority only
within its territorial boundaries. This ensures that the exercise of legislative power is consistent with
the constitutional principles of federalism and territorial integrity.