Level 2 - H2S Certificate

We Have History to Be Proud Of
Since our establishment in 1981, Rutledge R

has an unblemished record for providing H2S
Safety Service for Upstream Drilling & u
Exploration activities. Well-known for
providing quality safety services, Rutledge T
had been entrusted by our clients to provide l
safety services for Downstream Refineries &
Petrochemical plants operation and E
construction; expanding Rutledge's reach
and operations. Rutledge has progressed D
from being a H2S service provider to a
solution provider. We aim to be the ONE-
G
STOP solution for all H2S and Safety needs. E
Leveraging on our experience and expertise, Rutledge has been pushing the
envelope to harness innovation and technology to enhance our capability and
capacity to provide the best H2S Safety Equipment. We are constantly work ing to
provide more cost-effective, efficient and highest quality H2S and Safety solutions
to our clients.
At Rutledge, we believe that a quality HSE system ensures safety. A

comprehensive procedural and reporting system for HSE Management was
developed by us to ensure that no compromises are made when it comes to safety.
Rutledge has a dedicated team of engineers who have worked in various

onshore/offshore installations: Land rigs , Jack-up rigs , Semi-submersibles, Drill
ships, Swamp Barges, Artificial Islands, etc. Even when subjected to dangerous
environments (over 40% H2S) and/or the harshest of weather elements, our
engineers endeavoured to provide the highest quality H2S Safety Services.
With our team of experienced , qualified and professional engineers and innovative
solutions, Rutledge has both the "software" and "hardware" to deal with every
safety-related need.
Rutledge is your trusted name in H2S Safety Services.

We are offering a variety range of services including one step Hydrogen Sulphide
(H2S) Safety Solution, our product line includes;
S 1. Upstream, Down Stream H2 S Detection and

Protection System Services
E H2S, Better to call
2. Drilling & Production Facilities HSE Services
R Rutled&a
3. Amgas H2S Removal Solutions (Scrubbers .
v
Scavengers)
I
4. Corrosion Monitoring & Maintenance Solutions
c 5. APR Tube Inspection System
E
S ] 6. Fire Fly Remote Ignition Critical Well Safety
7. Air Pointer Air Quality Monitoring
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We Deliver Confidence
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Abstract
Anyone who has worked in the Oil , Gas and Petrochemical Industry even for a short
time is aware that there are many different hazards present at Exploration ,
Production, and at Refining Facilities.
A safety Conscious worker may find many ways to identify these hazards. Once a
hazard is recognized it is a fairly routine procedure to take the necessary precautions
in order to protect yourself, as long as a proper system and safety equipment is in
place.
However, there are hazards found at some locations which are not easily
recognized.
Over the years, Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) has killed many workers in the Oil & Gas
and Petrochemical Industries. Many of the victims were unaware of the deadly
concentrations of gas present since it is invisible and deadens the sense of smell at
higher concentrations. However, many other victims were aware that H2S was
present and they simply failed to take the appropriate precautions.
The objective of this booklet on H2S safety is to make you aware of how to recognize
the presence of H2S at your work area and how to work safely around H2S.
Rutledge E & P Pte Ltd present th is Information to support you so that you will fulfil
training requirements of API RP 49, ANSI -Z-390.1, OPITO, OSHA and other
regulatory standards.
All Personnel including employees, service company hands, contractors and sub-
contractors working in an area where the concentration of H2S or S02 may reach or
exceed the OSHA permissible exposure limits must be provided with H2S training
prior to beginning the work or assignment.
Companies are responsible for ensuring the ir employees receive an accredited

course in H2S safety from a qualified Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) safety instructor.
All H2S training information must be documented and the appropriate records
retained by the employers for a minimum of one (01) Year. ANSI-490.1
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COURSE OUTLINE
~ Upon completion of this course you should know:
It's all about Hydrogen Sulfide {H2S)

What is H2S
• Different Names for H2S
• How H2S Forms
• Pro perties and Characteristics
• Ha za rdous By-products
• H2S Risk Location s
• Effects of Exposure- How H2S affects the human body
• Occupationa l Exposure Limits
• Factors Affecting Individual Health
).- Upon completion of th is course you should be familiar with:
It's all about Working Safely around Hydrogen Sulfide {H2S)
• H2S detection & monitoring equipment

• How to use H2S detectors
• Factors Affecting Detection
• Respiratory Protection -locations and use
• Confined Spaces
• Engineering Controls
• Contingency Plans
• Rescue Techniques
• First Aid and med ical follow-up
• Safe Work Practices for H2S Environm ents
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Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is a deadly gas which is made
up of two (02) atoms of Hydrogen (H) and one (01) atom
of Sulphur (S).
It has many names: scientific names
• H2S
• Di Sulphur Hydride
• Sulphur Hydride
• Di Hydrogen mono Sulphide
• Sulphureted Hydrogen
• Hydro sulphuric Acid
You may also refer to the common names such as;

• Sour Gas
• Sewer Gas
• Swamp Gas
• Rotten Egg Gas
• Stink Damp
In industry the name most commonly used is H2S.
How Does H2S Form?
H2S is formed when bacteria break down the

Sulphur rich proteins which are found in dead
plants and animals. Although this can happened
regardless of whether oxygen is present, bacteria
tends to produce more Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) in
stagnant, low oxygen environments such as
swamps, septic tanks, bottom of oil production
tanks.
Since oil and gas are also created from organic

Natural Sources
materials trapped in sediments, Hydrogen
Sulphide (H2S) is often found in association with
Hydrocarbon bearing formations .
When Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is found in

formations it is usually created simultaneously with
the Oil & Gas However, it is possible for the
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) to be created later by
chemical or bacteria introduced in to the formation
during production operations such as acidizing or
water flooding. When this process starts it usually
develops slowly, increasing the concentration of
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) over its production lines.
Industrial Sou~
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Characteristics and Properties
In order to work safely around Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), one should be aware of its
properties and Characteristics.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) has a comb ination of Properties and Characteristics that
make it a difficult chemical to deal with;
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Behaviour of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Agitation Increase in Temperature
Increase in Temperature Decrease in Pressure
Remember:
1;;.Even at 0 degrees C, H2S can dissolve into fresh water, at a ratio of 4:1.
1
~ This process can reverse itself when the liquid carrying dissolved H2S is subjected to
Agitation, Increase in Temperature or Decrease in Pressure
Factors Affecting Hydrogen Su lphide (H2S) Behaviour

1. Nature of Source
2. Topography
3. Atmospheric Conditions
4. Dispersion, Dilution, Diffusion
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Corrosion
The fact is that Hydrog en Sulphide (H 2S) is
corrosive to certain metals such as iron , copper
and silver. Since equipment used in drilling,
production and refinery is primarily comprised of
Steel and Iron, corrosion can cause significant
operational problems.
"Corrosion is the gradual destruction of material,

usually metals, by chemical reaction with its
environment".
Corrosion Principal
The corrosion of materials used in any industry

where there is a presence of H2S is of major
concern .
Corrosion is a continual natural process of

energy transfer from a high energy state to a
lower more stable energy state. This depicts the
transfer from a stable naturally occurring oxide
form of iron through the process of extracting the
elemental metallic iron to the formation of man
usable products and then the subsequent
reversion back to the stable oxide by the
corrosion process of rusting (oxidizing).
Corrosion Types
There are many different corrosion types but

within the scope of this course we shall look at
only the following :
• Microbiological (MIC)
• Sulphur Stress Cracking
• Hydrogen Induced Cracking I Hydrogen
Embrittelement
• Decarbonisation
• Pitting Corrosion
Microbial Induced Cracking (MIC)

Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC) is a
form of corrosion that results from the presence
of aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria, which leads
to the classification:
• Aerobic corrosion
• Anaerobic corrosion
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Where aerobic corrosion occurs when oxygen is
present in the surrounding environment and
anaerobic corrosion occurs when oxygen is
absent from the surrounding environment.
The aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that are
involved in microbiologically induced corrosion
can usually be found in coexistence and one can
be dependent or independent of the others
presence.
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB} have three
main features to their physiology: they are
anaerobic, their growth is restricted to the
availability of the necessary nutrients and they
produce hydrogen sulfide.
SRB's obtain their energy from the anaerobic

reductions of sulfates. Sulfates are available in
most waters due to outside contamination. This
bacteria contains an enzyme (hydrogenise) that
enables it to use elemental hydrogen generated
at the cathodic site to reduce sulfate to hydrogen
sulfide.
The highly localized corrosion is typical of that resulting from microbial action. One of
the features of this type of attack are the elongated pits wh ich tunnel into the
specimen often in an irregular manner. The pit was one of several located near the
gas I water interface. The vessel was left for a prolonged period in a shut-in (static}
condition which promoted the growth of bacteria and highly localized corrosive
attack. Sulfate Reducing Bacteria was suspected due to the combination of sulphate
species in the water and anaerobic conditions. The corrosion was mitigated by a
closer control of operating cond itions and chem ica l treatment but several portions or
the tank had to be replaced .
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) as a Result of Sulphur Reducing

Bacteria's (SRB)
Chemically, sulfate consists of one sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms.
SRB strip away the four oxygen atoms leaving the sulfur atom in a form known
chemically as sulfide. The four oxygen atoms are used to change carbon into carbon
dioxide. Rare ly, the oxygen atoms may be used to convert hydrogen into water.
When the oxygen consumed by bacteria or by chemical interactions is greater than

the oxygen input into the water, a lowering of the dissolved oxygen content will
create a state of "Oxygen Deficiency". In stagnant waters this may result in
anaerobic conditions and consequently in the growth of SRBs. These bacteria make
use of sulphur-bound oxygen instead of free oxygen for their metabolic processes
leading to the formation of H2S and other bacterial products.
The following nutrients originating from a carbon energy source in the water promote
SRB:
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• Organic matter (oil or lower fatty acids which are abundant in formation water)
• S03 - Sulphite which is abundant in seawater
The Above Reaction is How SRB's derive their energy

• Hydrogen is obtained from the pipes surface, leaving the pipe exposed for
corrosion by H2S
• It is believed that all H2S origin under 150C is produced by Bacteria
SRB can attack:

• Iron
• Stainless Steel
• Copper
• Concrete
• Aluminum
SRB's Environmental Ranges
Temperature -SoC to 1OOoC

Range:
Pressure Range Vacuum to 8. 700psi
Salinity Levels: Zero to 10% Salt Solution
pH Range 50 to 9.5
Required
--
Sulphur source, Hydrogen (on pipeline surface). Can reduce Nitrates
[ Nutrients to form Ammonia, if Sulphur is not available
------- ------
SRB "Spores"
• SRB's create spores, or seeds, when environmental conditions are not correct for
them to function
• Spores can lay dormant (1 ,000's of Years) until the environment is right for them to
bloom into SRB's again (Sulfur & Hydrogen Source availability)
• Spores are transported by Equipment, Service Companies, Treatment Fluids, Soil,
Air, Sea Spray, Water, and Other Organisms
• Pipe can be infected before it is put into service
Loss of Wall Thickness

The basic reaction of hydrogen sulphide on iron in the
presence of moisture is:
Fe + H2S ---------------> FexSx + 2H

Although iron is used in this example, many other
metals and metallic alloys react in basically the same
way to form metallic sulphides. The metallic sulphide is
usually deposited as a black powder or scale (iron
sulphide) which is insoluble in oil or water. This
wearing away or destruction of the metal from the
surface inwards is called corrosion.
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There are two types of metal loss corrosion by HzS on
steel:
In the presence of water an acidic solution results

which causes general metal loss and loss of strength.
Pitting or localized corrosion which can cause rapid
penetration of the metal.
Pitting Corrosion
If the iron sulfide scales break down locally and the

exposed fresh metal areas may actively corrode
leading to a severe form of corrosion pitting.
High concentrations of chloride ions, elemental sulfur,
settled solids and oxygen are among the known
causes of iron sulfide scale break down. Carbon
dioxide can also severely increase both general and
pitting corrosion.
Metal sulfide film is marginally protective: Not
coherent I easily detached, tends to crack and spall,
leads to continuous re-exposure of fresh metal to
corrosion processes.
If oxygen and I or carbon dioxide are not present the
corrosive effects can be much less severe as to form a
film of iron sulfide that tends to retard corrosion . If
carbon dioxide is present it combines with water to
form carbonic acid. This acid reacts with the steel to
eat it away along with any sulfide films that may be
developing and it is a source of hydrogen atoms for
hydrogen embrittlement. Without the protective sulfide
layer corrosion can then proceed unchecked.
The rusting or oxidation of steel is accelerated by HzS as it reacts with the oxide to
form iron sulfide and water. The combined effects of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide
for corrosion is thus more severe than for either -alone. Copper, zinc and some of
their alloys (brass, bronzes, etc.) are rapidly consumed by HzS corrosion. This
should be considered when employing gauges, valves and metering equipment.
Copper tubing 's and gauge bourdon tubes should be substituted with austenitic
stainless steel. Aluminum bronze is an exception as it is resistant to hydrogen
sulfide attack.
Decarburization
Decarburization is the decrease of the carbon content
of (the surface of) a steel due to interactions with the
environment at elevated temperatures.
Carbon has a large influence on the mechanical

properties of the steel. The decreasing carbon content
causes a degradation of these properties, as the
hardness as well as the strength decrease. However,
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the elongation of the metal when subjected to a tensile
stress increases.
Any compound that can influence the carbon level of

the steel will influence the mechanical properties of the
steel. Examples are carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide
and hydrogen gas.
Any compound that can influence the carbon level of

the steel will influence the mechanical properties of the
steel. Examples .are carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide
and hydrogen gas.
Carburization attack can occur in hot regions where

compounds containing carbon give rise to carbide
formation on the metal surface. If this layer diffuses for
an appreciable distance into the metal and hydrogen is
produced in the combustion process or in a
subsequent process such as steaming, the formation
of methane in the carburized surface layer can lead to
physical disintegration of the surface.
Massive carburization occurred in service due to upset conditions in an ethylene

furnace. Conditions that caused the failure included excessive temperature in
combination with high carbon activity in the process. The attack resulted in the
formation extensive surface carburization and severe grain boundary carbides, which
progressed through the material from the 1.0. surface. These changes in
microstructure resulted in severe embrittlement of the tubing and premature failure .
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)

Wet H2S cracking can occur in susceptible
steels exposed to aqueous environments
containing hydrogen sulfide. It is a form of
hydrogen-related cracking and can have two
distinct morphologies: The first type is
commonly referred to as Hydrogen Induced
Cracking (H IC) and can occur where little or
no applied or residual tensile stress exists.
It is manifested as blisters or blister cracks

oriented parallel to the plate surface
producing an array of blister cracks linked in
the through thickness direction by trans-
granular. cleavage cracks. This type of
cracking is referred to as Stress Oriented
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (SOHIC).
SOH IC can have a greater effect of

serviceability than HIC since it effectively
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reduces load carrying capabilities to a greater
degree.
In simple words we can say that;
The process whereby steel components

become less resistant to breakage and
generally much weaker in tensile strength.
While embrittlement has many causes, in the
oil field it is usually the resu lt of exposure to
gaseous or liquid hydrogen sulfide H2S.
On a molecular level, hydrogen ions work
their way between the grain boundaries of
the steel, where hydrogen ions recombi ne
into molecular hydrogen (H2), taking up more
space and weakening the bonds between the
grains.
The formation of molecular hydrogen can
cause sudden metal failure due
to cracking when the metal is subjected to
tensile stress.
Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC)

The hydrogen atoms embrittle the steel at
location. With high stress and a susceptible
microstructure th is leads to cracking of the
steel and sudden failure .
This is of paramount concern to both

geothermal and oilfield-drilling operators
drilling in formations known or even
suspected of containing hydrogen sulfide. It
is a combination corrosive fatigue failure
of metals subjected to static stresses in a corrosive environment. The metal will often
fa il catastrophically in a brittle manner after performing adequately for an extended
period of time.
The way in which this fa ilure occurs is as follows:

Atomic hydrogen (H), the smallest of all atoms is one of the products of most
corrosion reactions. It can be absorbed by and diffuse through steel and other
metals. which is too large to be absorbed by the metal lattice, and it bubbles off as a
gas. In the presence of sulfide, however, the hydrogen remai ns in the atomic form
for a long time and hence has a much greater chance of being absorbed. The
hydrogen, once absorbed, becomes entrapped in micro voids caused by stress or
crystal defects and accumulates, building pressure until the combined stress of the
atomic hydrogen and the applied load exceed the yield strength of the metal. The
metal will deform, if ductile, or shear I fracture in a brittle fashion if high strength.
Tool joints are more frequently attacked than other components of the drill stem with
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failures occurring at the last engaged thread of the pin or at the base of the pin.
Sometimes longitudinal splits in a thread box will occur. Failures in the threads of drill
collars, subs, core barrels and at the run out of the upset in the body of the drill pipe
have been recorded.
Lab tests have shown that a sulfide concentration as low as 1 - 5 ppm will ultimately
cause fracture in high strength steels. Specimens that do not fa il in two years in a
carbon dioxide salt environment fail in less than an hour in a hydrogen sulfide salt
environment at the same pH level.
Sulfide stress cracking failure in metal is sudden and results in the complete
separation of the pipe. The fracture is characteristically perpendicular to the principal
stress, of a flat brittle nature with granular lines outwards from the tu bular center. A
smooth ring of ductile failure is normally found around the innermost portion of the
fractured pipe because the hydrogen had not accumulated there in large enough
quantities to embitter the pipe prior to failure .
Limiting the hardness to Rockwell HRC-22 (Brinnel 237) and the yield strength to
less than 95,000 psi can minimize the hazards of sulfide stress cracking in steel.
Close observation of normalizing, tempering and stress relieving are necessary to
prevent failures. In trials by Shell, the above limits were successfully extended up to
110,000 psi yield strength with HRC - 26 steel that had been properly quenched and
tempered. Also at elevated operating temperatures above 1600 F, higher tensile
strength steels have been used safely.
NOTE!!
If the chloride content of well fluid is high enough there is a form of failure that can
occur to austenitic stainless steels. It is called Chloride Stress Cracking and failure
will occur in much the same way as Sulfide Stress Cracking.
Sulfidation
The exposure of a metal to pure sulfur or sulfur compounds results in the formation
of a sulfide film , which - depending on its particular structure - can be protective
(although generally speaking sulfide films are less protective than oxide scales as
they crack and spall more easily). The sulfides do not normally form coherent,
continuous layers and do easily become detached from the metal surface. Some
sulfides have low melting points, or form low melting point eutectics with the metal
and in these cases attack is rapid above a critical temperature, usually ta king the
form of intergranular crack formation . For nickel this critical temperature is 645oc
and for iron it is 998°C.
In situations where water condensates, sulfurous and sulfuric acids will be formed .
Sulfur can diffuse through a protective alumina or chromium oxide film , forming
sulfide precipitates immediately beneath the oxide scale. These sulfides can be
oxidized preferentially so that the sulfur can diffuse deeper into the substrate,
forming sulfide once more. This process will result in finger-like protrusions of
oxide/sulfide, reducing the load bearing section or forming high-localized stress
fields.
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Sulfur compounds can also condense with moisture on the cooler parts of
combustion furnaces or exit fl ues and give rises to "dew point corrosion" due to the
formation of corrosive acids.
Definition of Sour Service
• The definition of sour service (of equipment) is historically linked to the

amount of H2S which can cause sse.
• The NACE guideline MR-01-75 states that SSC is considered possible when
the partial H2S gas pressure (= mol% x total pressure) exceeds 0.05psi
(0.0034 bar).
• Liquids in equilibrium with such gas are also considered to be sour.
• Systems with a total pressure less than 65psi for gas systems or 265psi for oil
systems are therefore considered outside the scope of this document.
• For tub ing and casing, more susceptible grades of steel are allowed for
temperatures above 80°C.
• For HIC there is no international standard.
• Some Oil Companies adhere to the policy that HIC can occur in water-
containing liquids in equilibrium with partial H2S gas pressures exceeding
0.05psi, as above, but without any exemptions for lower pressures or high
temperature because of lack of evidence to th is effect. Hardness of maximum
22 Rockwell C or 237 Brinell is recommended for sour service .
•
Common Pit Falls with Materials in Sour Service
• The name "H2S-resistant steel" refers to resistance to sulphide stress cracking
(SSC) only and the use of such steel gives no protection at all against pitting
corros ion .
• The NACE guideline does not address the risk of HIC and compliance with
MR-01-75 gives no protection against HIC. ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-
OFF SHORE APPLICATIONS.
• NACE MR01 03- ONSHORE PROCESS PLANTS. Both cover carbon; duplex
and stainless, steel, nickel and aluminum alloys. Both deal with SSC and
HSC.
Measurement Parameters
Part per Million (PPM) or Percentages (%)
Two different scales are commonly used to measure hydrogen sulphide

concentrations. Most of us are already fam iliar with the percentage (%) scale. It
divides the tota l into 100 parts and tells us in "Parts per Hundred (%)", how much
of the tota l we are looking at.
When we deal with the effects of hydrogen sulphide on the human body, we have to
use a measurement scale that divides the total mass into much, much smaller units.
For this purpose the "Parts per Million (PPM)" scale is used. It divides the tota l into
1,000,000 parts.
=
1% 10,000ppm
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Concentration in Air (CIA) and Process Streams (CIPS)
• H2S can be measured by testing the

atmosphere that the H2S has been released
into. This measurement will give you a
Concentration in Air (CIA) reading . The
accuracy of a CIA reading is subject to:
• How near to the release the reading was taken
• What instrument and method was used
• Physical condition of equipment
• Where the instrument was positioned in
regards to the wind
• Velocity of the release
• Dispersion and Dilution
H2S readings taken directly from gaseous process

streams (pipelines, headers, etc.) are much more
specific as they are not subject to atmospheric
conditions. These are called Concentration in Process Stream (CIPS). Some
process streams differ in content, so different measurement techniques must be
employed such as purging process samples with nitrogen to strip the gas or a simple
"T" tube test with a reliable reagent tube and pump.
Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL).
Acceptable concentrations of hydrogen sulfide gas to which workers may be

exposed to are set out by The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA).
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) also
has limits.
This standard has been established and adopted universally for Occupational
Exposure Limits (OEL).
Normally fit workers can safely work in an H2S atmosphere with no physiological
effects provided they are within the following parameters:
PEL/TWA (Permissable Exposure Limit, time weighted average) OHSA

This is used when referring to airborne concentrations of substances that would be
acceptable for a worker to be exposed to without any adverse effects, over an 8
hour/day 5 day work week.
For hydrogen sulfide, at this time the PEL-TLV is 10 ppm (OSHA).
TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value, time weighted average) ACGIH

This is used when referring to airborne concentrations of substances that would be
acceptable for a worker to be exposed to without any adverse effects, over an 8
hour/day 5 day work week.
For hydrogen sulfide, at this time the TLV-TWA is 1 ppm (ACGIH).
TLV-STEL Threshold Limit Value; Short Term Exposure Limits:

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These are used when calculating the concentration a worker may be exposed to, for
a maximum of 15 minutes and not more than 4 times in any working day without any
adverse effects.
For hydrogen sulfide the TLV-STEL is 15 ppm (OSHA)
TLV-C Threshold Limit Value; ceiling:

This is the conce ntration , which a worker may not exceed "even for an instant."
For hydrogen sulfide the TWA-C is 20 ppm (OSHA).
I.D.L.H Limit: Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

This refers to a hazardous atmosphere where a person without adequate respiratory
protection may be fatally injured or suffer immediate, irreversible or incapacitating
health effects. For Hydrogen Sulfide the IDLH limit is 100ppm (NIOSH)
I I
ACG1H.
.............,
~-,.,..,_.... .....
nv 1 TWA
1 PPM
sTu
5 PPM
ecmng c I
TLV I 'TWA ~ I ~EL •Collin& C ·j

lOPPM
Remember!!
• Immediate Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) = Local Regulations

100 PPM (For all Standards) NIOSH The guidelines and charts for
• As a component of a mixed gas stream that is
physiological effects vary and differ
lighter than air, the gas may rise , not fall .
depending on the standards used in
• If released from pressurized containment, it can
be expected to be present wherever the gas different parts of the world.
stream is directed . It is important that all supervisory
• If significantly warmer than the ambient air, H2S personnel know the local statutory I
mixtures can be expected to rise , even if they are
legal requirements when working in
normally heavier than the ambient air. This is a
common occurrence in winter, when ambient an area that may be contaminated
temperature is much lower. with H2S.
• If you are near an oil and gas facil ity, check the
There may be minimum
wind directions by looking at windsocks, weather
vanes, tape, tree, smoke etc. These are all good requirements regarding PPE in
indicators of wind direction. If H2S is present, rt relationship to actual or expected
will move downwind . Staying upwind of a facility in H2Stoxicity levels.
the event of a leak should help keep you out of
danger.
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• H2S is heavier than air. This means the gas may collect in low-lying areas or be
trapped by buildings, natural barriers or other confined spaces. In the event of a
leak, go to high ground upwind from the source of the H2S. If downwind , head in
a direction that takes you crosswind.
Hazardous By-Products of Hydrogen Su lfide Pyrophoric iron

sulfide (FeS)
Iron sulfide is formed the internal surfaces of carbon

steel when it comes into contact with H2S in the
absence of oxygen. Any iron oxide on the internal
surfaces will react with the H2S and form pyrophoric iron
sulfide. When formed as a corrosion product in this way
it is usually very finely divided and oxidizes rapid ly on
exposure to the oxygen in air. This generates a lot of
heat and pyrophoric iron sulphide can auto-ignite. This
can cause an explosion or fire if hydrocarbons together
with air are present. The chemical reactions are
complex but can be simplified to (chemically
unbalanced):
-==~)• FexSx + H20

--....;)• FexOx + S02 + Heat
Even if hydrocarbons are not present, the exothermic
oxidation of pyrophoric iron sulphide can generate
enough heat to damage the equipment.
Pyrophoric iron sulphide can form even at very low H2S concentrations (<0.1 ppm)
as long as the partial pressure of H2S exceeds the partial pressure of oxygen in the
environment.
The amounts formed wi ll of course be reduced if the internal surfaces are cleaned
regularly and kept relatively free of iron oxide by removing the water produced during
the reaction. Iron sulfides formed at high temperatures are more reactive (oxidative)
than iron sulfides formed at low temperatures.
Some likely places of accumulation of PIS are:
• Wire line lubricators (retrieval of wire line fishes, mill scale from tubing)
• Filters
• Vessels
• Pipelines and pig retrievers
• Vent and flare systems
• Storage tanks
Whilst steps can be taken to reduce the formation of pyrophoric iron sulphide, it must
never be assumed that there can be an absolute prevention of the reaction .
Any equipment constructed of carbon steel which is or has been in contact with sour
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hydrocarbons should be treated as if it contained pyrophoric iron sulphide.
Handl ing Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide

Opening up to atmosphere
Great care should be taken when opening up
equipment to the atmosphere. Oxygen will react
with the pyrophoric debris in an environment
which is not yet hydrocarbon-free and can cause
an explosion and fire . Even when hydrocarbons
are removed the pyrophoric debris can start
burning spontaneously.
One should remember that in pyrophoric matter,
combustible material and ignition source are
combined and will react in the presence of
oxygen.
Removal of hydrocarbons by (nitrogen purging of
gas systems) will remove the danger of explosion
but not necessarily the danger of fire.
Dampening down with water will retard the reaction and allow safe removal of the
debris. This may be the only practical method in large installations, ie storage tanks.
In certain applications however the introduction of water is not permissible, in sour
systems from a corrosion point of view, and in cryogenic systems due to the risk of
process freezing.
The best way to deactivate the deposits is to follow the nitrogen purge with a mixture
of 5 per cent oxygen in nitrogen which allows controlled oxidation .
Chemical companies offer solutions such as Hydrogen Peroxide and Potassium

Permanganate, both strong oxidizers, to be applied to the iron sulfide in controlled
circumstances. The waste being acceptable for standard disposal.
Rem ova 1/conta in ment

Each case should be judged on its own merits, but most important is that no ignition
takes place.
Although the introduction of water for dampening down may be prohibited in view of
possible corrosion, this may still be a feasible option in certain parts of a plant.
The use of water may be prohibited in a launcher because of its inclination but it is
possible to dampen down a receiver (where after all any debris is received) because
of its declination. Special attention should in this case be paid to wetting of collection
trays .
Vent and flares in sour service should be purged at all times during normal
operations to prevent introduction of oxygen and special measures should be taken
wherever this purge is interrupted or discontinued.
When a plant is shut down for a longer period the vent and flare lines should be
purged and blinded off. Vent and flare lines which had been nitrogen purged and
spaded off have been observed to glow cherry red after a spool had been removed
for modifications.
Special care should be taken while opening up fixed or floating roof oil storage tanks.
Mixing of sludge with the crude oil and flushing with water will at least avoid a
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hydrocarbon air mixture with the pyrophoric debris.
For equipment temporarily out of operation (centrifugal compressor) a continuous
purge under slight overpressure may give adequate protection.
Transportation, Storage and Disposal

It is important that any pyrophoric debris remains wet, preferably submerged in
water, throughout the period of storage and transportation from the worksite to the
designated safe area for its disposal.
Transportation should be in a watertight metal container. The container used for
transporting the pyrophoric debris should be clearly identified and must never be
transported together with flammable materials.
It is also good practice to pack equipment, such as filter elements which may contain
pyrophoric debris in plastic bags to keep oxygen away.
One way of disposal is to dump the pyrophoric debris in a dedicated safe location
exposing it to the atmosphere and oxidizing it.
Note: One of the products of this oxidation is S02 which also provides a health
hazard .
S02- Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur Dioxide S02 is one of the products formed when compounds containing sulfur,
such as H2S and fossil fuels are burned in the atmosphere and it is also formed
when pyrophoric iron sulfide oxidizes. It is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a
strong suffocating pungent odor. It is a respiratory irritant and causes coughing , an
increase in sputum production and bronchial constriction at low concentrations.
Tightening of the chest and difficulty in breathing are two symptoms of sulfur dioxide
poisoning.
l
-
ACGIH'
..............
----'----
,
____,,....
0 .25 PPM
Ceiling C
I STEL I Ceiling C1 j
5 PPM
Immediate Dangerous To Life and Health (IDLH) = 100 PPM

For all Standards (NIOSH)
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Health Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
H2S in small concentrations is broken down by the
body into harmless sulfates, but when the level of
concentration is acute, the body cannot break down
the compound fast enough and paralysis of the
resp iratory system occurs.
There are two types of Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide on

human body;
1. Acute Effects
2. Chronic Effects
Route of entry is primarily via Inhalation through the

nose & mouth.
Hydrogen sulphide is considered a broad-spectrum poison , meaning that it can

poison several different systems in the body, although the nervous system is most
affected. It forms a complex bond with iron and prevents cellular respiration .
Since hydrogen sulphide occurs naturally in the body, enzymes exist in the body
capable of detoxifying it by oxidation to (harmless) sulfate.
Exposure to lower concentrations can result in eye irritation , a sore throat and cough ,
nausea, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs. These effects are believed to be
due to the fact that hydrogen sulphide combines with moist surface tissues to form a
weak acid solution. These symptoms usually go away in a few weeks.
Long-term, low-level exposure may resu lt in fatigue , loss of appetite, headaches,

irritability, poor memory, and dizziness. Chronic exposure to low level H2S (around 2
ppm) has been implicated in increased miscarriage and reproductive health issues.
The way H2S affects you depends on the following factors :
DURATION : The length of time you are exposed
FREQUENCY : How often you are exposed
INTENSITY : What concentration you are exposed to
SUSCEPTIBILITY :Your physiological make-up
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__
I. Age
II. Drugs & Alcohol
Ill. Smoking
IV. Physical Condition
REMEMBERII RESEARCH FACT
ALCOHOL CAN LOWER A PERSON'S TOLERANCE TO H2S EXPOSURE
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Tox icity Table (Symptoms vs . Concentrations) for H2S
n -2 minutes
--,- - - - -
0-15
minutes
15-30
minutes
30-60
minutes
1-4
Hours
4- 8
Hours
8-48
Hours
0.005 (50 ppm) Mild
0.010 (100
ppm)
00 Coughing: Distu rbed Increase Haemorrhage

ppm) 0.015 i rritation of respiration; d and death
(1 50 ppm) eyes; loss pain in symptom
of s ense of eyes; s
smell
0.015 (150 Loss of Throat and Throat and
ppm) 0.020
(200 ppm)
sense of
smell
I eye irntation 1 eye 1rntatJon I breathing
blurred vis1on ~
0.025 (250 Irritation Irritation of Painful Light shy; Haem orrhage

ppm) 0.035 eyes; loss of eyes; secretion of nasal catarrh; and death
(350 ppm) sense of smell coughmg tears; pam in eyes;
weariness difficult
Increased
ppm) resp1rat1on ; 1rntabon of mcrease
Icough mg.
;mt.tio" of
eyes
eyes and
nasal tract
dull pam 1n
irntallon
weakness
death
head
wean ness·
palpitation Severe pa1n

ppm) collapse; disturbance of heart; few 1n eyes and
unconsciousne ; serious instances of head,
55 eye death trembling of
irritation; extrem1t1es,
collapse dtzziness,
great
weak ness:
death
0.060 (600
ppm) 0.070
(700 ppm)
0.080 (800
ppm) 0.100
000
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_H_x_d_rowg_en._su_l-ph_id_e_(~H-zs.)_s_af_e~------------------------------------------~98
Toxicity Table (Symptoms vs. Concentrations) for S02
Concentration I Exposure Symptoms
0.3-5 PPM May Cause Breathing Difficulty
1 PPM I Sharp Taste

3 - 5 PPM Irritating Odor (burnt matches)
6-12 PPM Nose and throat irritation, coughing and breathing difficulty
50 PPM Severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract
150 PPM Very painful eye irritation

400 PPM Can cause respiratory paralysis
1000 PPM Can cause serious eye injury and pulmonary edema within 1
hour
3000 PPM Fatality in 5 minutes
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Working Safely
Around Be Safe
~otSorry
Hydrogen Sulfide
Contingency Plan I H2S Risk Management

Engineering Controls
Gas Detection System
Respiratory Protection System
Safe Work Practices
A Rescue Plan
Training
---
It's All About Your Safety!!
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Contingency Plan - H2S Risk Management (API 49)
H2S Contingency planning is an integral part of the preparation for any operation
where there is the potential of encountering H2S.
A typical H2S contingency plan will document key requirements and actions to be
followed during an H2S emergency. Rutledge Safety has a wealth of experience
developing operation specific H2S contingency plans.
Our consultants can help with creating H2S contingency plans 'from scratch' or can
be engaged to conduct an in-depth review of customers' existing plans. With
recommendations to ensure the most robust measures are in place to protect
personnel and plant in the event of an H2S emergency.
A contingency plan should include, but not be limited to the following information;
a. General Information (Well & Well Site)

b. Location , Maps
c. Physiological Responses to H2S & S02
d. Safety procedures & Smoking Rules
e. H2S Safety Equipment (Layout, Quantity)
f. Training
g. Procedures for Normal Operations, Potential
Danger & Extreme Danger
h. Responsibilities of Personnel
i. Designation of Briefing Areas
j. Escape Routes
k. Emergency Contacts
I. Emergency Communication Matrix
m. List of Residents I Population Near By (2 miles
minimum)
n. Phone Numbers, Addresses, Medical Facilities,
Fire Brigades
Emergency Communication Matrix and Station Bill
The purpose of this document is to outline how to act when there is a Hydrogen
Sulphide (H 2S) release emergency and is part of the contingency plan.
The flow chart given below is an example of immediate emergency response actions
during an H2S release.
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_H~y-dr_o~ge_n_s_u.l_ph_id_e_(_H_2s.)_s_af_e_ry ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~--~ge
__
Emergency Communication Matrix
E1ERGENCY RESPONSE COMM.JNICATION CHART
To A~EOlAiELY
,-----
·- e 8CJUHCf .tUAIILOCAlDC
RADO ~Ci·~ ~ 4 :;,~DI:fEDif!A
4 ttfOAI- I CO••
.... .c WOAIII.DI..OGoWD eMitS
c WOAIIIG fi..CIDA
.CN E.SSEt,"r ~ 4 WOAI sg.PLno ar
TO 1'UST'ER c STtNDIJJO.SISTCXJJUII
PO;,~~ &O.fOA~INCAWJN
CUTES
.FORJI •c ,m OF
..All a..EAR-
SIGf.A- G • Et-.
P.IJ""LEOGE H2S E'.G NE.£R
I EVA W ATE I TOO...PUSI-!EP TO • £R:FY
ALAR cUOOY S (STE )
IIPLEU EfiT H2S COfiT i l GEUCY PLA U
i I l All CL£A"
SIGfy!.,L TO SE
Gr. E"
I CHEVROfiTEXACO
. BArG<O<OFACE 1'-~
-':'i:_~____..JII ~:tHr( 0 SASSEMELE
\lUSTER AREAS
------
A NO STA 0 OONf-:
oa •
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_H_v_d_ro•g•e_n_s_ul.ph_•_.d_e.(H•2•S•)-sa_f_e~----~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ge
Emergency Station Bill
A document which specifies personnel duties and responsibilities in the event of an
H2S Emergency. (example)
~ EMERGENCY STATION BILL
Personners lmmedi<lte Action Duties & Responsibilities Follow up Action
[on To,. c-peny Man Den SC8A .... pol)(- to~

pen
wind..._ M*n" ClWgt cl Emeogency l Well Sec&nlg Conlrm Wtll 6eclft ltld .... II d - till
fot1 To.. C:O.peny Ibn Rf'POIIIO ~ WN Mull« Pu Aulll a1 TCllf ComiMifll' Men IIISII\Itl MutltRd c- f lllqUftd
r - -- - -- -
Hat aupervt.,r Rtpott 10 Up Wild Mllll« PCllll Help lilt ,.cue team tw donnrlg SCSA Alllll OIT016Compeny Mlwl
Conllra .till ColllpMy IIIA'I 180~ Wll

Sean llld illbOm 10 , _
TooiP ...... 0cn SC8A - NpCIIIO Rig " ' - "'~
0cn SABA ccmea to 81 laGP •JIIellllld
DrAier SIU IIIHII:Iy ---..?~ Gioe 3 lllala ol Rig Hallt Mdllullng IHI • MCute
-"'
Ocn SABA COMIC! to eriOCp I J - ltld
lA--,. Driller ftiX!II • CIXIl e IUirtllcl
Ensu!e Olcte os l..irllll ~ Acltlllncled
Demcttlen
--·-
floofl..n _
0cn U. BA. COlli«Ito WI<IGP IY'*" llld
llii'OIIIOMIU~-
- -- 0cn 8 ABA
.... cor~~«~ 10 ., laGP ays*" llld
w.. lbr lnlliiiC1Ictl$ tori! Mallin Cl>orge
Al&lll Dttler • directed

ACI . . Daded
Aeltlllncled
tt.oc... TM•
,...!
~ct..nic
a.a-ldon I Chief
-···lOr--
Rtpollto Up.,.,.. Mutt• Poonl Ocn SCBA.
Ocn IIC8A- ~ 8CR

t..uo oncl ~ue ~ Reqund (Rig l
AeconunocllllJon)
We! tlr lnll!lltlJCN - Tocl , _

E-UIIe -.c;tomtto Mutt«-
Acl t1 Dncled
Rolport 10 ~ WWI Mdl« PCIIII--

~ . .E ...., (CU'JII- ~ lol.t&lllg p - ActtiDncted
Cllm1
Ol«t I l l - Dy UM11 aaJ ... Uectot

On To.. tea &9MM Dan 8C8A. Chetl. 1M - 1- M lly H2S r b'm ~ MM - H2S Carlc«tllllJOM
IWpclll e n y - of. . pr818ntt
Doctor/ lllecMc:
Repo11 Up I01nd 1.11111« PCllll will EfiiiiiiiiiCY M- tl Aid D' - 10 Vltllml - *• LrUw
beg ..a Slre!ther $UIIldl)y to • - eny - • eny IICbellalf~
--
'~
lt.n~•lnlng Rig 1111 1Jn1! up In IDWt tw _ ,
p.,_,... Rl!port Upwind MUIItr POI'II ll.ad CQJIW Acle&Ontted
CllllnOe FliO 10 Nd Oou Rig Enl._e

S_.IIJ II Rit 1111 Calul>urKale 10 Camp Securuy
Ensute &ecunty olc.tlp lind pttSal* W.. tw t\IIIUti>Gnl
-. - .
..r
·~·
~.....,,_Drl Rlpcrt to LtWtr Pei111 W1lll MIDcllnCe Ensure~··_, WM tw lnlltUttlclll
~•rvlce• C:..penlu I Vt.lton ~toMIISWP- une up riiDWI tw _ , - c- Act as Otrld eel
c-.,., ..... TooiP""""r
.., H2S Englne•r
Remember, this document should be displayed at various locations on site after

signing from DSV, Tool Pusher, HSE and H2S Safety Representative. All site
personnel should be fami liar with their duties during an emergency situation.
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1. Engineering Controls
Following are some engineering controls wh ich can reduce the Hydrogen Sulfide
risk:
1. Adding Scavengers
2. Flaring
3. Detection Systems
4. Breathing Apparatus
5. ESD'S
6. Wind Socks
7. Mechanical Ventilators I Bug Blowers
2. Gas Detection System

Since H2S affects the olfactory nerves of the nose, the most important thing that
people must realize is the fact that the sense of smell is not reliable to detect H2S.
There are three main categories of detection devices:
a. Passive I Lead Acetate Strips
b. Electronic Gas Detection Systems
c. Colorimetric Type I Tube Type Detectors
Passive Detectors
The word "Passive" simply refers to a detector that has no apparent mechanical
function.
These types of detectors are rarely used today as they are

the least accurate of all detectors and are frequently
unreliable.
A lead acetate Strip changes color when exposed to H2S,
usually to brown.
Electronic Gas Detection Systems
Electronic monitors use sophisticated electronics to measure tl )f

H2S. These units are designed to continuously monitor gas levt of
these devices is to protect your safety by warn ing you of the presence of H2S and
other toxic gases.
Continuous electronic monitors use electricity to power a sensor that detects H2S.
When the sensor detects the presence of H2S at a pre-set level, it activates an
alarm. The sensor may be powered by batteries, solar or AC power.
Whether it is a personal, portable or fixed point monitor, the basic components of the
unit include:
a. Power source
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_H.y_dr_o~ge_n_s_u~lp_h_id_e~(~H2~S~)S_a_fe_~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ge
b. Sensor(s)
c . Display
d. Ala rm
Electronic Gas Detection Systems can be further divided into the followino:
1. Fixed Gas Detection System

2. Portable Gas Detection System
a. Electronic Type
b. Colorimetric Type
1. Fixed Gas Detection Systems
Fixed point monitoring systems are permanently installed units

and designed to continuously detect and monitor toxic and
combustible gases.
The system cons ists of
• a central control unit
• remote display(s)
• remote sensor(s)
• alarm(s)
The central control unit is usually installed in a control room,

central building or Rutledge container. Sensors are then
positioned throughout the job site or plant area . In some
cases, a number of systems are linked together to form a
network.
Remote sensors send signals by wire or rad io waves to the

centra l control unit.
The main advantages of fixed point monitoring systems are:
• Remote multi-sensor placement
• Real time readouts (continuous)
• R emote detection
• loud audible and visual alarms
Important points regarding fixed point monitoring
systems:
• location of sensors
• location of central control unit and remote
display
• regular calibration/maintenance
• back up battery power
Like the other types of electronic monitors, the fixed point monitoring system works
on a continuous basis and will alarm at a pre-set level.
Key points to remember for all types of electronic monitors:

• Always follow the manufacturer's instructions
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• Always make sure that the unit has been
calibrated and is properly maintained
o When an alarm activates, leave the area
immediately (upwind)
2. Portable Gas Detection Systems
1. Electronic Type Portable Detector I Personal Monitors

2. Colorimetric Type Hand Held Tube Detectors
Electronic Type Portable Detectors I Personal Monitors
Personal monitors are designed to be worn by the worker and

should be placed in their breathing space. Personal monitors
should have the following:
• be suitable for hazardous areas
• be robust in construction
• be user friendly
• have an integral power source
• have test function capabi lity
• be easy to calibrate
• alarm on failure
These Electronic Personal Detectors further classified into
1. Single Gas (H 2S or other gas)

2. Multi Gas (H2S, S02, CO, Hydrocarbons, 02 etc.)
Basic Steps for using Portable Electronic Detectors
1. Power On
2. Check Calibration
3. Check Alarm Settings
4. Position at Appropriate Place
Colorimetric Hand Held Tube Detectors
The two types of tube detector devices are the Bellows and the Plunger. Both units
work on basically the same principal. They both require a glass sampling tube and
must draw 50ml or 1OOml of air for a sample. The Draeger operates with a bellows
system and the Gastec operates with a piston pump. You should perform a pre-
service check on both types by doing a leak test prior to use. (block the opening and
try to draw a sample)
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"" Ruueage E & P Pte hrmted 2013
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The most common error by workers in detection is
failing to read the instructions of the unit they are
using!
Over 200 different tubes are available for various

gases and ranges of measurement. The user must
be very careful in choosing the right tube and
proper range of measurement.
Points to remember about tube type detectors:

• Tubes from different manufacturer are not
interchangeable. Always make sure you have
the correct tube for your detector unit.
• Store tubes in a cool dark place.
• Always consult and follow the manufacturer's
instructions for the operation of any detector
tube device.
• Before testing an unknown atmosphere for H2S, you must protect yourself by
wearing appropriate breathing apparatus.
• The accuracy of detector tubes may va ry up to ± 25% of the true gas
concentration due to the following factors : Make and type of tube
Condition of the unit (air tightness)
Age of the tube (check expire date)
Temperature
Storage conditions
Operating procedures
Colorimetric Hand Held Tube Type Detectors are further classified into;
1. Bellows Type
2. Plunger I Syringe Type
Bellows Type
A bellows type unit consists of;
• A spring loaded bellows with hand grip

• an inlet
• a valve and seal
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~H~yd~r~og~e~n_s_ul~p-hi_de~(H~zS~)_sa_f_et•y--~~~~~~~~~~~---------------~ge
Plunger I Syringe Type
The piston type model acts as a vacuum pump

operated by the action of a piston. The unit consists
of;
• a cylinder
• a piston with handle
• an inlet
• a vacuum indicator
• valve and seals
Steps for Taking Accurate Gas Sample
• Ensure correct tube make, expiry date, scale units and range .
1 Select Correct Tube • Read tube instructions for number and length of pump stroke
and wait1ng time after (or between) strokes
2 Prepare Detector • Check Pump Condition
Pump • Line ~ lig nment indicators on pu~ body and handle
Prepare Detector • Break both ends of tube, us1ng tube breaker on pump body
Tubes • Insert tube into pump inlet with arrow pointing towards pump · -
4 Test Atmosphere • Don breathing apparatus before entering atmosphere to be
tested
• Put open end of tube in atmosphere to be tested
• Pull handle out until it locks at correct stroke (100 ml/50 ml)
Wait Required Time • Usually one m1nute, but check tube mstruct1ons
• Check stroke completion indicator
6 Read Gas • Read tube scale at end of discoloration
Concentration
Respiratory Protection
H2S is present in so many places in the petroleum industry. There may be situations
when you have to work where H2S is present.
To do this without placing yourself at risk means you

must plan your job and have a source of quality breathing
air.
Following are some guidelines wh ich can be used in

order to stay safe from the toxic effects of Hydrogen
Sulfide (H2S)
1. Air quality for Respiratory equipment

2. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Types
a. Rescue Packs (SCBA)
b. Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA) I Work Line Hose Units
c. Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus (EEBA)
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3. Pre-use Inspection of Breathing Apparatus
4. Wearing and Operating Breathing Apparatus
5. After-use Inspection of Breathing Apparatus
6. Approved respiratory protective equipment
7. Cartridge Respirators and Their Limitations
Air Quality test for Respiratory Equipment
In order to be assured that the output air from the

compressor or air storage cylinder is fit for human
consumption, air quality testing should be undertaken on
a regular basis. No purifier has infinite life and a variety of
environmental facto rs can shorten cartridge life from that
considered normal. Most air quality standards in each
country follow the same principles. Rutledge follows CGA
commod ity specification G-7 for respiratory air.
CGA outline air quality under the following categories

Remember
• Grade A. Industrial Use
• Grade B. Quality Air Tools D&E
• Grade C. Instrumentation
• Grade D. Breathing Air Above Water ONLY!
• Grade E. Breathing Air Under Water
The suitability of air for breathing applications is assessed for the following
contaminants:
• Carbon Monoxide
• Carbon dioxide
• Water content
• Oil Content
• Oxygen content
Remember!!
• Cylinder integrity is also very important.

• Check the cylinder is within Hydrostatic test date and is not damaged.
• Steel I Alloy I Carbon fibre Cylinders tested every 5 years.
• Kevlar or fibreglass wrapped cylinders tested every 3 years.
Types of Breathing Apparatus

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) are one of the most important items of
personal protective equipment used by fire fighters and rescue personnel. SCBA
allow the wearer to enter hazardous environments to perform essential operations
including fire fighting , search & rescue and well control. They are also used for
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operations involving hazardous materials, H2S emergencies and in confined spaces
where there is a threat of toxic fumes or an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
Following are the main types of breathing apparatus
1. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) with 30, 45, and 60 minutes of
breathing air
2. Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus I Work Line units (SABA) with 05 , 10 and 15
minutes of breathing air
3. Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus (EEBA) with 10 and 15 minutes of
breathing air
Rescue Packs (SCBA)

There are many models of SCBA used in the
petroleum industry. Before you can operate one safely
you must be trained in its use. It doesn't matter what
model of apparatus you use, they all have the same
five basic components:
• Air Supply
• Reducer and Regulator Assembly
• Face piece Assembly
• Harness Assembly
• Low Pressure Alarm
Air Supply
The air supply is made up of four components:
- an air cylinder
- a cylinder valve
- a cylinder pressure gauge
- low pressure alarm
Most cylinders have a 30 minute supply of breathable

air. There are other cylinders rated at 45 and 60
minutes. The cylinder valve must be fully opened to
allow a continuous flow of air from the cylinder. When
not in use, the valve must be closed to prevent the loss
of air from the cylinder. The pressure gauge on the
cylinder indicates how much air there is in the cylinder.
One of the most important things to remember when
using SCBA is to breathe normally. A normal
breathing pattern uses your air supply at a slower rate
than if you breathe quickly. It may take some time to
get used to the apparatus, but after a time you'll find
that normal breathing will come easier.
Reducer and Regulator Assembly

The reducer and regulator assembly consists of:
• a high pressure reducer
• low pressure r€JUic.tor
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• a bypass/purge valve
• a pressure gauge (chest gauge)
• A donning switch (on some models)
Air from the cylinder flows through the high pressure

reducer and to the low pressure regulator. When you
are wearing the apparatus, the pressure gauge (chest
gauge) tells you how much air is left in the cylinder. The
pressure regulators reduce the cylinder air pressure
and provide you with air on demand. The low pressure
regulator automatically releases air to maintain positive
pressure in· your face piece. This slight positive
pressure helps to prevent H2S from leaking into your
face piece.
When the air supply is getting low, a warning alarm will
be activated. The alarm may be a sound or a vibration
that you can feel. This warning could save your life.
It tells you there is 20% to 25% of your air supply left in
the cylinder, giving you enough time to get to a safe
area. When the alarm activates, go to a safe area
immediately.
If equipped , the donning switch allows you to stop the air supply at the face piece by
pushing down on the switch. A strong inhalation of breath will open the regulator
and the air supply will resume .
Note: you must have a good face seal for this to work.
Face piece Assembly
The face piece assembly is made up of five parts;

• a lens
• a face seal
• a nose cup
• an exhalation valve
• a head harness
The most important aspect of the face piece is the seal it

forms around your face. The seal must be complete to
keep your air supply in and H2S out. You must be clean
shaven where the face piece and your face meet to
ensure a proper seal. Regular eye glasses with temple
pieces prevent a proper seal. There are special eyeglass
kits available that fasten inside the face piece, allowing
for a proper seal. The low pressure regulator connects
directly to the face piece. The nose cup channels exha led
air to the exhalation valve and reduce the volume of stale
air.
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The exhalation valve vents your breath from the face piece to the atmosphere while
preventing toxic gasses from entering the face piece. The head harness is adjustable
to ensure a proper seal between your fa ce and the face piece.
Harness Assembly
The harness assembly consists of an adjustable harness
and back plate. The harness holds the air cylinder in
place and is the key to portability of the SCBA. It allows
you to carry the cyl inder and go about your work with a
minimum of effort. Kevlar harnesses are NFPA rated for
fire service due to their temperature resistance.
Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus I Work Line Hose Units (SABA)

Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA) or work-line
units have a remote source of breathing air. Before you
can use SABA you must be tra ined in their use. SABA and
SCBA have similar basic components however the main
air supply comes from a remote source. The 10 or 15
minute escape cylinder must remain closed while
connected to the remote air supply, and is for escape only.
The main components are:
• Air Supply connection

• Escape Cylinder
• Face piece Assembly
• Reducer and Regulator Assembly
• Harness Assembly
• No low pressure alarm
Air Supply I Close Loop Air System I Cascaded Air Supply Process
Supplied Air System

1 A1r may be supplied from a compressor, cylinders Mpig-tailed together, from an air
tra1ler or from a plant breathing air system . The High pressure air is reduced
through a high/low pressure regulator to approx. 120psi. It then passes through
connected p1pmg or hoses to a distribution man1fold which supplies a number of
hoses. Each hose has the ability to be connected to either the SCBA or SABA
Make sure there are no kmks , knots or damage to the a1r hose. This Will ensure you
get the arr you requrre from the system
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Escape Cylinder
When you enter an atmosphere that may

be Immediately Dangerous to L1fe and
Health (IDLH), your supplied a1r un1t must
always be equipped with an escape
cyhnder. A slmg type harness holds the
escape cylmder m place The cylinder WJII
supply you w1th approximately five, 10 or
15 minutes of a1r. You must ensure this is
enough t1me to leave a dangerous area if
your remote a1r supply 1s mterrupted
Always make sure your escape cylinder 1s

full. Use the cylinder for escape purpose
only
Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus
The Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus is a 5, 10 or 15

minute compressed air breathing apparatus, used for respiratory
protection during escape only, from oxygen deficient and toxic
atmospheres.
A constant flow regulator allows air to pass from the cylinder to
an all-round vision hood which can be quickly donned without
adjustment and offers protection to any wearer, even those with
beards and spectacles. Emergency escape breathing apparatus
should not be used to enter arc 8S already containing a toxic
atmosphere. It does not have a low pressure alarm.
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Wearing and Operating Breathing Apparatus
Step DescljJltion
1. Prepare Equipment • Conduct parts inventory
• Check cylinder pressure gauge (escape cylinder on
SABA)
• Check eq~ ment for defects
2. Put on Apparatus • Put on harness assembly
• Adjust and tighten harness straps
3. Put on Mask/Face • Tighten head harness to get a good seal
piece
• Block mask opening
4. Negative Pressure • Breath in to check face seal (mask should collapse on
Test face)
• Check exhalation valve {exhale into mask)
I
• Connect low pressure hose/regulator
5. Connect Air • Open cylinder valve (SCBA)
• Check regulator pressure gauge
After use inspection of breathing apparatus

When you are finished using breathing apparatus, it is very important that you
conduct an after use inspection. This is to ensure the next person to use the
apparatus will find it in good repair.
Here's what to do:
1. For SCBA, replace air cylinder with a fully charged one or refill it, for SABA
replace or refill the escape cylinder if it has been used
2. Clean and disinfect the face piece
3. Inspect the harness and extend the straps
4. Perform a pre-use inspection on apparatus
5. Store apparatus in an appropriate place
All breathing apparatus must be maintained, inspected and stored according to

manufacturer's specifications.
Rememberll
Factors Affecting Air Consumption
Size & Phys1cal Condition of the Wearer

Emotional State
(Fear. Hyperventilation,)
Physical Activity of the Wearer
Traimng 1n Equipment Usage
Condition of Equ1pment
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Approved Respiratory Protective Equipment
Only (NIOSH) approved breathing apparatus are to be used for protection in H2S
atmospheres. This type maintains positive air pressure in the face piece and
provides the user with a
supply of safe breathable air. Each facility will have
their own type of breathing apparatus that may differ
depending on the type and model.
The following are basic considerations for all breathing

apparatus at any facility :
• Location of the breathing apparatus

• Positive pressure
• Limitations of the breathing apparatus
• Mask to face seal checking
• Donning and doffing
• Servicing of the breathing apparatus
• Accessory equipment
Cartridge Respirators
These types of breathing apparatus usually consist of a
half or full face mask or hood connected to a single or
double cartridge. The cartridges contain an absorbent
material selected for the specific toxic gas which it
removes from the inhaled air. It is important to realize
that these types of BA have serious limitations.
Cartridge respirators may be considered on a limited,
carefully selected basis for emergency escape
provided specific guidelines are observed
CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR LIMITATIONS
• One use only as it is not known how much absorbent has been utilized on the
last usage.
• No indication of how much absorbent is remaining or the point of saturation .
• Full face protection is required as H2S results in eye irritation (conjunctivitis).
• When breathing, a negative pressure is created within the nose I mouth cup.
This may allow entry of harmful gasses via a leak around the seal.
• No independent air supply so cannot be used in an oxygen deficient
atmosphere.
• Limited shelf life on the cartridges could result in poor efficiency of the
absorbent.
• Nominal protection factors vary from 50 to 400 and the wearer will generally
inhale a small degree of H2S that has not been filtered .
• Temperature dependent. The lower the temp. , the shorter the cartridge life.
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Safe Work Practices
Safe Work Practices should be established for addressing significant hazards or for
dealing with circumstances that may present other significant risks. This reflects your
approach to controlling hazards.
Following are some examples of safe work practices

which a worker should know while working around
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
• Use the Buddy System

• Use spark-proof tools i.e. brass
• Always remain wind conscious
• Always use the proper PPE CAUTION
• Don't Run, Don't Panic, Remain Calm BUDDY SYSTEM
REQUIRED
• Know the Emergency Procedures
• First save yourself then Help others
• Pay Attention to Safety Inductions I Briefings
• When in Doubt, ASK!!
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Stubble I Whiskers Policy for Working Safely around Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
NOT Acceptable Fac1aTHa1r tor the Requirements of H2S
Acceptable Criteria
Clean Shaven Narrow Moustache
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Well Conditions Signs
All well-drilling sites should be classified according to areas of potential and/or actual
exposure
• API Condition I - No or Low Hazard

• API Condition II - Moderate or potential Hazard
• API Condition Ill - High or potential Hazard
Remember!!
Prior to entry onto the site. observe the well condition s1gn and flag which are located at
entrance
Never enter a well site under condition 3 red flag conditions.
API 49 Well Conditions
Potential danger to life and health. Routine well operations in zones containing
Well operations under control. H2S H2S. H2S may be present in concentrations
concentrations below 10 ppm below action levels. Be alert for condition
chan
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Hyd··ogen Sulphide (r S Hazard Cond1tion- 2
Moderate Danger to Life and Health. a. I Hydrogen Sulfide warning sign with Yellow Flag
Critical wel l control operations. . warning device present.
b. Keep all safety equipment in adequate working
order.
c. Store the equipment in accessible locations.
Work locations where atmospheric a. Keep a safe distance from dangerous locations
concentrations of H .s are greater 1f not worKing to decrease danger.
than 1Oppm and less than 30ppm. I b. Pay attention to audible and visual alarm
systems.
I
Where H2S IS or potentially may be c. Follow the guidance of the operator
present up to 30 ppm. representative.
The operator representative will follow
community warning and protection procedures
j e. A properly calibrated , metered hydrogen
I sulphide detection instrument.
- -
- -
-
-
- -
- ~ - - -
Work locations where atmospheric a. Post legible Hydrogen Sulfide warning sign with
concentrations of H2S are greater red flag warning device
than 30ppm. b. Post s1gns 500 feet from the location on each
road leading to the location, warning of the
Where H2S is or potentially may be hydrogen sulphide hazard
present over 30 ppm. c. Check all Hydrogen Sulfide safety equipment to
ensure readiness before each tour change.
Loss of well control d. Ensure the cont1ngency plan with stat1on bill is
understood by all
e. Ensure usabil1ty of two exits at each location.
f Do not permit employees on location without
hydrogen Sulfide safety training. (Employees
may be permitted on location for specific
Hydrogen Sulfide training purposes that does
not 1nclude general rig training.)
g Community warning & protection plan is
followed and conditions are u dated
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A Rescue Plan
The brain starts to die in approximately 4 to 6 Minutes
without a continuous supply of oxygen.
In order to save a victim a rescue plan and rescue routes
should be designed in such a way so that victim can be
moved to fresh air within 3 minutes.
Rescue teams (ERT) should be present at all times on site. \
Individual's Response for a Victim Down
1. Evacuate 2. Alarm ~ssess ~
4. Protect 5. Rescue 6. Revive
7. Medical Aid
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Rescue Techniq ues
Removi ng a Victim from a contaminated H2S area may not be enough to save their
life. If a victim is not breathing, administer artificial breathing.
A victim of H2S inhalation is in danger of developing medical compl ications for some
time after he I she has been rescued . Once the immediate H2S emergency has been
brought under control the victim should be transported to a health care facility at
which they can receive professional medical attention and remain under observation
until released by appropriate medical authorities.
Immediate Emergency Handling I First Aid to H2S Victim
Collar Drag
Two Arm Drag
Two Man Carry
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1. Determ1ne tf non responsive
(Slap & Tap) 2. Check for Breathing
3. Check Pulse 4. Give Two Slow Breaths
5. If the VICtim Is not breathmg, start CPR

30 Chest Compress1ons
and 2 Slow Breaths....... Conttnue 6. Recovery Position
until breathing starts
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Hydrogen Sulphide (H,S) Safety ~ge
Operations Commonly at Risk from Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
In the Oil and Gas Industry
Dril ling Operations
Production Facilities
Well Stimulation
Well Servicing
Gathering System
Transportation
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Permit to Work
The PTW system should ensure:
Those authorised and properly trained personnel have

performed a thorough risk analysis.
That the risks and hazards identified are avoided by using
suitable precautions.
That if the conditions change the task is re-assessed.
The proper authorisation of designated work. This may be
work of certain types, or work of any type within certain
designated areas, other than normal operations - usually
classified as "non-routine".
METHODOLOGY OF PERMIT TO WORK

1. A PTW system should make it clear to people
carrying out the work the exact identity, nature and
extent of the job and the hazards involved, and any
®
limitations on the extent of the work and the time
during wh ich the job may be carried out.
2. A PTW system should specify the precautions to be No admittance
taken including safe isolation from potential risks, without a permit
such as hazardous substances and energy sources. to work
3. A PTW system should ensure that the person in
charge of a unit, plant or installation is aware of all the
work being done there.
4. A PTW system should provide not only a system of continuous control but
also a record showing that the nature of the work and the precautions needed
have been checked by an appropriate person or appropriate people.
5. A PTW system should provide for the suitable display of permits and ensure
that the person in charge of the work has discussed the permit with everyone
that can be affected by the work.
6. A PTW system should ensure a procedure for times when work has to be
suspended , i.e. stopped for a period before it is complete
7. A PTW system should identify concurrent activities
8. A PTW system should provide a formal handover procedure for use when a
permit is issued for a period longer than one shift or when permit signatories
change
9. A PTW system should ensure that a formal "hand back" procedure is in place
so that any part of the plant, well site etc. affected by the work is in a safe
condition and ready for reinstatement.
10.A PTW should ensure hazardous atmospheres are gas tested
11 . A PTW should allow for closure to ensure that the area is safe.
12. Example of work permits: Hot Work; Cold Work; Confined Space Entry;
Trenching.
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IJO .;
~
. '
•H•yd•r•o~ge•n•S•u•lp.h8id~e~(~H2~S~)S~a-fe~t~r ~~~~--~~~~~~~~----------~~ge
Conf ined Space
Any enclosed or partially enclosed space, either above or

below ground or deck level, where entry is possible and where
there is a risk of oxygen deficiency, or the accumulation of dust
or gases which are flammable or hazardous to health.
Hazards Associated with Confined Space Safe Approach to Enter 1n Confined Space
I. Oxygen Defrciency I. Tool Box Talk

II. Oxygen Enrichment II. Confined Space Work Permit
Ill. Toxic Environment I II. Toxic Gases Check prior to Entry
IV. Physrcal Hazards IV. Purging I Flashing
v. Chemical Hazards v. Authorized Persons Only
VI. Fire, Explosion Hazards VI. Lock out Procedures
VII. Other Hazards (Poor Light) VII. Buddy System + watchman
VIII. Proper Explosion Proof Ught
IX. Breathing Air Apparatus
X. Life Line and safety harness
_
A CAUTION
[i: De--
~_..,
·-
-
CAUTION
CONFINED SPACE
USI! LOCK.OUT AND
ENTRY PROCEDURES
PRIOR TO ENTI'Y
CAUTION
BUDDY SYSTEM
REQUIRED FOR
ENTRY
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~Hy_dro~gen_Su~lph_die~(H2~S)S_afe~~~~~~~~~~~~~
H2S is Poisonous, Invisible, and

Deadly! But you can work safely
around H2S
if you have proper H2S Safety
Training!!
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<!:> Rutledge E & P Ple 11m1!ed 2013
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Our Global Presence
..
-
Rutledge Global Sales Office Singapore
34 Toh Guan Road East 1101·12/13, Enterprise Hub,
Rutledge Kurdistan Office
Office: 351, Italian City, Erbil, Kurdistan region of Iraq

Service Centre: Makhmoor Road, South Industrial Area, Erbil
S1ngapore 608579
(+65)65150055 (+65)65150050 ( +964}7503230368 ( +964)7508175862 (+964)7503304603
enquiry@rut ledgeh2s.com
(+964}750340L843
Dl
Rutledge Pakistan Office
Office: 252, Street 42, F 11/31slamabad, Pak stan

(+92) 51-2102368 (+92) 51-2102369
www.rutledgeh2s.com
Cl Ru llodge E & P Pte l•m•led 201 3
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Level 2 - H2S Certificate

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Level 2 - H2S Certificate

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We Have History to Be Proud Of

Since our establishment in 1981, Rutledge R

At Rutledge, we believe that a quality HSE system ensures safety. A

Rutledge has a dedicated team of engineers who have worked in various

Rutledge is your trusted name in H2S Safety Services.

S 1. Upstream, Down Stream H2 S Detection and

Companies are responsible for ensuring the ir employees receive an accredited

~ Upon completion of this course you should know:

It's all about Hydrogen Sulfide {H2S)

).- Upon completion of th is course you should be familiar with:

It's all about Working Safely around Hydrogen Sulfide {H2S)

• H2S detection & monitoring equipment

You may also refer to the common names such as;

In industry the name most commonly used is H2S.

How Does H2S Form?

H2S is formed when bacteria break down the

Since oil and gas are also created from organic

When Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is found in

Agitation Increase in Temperature

Increase in Temperature Decrease in Pressure

Factors Affecting Hydrogen Su lphide (H2S) Behaviour

"Corrosion is the gradual destruction of material,

The corrosion of materials used in any industry

Corrosion is a continual natural process of

There are many different corrosion types but

Microbial Induced Cracking (MIC)

SRB's obtain their energy from the anaerobic

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) as a Result of Sulphur Reducing

When the oxygen consumed by bacteria or by chemical interactions is greater than

The Above Reaction is How SRB's derive their energy

SRB can attack:

SRB's Environmental Ranges

Temperature -SoC to 1OOoC

Loss of Wall Thickness

Fe + H2S ---------------> FexSx + 2H

In the presence of water an acidic solution results

If the iron sulfide scales break down locally and the

Carbon has a large influence on the mechanical

Any compound that can influence the carbon level of

Any compound that can influence the carbon level of

Carburization attack can occur in hot regions where

Massive carburization occurred in service due to upset conditions in an ethylene

Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)

It is manifested as blisters or blister cracks

SOH IC can have a greater effect of

In simple words we can say that;

The process whereby steel components

Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC)

This is of paramount concern to both

The way in which this fa ilure occurs is as follows:

Definition of Sour Service

• The definition of sour service (of equipment) is historically linked to the

Two different scales are commonly used to measure hydrogen sulphide

• H2S can be measured by testing the

H2S readings taken directly from gaseous process

Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL).

Acceptable concentrations of hydrogen sulfide gas to which workers may be