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Is Matter Around us Pure

Matter

Pure Substance Mixtures

Elements Compound Homogeneous Heterogenous

s mixture mixtures
(Solutions) (Suspension
and colloids)

Matter

Pure Substance Mixture

• A pure usbstance is one which is made • A mixture is one which contain two
up of only one kind of particles, which or more different kind of particles
are same in their chemical Nature. Example: Milk, Sugar solution
• All elements and compounds are pure minerals, petroleum,
substances LPG, Tap water, Tea,
Example: Hydrogen oxygen gold, Coffee.
Silver carbondioxide,
Sodium chloride

Elements
According to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier element is the Basic form of Matter, that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances chemical reaction.
Cannot be split up into two or more simple substance because it is made up of one kind of Atom.
“Elements are normally divided into metals and Non-metals and Metalloids”
Metals
A Metal is a substance, that is Malleable, and ductile and conduct electricity.
Example: Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Zinc, Gold, Silver etc.
All the metals are solid except one metal that is mercury which is liquid.

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Properties of Metals
1. They have a lusture (Shine): Gold, Silver, Copper are shiny metals (most metals are silver – grey
column)
2. They conduct heat and electricity, It means metals are generally good conductor of Heat, silver
metal is best conductor of heat.
• Copper and Aluminium Metals are also very good conductors of Heat, this is the reason
why cooking utensils are made up of copper and Aluminium.
Poorest Conductor of Heat among the Metals are lead and Mercury electric wires are
made up of copper and Aluminium Metal because they are good conductor
3. Metals are Generally Hard:
Most of metals are hard except sodium, Potassium. Metals like iron, copper, Aluminium etc. are
very hard
4. Metals are Malleable:
This means that metals can be beaten into sheets with a hammer, without breaking.
• Aluminium, Copper, gold, silver are highly malleable metals.
Example: Aluminium foils are used for packing food items like Biscuits, Chocolates etc.
“Malleability is an important Characteristic Property”
5. Metals are Ductile:
This means that Metals can be stretched into thin wires, gold and silver are best ductile metals.
Cu and Al are also very ductile so used in making electrical wires.
6. They are Sonorous:
Metals make a ringing sounds when we strike them, this is why metals are used for making bells,
musical instuments etc.
7. Non-Metal:
A Non-Metal is an element that is neither Malleable nor ductile and does not conduct electricity
Example: Carbon, Sulphur, Hydrogen, Oxygen etc.
Properties of Non-Metals
1. Non-Metals are Not-Mallable:
Non-metals cannot be beaten into thin sheets with a Hammer; Non-metals are Brittle, when
beaten with a hammer, they break into small pieces.
“Brittleness is chracteristic property of solid Non-Metal”

2. Non-Metals are Not-Ductile:

Metals cannot be drawn into wires,

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 Example: Sulphur and phosphorus are Non-Metals and they are Not Ductile
“Non-Metals are Nither Malleable nor Ductile”.

3. Non-Metals are Bad Conductor of Heat and Electricity:

Non-Metals do not allow, Heat and Electricity.
Example: Sulphur and Phosphorus are Non-Metals and they are bad Conductor of
Electricity.

4. Non-Metals are Not Sororous:

Solid Non-Metals do not Make Ringing sounds.

5. Non-Metals are generally soft:

Most of the solid Non-metals are of they can be easily cut using knife, but diamond is the
Hardest Natural substance.
6. Comparison Among the Properties of Metal and Non-Metal:

Metal Non-Metal
1. Metals are Malleable and ductile 1. Non-Metals are Brittle.
2. Metals are good conductor of 2. Non-Metals are Bad Conductors of
Heat and Electricity. Heat and Electricity.
3. Metals are lustrous (Shiny) 3. Non-Metals are Non-lustrous
4. Metals are Sonorous 4. Non-Metals are not Sonorous

Metalloids
Which show some properties of Metals and some properties of Non-metal
Metalloids are also sometimes called semi-metals
The important examples of Metalloids are
• Boron
• Silicon
• Germanium
You know What !
• Eleven Elements are in gaseous state at Room temp
• Mercury and Bromine are liquid at Room temp
• Gallium and Cesium become liquid at a temperature slightly above room temperature.
Compounds
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one
another in a fixed proportion.

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For example: Water (H2O) is a compound which is made up of two hydrogen and one oxygen
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is also a compound it is made up of one Nitrogen, four Hydrogen
and one Chlorine.
Difference Between Mixture and Compound
Mixtures Compound
1. A mixture can be separated into its 1. A compound cannot be
constituents by the physical process like separated into its constituents by
Filtration evaporation, sublimation etc. Physical process
2. A mixture shows properties of it’s 2. The properties of a compound
Constituents. are entirely different from
those of it’s constituents.
3. The composition of a mixture is variable, 3. The composition of a
the components can be present in any compound is fixed, Constituents are
proportion by mass present in fixed proportion by
mass

Mixtures
A mixture is a substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds are Not
chemically combined together.
Example: Air is a mixture of gases like oxygen, Nitrogen, argon, Carbondioxide
Type of Mixtures:
1. Homogeneous Mixture
2. Heterogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture is said to be Homogeneous if all the components of the mixtures are uniformaly
mixed and there are No boundaries of separation between them.
Example: Sugar in water, Salt in water.

Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture is said to be Heterogeneous if all the components of the mixture are Not uniformly
mixed and there are visible boundaries of separation between them.

What is a Solution ?
A solution is a Homogeneous Mixture of two or more substances.
Example: Lemonade, Sugar solution etc.

Components of Solution
1. Solvent 2. Solute

Solvent
The component of the solution that the dissolves the other component in it is called the solvent
(present in larger quantity)

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Properties of Solution
1. A solution is a Homogeneous mixture.
2. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm in diameter which cannot be seen by
naked eyes.
3. They do not scatter a Beam of light passing through the solution, that is they don’t show
tyndall effect. (so, the path of light is Not visible in a solution)
4. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration.
5. The solution is stable and solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed.

Type of a Solution

1. Solution of Solid in a Solid:

Metal alloys are the solutions of solid in solid For examples, Brass is a solution of Zinc in
Copper
Alloys are mixtures of two or more Metals or a Metal and a Non-Metal and cannot be
separated into their components by physical methods. But still an alloy is considered as
mixture, because it shows the properties of its constituents and can have variable
composition composition Brass is mixture of 30% Zinc, 70% Copper

2. Solution of solid in a Liquid:

• Sugar solution salt solution are the solution of solid in liquid.
• A solution of iodine in Alcohol called “Tincture of Iodine” is also a sol of solid in liquid.

3. Solution of liquid in a liquid:

Vingear is a solution of Acetic Acid in water

4. Solution of Gas in a liquid:

Soda-water is solution of carbondioxide gas in water.

5. Solution of Gas in Gas:

Air is a solution of gas like oxygen, argon carbondioxide and water vapour; in Nitrogen.
(Nitrogen is the solvent in Air and all other gases are solutes)

Concentration of a Solution:

1. Saturated Solution:
When no more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a given temperature; it is
called a saturated solution.

2. Unsaturated Solution:
When more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a given temperature, it is
called a unsaturated solution.

3. Solubility:
The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given temp is called its
solubility.

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Concentration of Solution
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount of a solution
(mass/volume)

Dilute Solution
The solution having small amount of solute is said to have low concentration it is known as a
Dilute Solution.
Concentrated Solution
The solution having a large amount of solute is said to be high concentration, it is known as a
concentrated solution.
Various ways of expressing the concentration of a solution.

Various ways of Expressing the Concentration of a Solution

i. Mass by mass Percentage of a solution
mass of solute
m/m% = × 100
mass of solution
Mass of solution = Mass of Solute + Mass of Solvent
Volume of solute
ii. Volume by volume percentage of a solution = × 100
Volume of solution
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
1. The solubility of solid in liquids usually increases on increasing the temperature and decreases
on decreasing the temperature.
2. The solubility of solid in liquid Remains un affected by change in pressure
3. The solubility of gases in liquids usually decreases on increasing the temperature and increases
on decreasing the temperature.
4. The solubility of gases in liquid increases on increasing the pressure, and decreases on
decreasily the pressure.
Suspension
A suspension is a Heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain
suspended throughout the Bulk of the medium.
Example: Chalk in Water, Smoke in the Air
Properties of a Suspension
1. It is a Heterogeneous mixture
2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the Nacked eyes.
3. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm
4. Solute settles down at the Bottom over a period of time.
5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, Solute and solvent gets separated.
6. A suspension seatlers a Beam of Light passing through it, (because its particles are quite large.)
that is it shows tyndall effect
7. But when the particles settle down, Suspension breaks and it does not scatler light any more.

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Colloids
Colloidal solution is Heterogeneous mixture in which the size of particle lies between true solution
and suspension.
Colloids appear to be Homogeneous, but actually they are found to Heterogeneous.
Properties of Colloidal Solution
1. The particles of colloid can’t be seen by Naked eyes individually.
2. It is a stable mixture particles do not settle down at the bottom over a period of time.
3. A colloidal solution appears to be Homogeneous but actully it is Heterogeneous.
4. Colloids are Big enough to scatter a Beam of Light passing through it and it’s path visible.
Tyndall Effect
The scattering of light by colloidal particles is know as Tyndall Effect
The Scattering of Light by Colloidal solution tell us that the colloidal particles are much Bigger than
the particles of true solution.
So a true solution can be distinguished from a colloidal solution by the fact that a true solution does
not scatter a Beam of light passing through it but a colloidal solution & scatters a beam of light
passing throught it.
Classification of Colloids
Colloids are classified according to the physical state of Dispersed phase (solute)
1. Sol:- Sol is a colloid in which tiny solid particles are dispersed in a liq medium.
Example: Soap solution, Milk of Magnesia, mud etc

2. Solid Sol:- Solid sol is a Colloid in which solid particles are dispersed in solid medium
Example: Colured gemstone (Ruby)
Milky glass.
3. Aerosol:- When solid or Liquid is dispersed in a gas.
Example: Smoke, Fog, Clouds, mist automobile

4. Emulsions:- An emulision is a colloid in which one liquid is dispersed in Another liquid

Example: Milk, Butter, Face cream etc.

5. Foam:- The Foam is a colloid in which a gas is dispersed in liquid medium

Example: Shaving cream.

6. Gel:- Semi- solid colloid in which there is a continuous network of solid particles dispersed in a
liquid.
Example: Jellies, Hairgels.

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Separation of Mixtures
• Different Methods of separation are used to get individual components from the mixture
• Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their respective constituents by simple physical
methods like
a) Handpicking b) Sieving c) Filtration
Separation Techniques
1) Evaporation 2) Centrifugation 3) Extraction
4) Chromatography 5) Distillation 6) Fractional Distillation
7) Crystalization 8) Magnetic Separation 9) Filtration
10) Sublimation.
Separation By Filtration
• The process of Removing insoluble solids from a liquid by using a filter paper is known as
Filtration.
• Filtration is used for separation insoluble substances from liquid.
a) A mixture of Sand and Water can also be Separated by filtration.
b) Sparation of used tea – leaves from prepared tea by the process of Filtration.
c) Water purification system in water works
i) The water from a River (Or lake) is pumped by the pumping station into a large reservoir
called sedimentation tank
ii) From sedimentation tank, water is sent tot
a loading tank; In loading tank some alum
is added to water and the suspended clay
particles in water get loaded with alum
particles, Become heavy and settle down at
the bottom of the tank.

d) Water is then passed through a

Filtration tank; Filtration tank has
three layers.
Fine Sand layer at the top, Coarse sand
layer in the middle and gravel at the
Bottom layer.
e) The clear water is then passed into a chlorination tank; chlorine is added to water to kill the
germs present in it.
f) The clean and disinfected water is then pumped by pumping station into a high storage tanks
from the high storage tanks, water is pumped to homes in the entire city.

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Separation By Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a method for separating the suspended particles of a substances from a liquid in
which the mixture is rotated at a high speed in a centrifuge Machine

The principle is that the denser particles are forced to the Bottom and lighter particles stay at
the top when spun rapidly.
Applications
➢ Used in Diagnostic lasoratories for Blood and Urine test
➢ Used in dairies and Home to separate Butter from cream.
➢ Used un washing Machines to squeeze out water from wet cloths.

Separation By Evaporation
➢ The changing of liquid into vapours is called evaporation.
➢ Evaporation is used to separate a solid substance that has dissolved in water/any liquid.
1. Common salt dissolved in water can be separated by the process of evaporation.
2. We can obtain coloured component (dye) from Ink.
i) Fill Half a Beaker with water
ii) Put a watch glass on the Mouth of the Beaker
iii) Put a few drops of ink on the watch glass
iv) Now start Heating the Beaker, we do not want the Heat the ink directly, you
will see the evaporation is taking place the water glass
v) Continue Heating as the evaporation goes on and Stop Heating, when you do not see any
further change on the water glass

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Separation By Extraction
A mixture of two immiscible liquid can be separated by using a separating funnel.

The Basic principle involve is the difference between the densities of two liquid form to separate
layer.
Steps of Separating Kerosene oil and water:-
1. Pour the mixture of Kerosene oil and water in separating Funnel.
2. Let it Stand undisturbed for sometime so that separate layers of oil and water are formed.
3. Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water carefully
Application
1. To separate mixture of oil and water
2. In the extraction of iron from it’s ore the lighter slag is removed from the top by this method to
leave the molten iron at the bottom in the furnance.
Separation By Crystallisation
The process of cooling a Hot, concentrated solution of a substance to obtain crystals called
crystallisation.
1. Used to remove impurities from solid and purify it.
2. It separate a pure solid from mixture in form of crystals.
3. This process is used in the purification of salt sea water.
Separation By Sublimation
1. This process is used to separate mixture that contain a sublimable volatile component from a
Non-Sublimable impurity
2. Sublimation is process where a substance directly changes from solid to gaseous state on
Heating.

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3. Ammonium chloride, Camphor, Naphthalene, Anthracene are some examples, which can
sublime easily.

Chromatography
1. Used to separate those solute, which dissolve in the same solvent.
2. Used for separation of colours.
3. The colours which are more soluble in water rises faster and colours get separated into layers.

Application
To separate
1) Colours in a dye
2) Pigments from Natural Colours.
3) Drugs from Blood
Separation By Distillation
Distillation is used for separation of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that Boils without
decomposition and have sufficient difference in their Boiling points.
Example: Mixture of Acetone and Water is separated by this method.

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Distillation is the process of Heating a liquid to form vapour and then cooling the vapour to get
liquid Balk.
Separation By Fractional Distillation
• Fractional distillation is the process of Separating two (or more) miscible liquid by
Distillation, for which the difference in Boiling point is less than 25K
• For fractional, distillation, a tube packed with glass beads are used (known as fractional
Column) is used
• Beads provide surface for the vapours to cool and condense Repeatedly.
Example: We can separate mixture of Alcohol and Water by Fractional distillation
• Boiling point of Alcohol in 78oC and the Boiling point of water is 100oC, and the gap
between the two liquids are 22oC

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Application of Fractional Distillation
1. Fractional Distillation is used to separate mixture of miscible liquid.
2. Fractional Distillation is used to separate crude oil “Petroleum”
3. Fractional distillation (of liquid air) is used to separate gases of the air.

Q. Name the technique to separate NCERT Exercise

(i) butter from curd,
(ii) salt from sea-water,
(iii) camphor from salt.
Sol. (i) Centrifugation,
(ii) Evaporation,
(iii) Sublimation.
Separation of Gas of the Air
Air is a mixture of gases like Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbondioxide, Helium, Neon, Krypton and
xenone etc.

• Major component of Air is Nitrogn, and Second major component of Air is Oxygen.
• The various gases of Air are Separated from one Another by the fractional distillation of
liquid Air.
• Liquid Air is an extremely cold liquid
• Liquid Air contains all the components of gases in the liquid form.
1. Air is first filtered to remove dust then water vapours and carbondioxide are removed.
2. Air is compressed to a High pressure and then cooled, Ultimately, the Air get so cold that it turn
into liquid.
3. The liquid Air is Fed into a tall fractional Distillation Coloumn
4. Liquid Nitrogen (present in liquid air) has lowest boiling point of −196°𝐶, so on warming liquid
nitrogen boils first to form nitrogen
5. Liquid oxygen has higher boiling point so, liquid oxygen boils of the last.

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Separation By a Magnet
Iron is attracted by a magnet.
This property of Iron is used to separate it from mixture. So, if a mixture contains iron as one of the
constituents, it can be separated by using magnet.

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 Important NCERT Questions
Q1. What is meant by a substance?
Sol. A pure substance consists of a single type of particles.
Q2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Sol.
Homogeneous mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures
It has uniform composition. It does not have a uniform composition.
No visible boundaries of separation. Show visible boundaries of separation.
They consist of only one phase. They consist of more than one phase.
Example : Sugar + water → sugar Example : Sugar + sand
solution

Q3. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at

293 K. Find its concentration at this temperature.
Sol. Mass of solute (sodium chloride) = 36 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 100 g
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
= 36 g + 100 g = 136 g
Mass of solute
Concentration = 100
Mass of solution

36
= 100 = 26.47%
136
Q4. Name the technique to separate
(i) butter from curd,
(ii) salt from sea-water,
(iii) camphor from salt.
Sol. (i) Centrifugation,
(ii) Evaporation,
(iii) Sublimation.
Q5. What type of mixtures are separated by the technique of crystallisation?
Sol. Crystallisation technique is used to purify solid with some impurities in it. Example: Salt
from sea-water.

Ab Phod Do!

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