2014 – PRESENT

2012 – Year of china – Indian Friendship & cooperation

2013-- Mr.Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China paid a State visit to
India (Delhi-Mumbai) in May 2013. During this visit,the two sides signed eight agreements and released
a Joint Statement. Some of the significant proposals included in the Joint Statement were the decisions
to designate 2014 as the Year of Friendly Exchanges between India and China and hold the first High
Level Media Forum.

2014 - Vice-President Hon’ble Shri Hamid Ansar paid a visit in china in June,2014 -Vice President met
with President Xi Jinping, held talks with Vice President Liu Yuanchao, adended events to mark the 60th
anniversary of ‘Panchsheel’, and visited Xian in Shaanxi Province. 3 agreements were signed -> Three
agreements related to industrial parks, training of public officials, and exchange of flood season data on
the Yarlung Zangbu River were signed. two Vice-Presidents also jointly released the English and Chinese
versions of the Encyclopedia of India-China Cultural Contacts.

 June 2014-- Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi travelled to India as the Special Envoy of the
Chinese President , met with the President, Prime Minister, NSA and EAM.
 September 2014 - Chinese President Mr. Xi Jinping paid a state visit to India . met with President
Pranab Mukherjee and held talks with Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India. 16
agreements were signed during the visit in various sectors including, commerce & trade,
railways, space-cooperation, pharmaceuticals, audio-visual co-production, culture,
establishment of industrial parks, sister-city arrangements etc.
signed a MoU to open an additional route for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra through Nathu La.
Chinese side agreed to establish two Chinese Industrial Parks in India and expressed their
intention to enhance Chinese investment in India.
two leaders agreed that peace and tranquility in the border region constitutes an essential
foundation for mutual trust and confidence and for realizing the full potential of our
relationship.
SHARED COMMON INTREST - multilateral issues of global importance like climate change, WTO,
reform of the international financial institutions etc. This is reflected in close cooperation and
coordination between the two sides within the BRICS, G-20 and other fora.

2015- Meet of 7th BRICS Summit in Ulfa , china decided to open Nathu La Pass (Sikkim) to indian official
pilgrimage to Xizang .

Indi celebrated the Indian Tourism year in china When Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited India in
December 2010, the two sides jointly set a bilateral trade target of US$ 100 billion for 2015

 February 2015 - Hon’ble External Affairs Minister, Smt. Sushma Swaraj paid an official visit to the
People’s Republic of China , met with Chinese President Xi Jinping, had formal talks with Foreign
Minister Wang Yi and also had a meeting with Mr. Wang Jiarui, Minister of the International
Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
  2 February, EAM also participated in the 13th Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Russia India-China
Trilateral besides meeting with Russian Foreign Minister

2018- China president informal meet with PM Modi in Wuhan to set up a new modal of exchange

PM Modi visited to china to attend SCO Summit in Qingdao

2019 – 2nd informal meet in Mamallapuram , Chennai where both sides reaffirmed Wuhan consensus –
build closer ties, enhance in depth strategic communication

2020- Mark 70 year of establishment of diplomatic relations

India China year of cultural & People to people exchanges , where two sides agreed to hold 70
celebratory activities to demonstrate the historic connections between two civilizations

 MAY,2020 – Clash at Nathu La

 JUNE,2020—Standoff in Pangong Tso, Galwan Valley, Hot spring , Demchok, Daulat Beg Oldi
in eastern Ladakh
India Banned 59 apps of China
 NOV,2020 – 43 new mobile apps were banned under ITAct, 2000

Feb,2021 – India-China agreement on Disengagement

2023 - Regular exchanges on cooperation in water resources have been maintained between China and
India. An Expert-Level Mechanism to discuss interaction and cooperation on provision of flood season
hydrological. Fourteen meetings of ELM have been held so far and the last one was held on June 2023.

Cultural Relations

 President Hu Jintao’s visit to India for the BRICS Summit, leaders of both sides decided to
celebrate 2012 as the "The Year of Friendship and Co-operation" and both countries resolved to
further strengthen cultural exchanges between our peoples.
 visit of President Xi to India in September 2014 the two sides recognizing the significance of
youth exchanges in increasing mutual understanding, the two sides agreed to con=nue with the
annual exchange of 200 youth from 2015 to 2019.
 Sangeet Natak Akademi performed at the Reception Marking the 60th Anniversary of the Five
Principles of Peaceful Coexistence at the Great Hall of People. As part of the festival Kalashetra,
Sangeet Natak Akademi and a Bollywood Troupe from Indian Council of Cultural Relations
visited China.
 Yoga Festivals were organized in the month of July, 2014 in Beijing, Shanghai and Dali in
partnership with Department of AYUSH, Government of India. , both the countries have signed
fresh Education Exchange Programme (EEP) on May 15, 2015. The same provides for enhanced
cooperation between institutions in the field of vocational education; collaboration between
 Institutes of higher learning, etc. 25 Chinese students have been selected to join Hindi language
course for the academic year 2017-18 under EEP scholarship awarded by ICCR.

Commercial and Economic Relations

India-China bilateral trade stood at US$ 70.65 billion. India’s exports to China touched US$ 16.41 billion
whereas China’s exports were US$ 54.42 billion.

However, India still faces a growing trade deficit vis-a-vis China. In 2014 trade deficit stood at US$ 37.8
billion. In 2019-20,Trade Deficit stood at 48.66 billion dollar .Apart from trade, India is also one of the
largest markets for project exports from China. Therefore, need to decrease dependency on China in
terms of semi conductors & pharmaceutical ingredients .

As per Chinese figures, cumulative Chinese investments into India till September 2014 stood at US$ 2.63
billion while Indian investments into China were US$ 0.55 billion. India's exports to China increased by
34.28 per cent year on year to reach USD 28.03 billion in 2021. From 2015 to 2021, India-China bilateral
trade grew by 75.30 per cent, an average yearly growth of 12.55 percent. Despite banning apps we still
following a good chunk of trade investments from Chinese end and our trade deficit increasing in
respect to china.

Trade Volume in 2000 was 3 billion which is now stood at 135.98 billion Dollar in 2022. India is 7 th largest
export destination for Chinese product & 24rth largest exporter to china and the reason behind it is that
China sells Cheap Products in the market which attracts the global consumer and India is heavily rely
over this chain. 76% Cheaper fertilizer , Electronic Circuit 23% , 40% of leather, 25% consumer
durables,70% Electronic components comes from china . Name of some popular brands of Chinese
mobile: OnePlus, Oppo, Vivo, Xiaomi,etc. Some popular brands of Chinese laptops: Lenovo, Haier, Acer,
Xiaomi-Mi Notebook, Lg-Gram.

China plays a vital role in global supply chains and developed an unbeatable industrialized
infrastructure, which if worsens can directly affect the global consumer market --- despite the
weakening of the US and European demand and the COVID-19 controls leading to periodic shutdowns
of several cities including Shanghai, China posted a trade surplus of USD 877.6 billion in 2022.

SERIOUS CONCERNS FROM BOTH END - ‘four Ps’: negative perceptions,

differences over perimeters, rival partnerships, and the power asymmetry

1. Considering the ‘perceptions of the Indian and Chinese elites’, Bajpai argues that India and China
ties have transformed from being perceived as that of a respectful relationship in ancient times to a
less respectful view of each other in the modern and contemporary times . Furthermore, Bajpai
strongly posits that in Chinese world views based on the concepts of ‘tianxia, communism and
great power’, India is seen in a ‘secondary or subordinate’ role and not as a ‘fellow great power’.
2. PERIMETER - the ‘inability to agree’ or ‘continuous disagreement’ between the two countries can
be understood from a 4 fold perspective --- if these factor continue to prevail another confrontation
is quite possible.
 Cognitive
dissonance and,
A zero-sum view
neither political
of security
leadership has the
ability

Lack of trust in Courage to handle

either’s intentions nationalist
and actions, domestic opinion
four-fold
perspective:

3. PARTNERSHIP- India and China’s policies towards each other are driven not just by negative
perceptions and territorial differences but over their partnerships with the USSR/Russia and the
US and was never been allies of true strategic partners against either Russia or USA
4. POWER ASYMMETRY - India and China are “far apart” in terms of economy, soft power attraction
and military. Here, the key is a comprehensive national power, in which China has an upper
hand - being seven times that of India’s unless India “substantially closes the power gap, there is
less prospect of a lasting rapprochement” between New Delhi and Beijing.

The power
struggle takes up
the form of –

Slami Slice
Strategy

Cartographic
Agression

String Of Pearls
(BRI) V/S
Necklace of
Diamond

(Map – Military ports by india , map use kar)

 2017 border standoff in Doklam – Led to the involvement of India in QUAD

  2020 border clash in galwan - India’s move to incorporate the Quad and the Indo-Pacific
Strategy into its military and foreign policy. India’s ‘Act East Policy’ and other sub-regional and
multilateral mechanisms as subservient to the Indo-Pacific strategy. BIMSTEC , IORA - designed
to counterbalance China’s growing influence. China believes that India’s Act East Policy ‘will
allow India to intervene’ and ‘warm up’ to other countries on issues surrounding the South
China Sea.
 To have Free and open indo pacific region led to the cooperation with US and other regional
countries. India’s increased focus on maritime security riled china. In response, china continue
with the docking of the ships in the region near US military base like recent deployment of Yuan
Wang 5 — a Chinese ‘spy ship’ — at Hambantota, Sri Lanka.
 Chise government think that India has failed to understand that China’s Maritime Silk Road
Initiative, which is not intended to seek confrontation but only to enhance strategic stability in
South Asia and therefore india’s align towards west thwarting china’s aspirations (india’s
strategic ojective).
 Speaking in higher moral terms like “Security and Growth for All in the Region” and “the Indo-
Pacific Vision,” India belies its real intentions, Beijing believes.
 Rong Ying, vice president of the Chinese Institute for International Studies, which is affiliated
with the Chinese Foreign Ministry, has opined that Modi’s objective is to project India as a
leading power and not merely as a balancing force – becoz political ideology of the BJP is
identified as a strong reason for this which is been guided by the BJP’s political interests rather
than those of India as a whole. correlation between the rise of Hindu nationalism as a
hinderance to the development of India-China relations . At the same time, there was also an
overwhelming impression that the Modi Doctrine creates a beautiful vision, but that the reality
is somewhat threadbare
 INDIA’S PERSPECTIVE ---
 India acted like a ‘swing state’ between major powers in the region and avoided taking sides
and therefore Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s keynote address at the 2018 Shangri-La
Dialogue in Singapore wished for India and China to ‘work together in trust and confidence,
sensitive to each other’s interests’.
 CPEC was seen by New Delhi as an escalation in flagrant disregard of a core concern and it’s
extension to Afghanistan become major security issue . (terrorism)
 Relationship worsened in 2016 and 2017, China again blocked the listing of Masood Azhar, a
leader in the Pakistan-based group Jaish-e-Mohammed, as a terrorist.

FUTURE GAME PLAN OF BOTH THE COUNTRIES

 BOTH COUNTRIES ARE GE POLITICAL RIVALS - having competing interests in Asian pacific and
indo pacific region .India- China has a mix of cooperation and competition , with both the
nations aiming to be the superpower by 2050.
 India’s focus on the maritime region of the Indian Ocean was also noted as the Modi
government’s intention to create an India-led maritime defense chain in the Indian Ocean,
while pivoting to the Pacific by shifting from policies of Look East to Act East.
  Malacca dilemma –
 Indian Air Force facilitated the Dalai Lama’s month-long visit to Ladakh in July 2022. Indian
government has also spoken critically about the “militarization of the Taiwan Strait,” refused to
reiterate a “one China” policy (that would acknowledge Taiwan as a part of China and the
People’s Republic of China as the only legal government of China

CONCLUSION

They can go down one of four paths: a downward spiral toward armed confrontation; armed
coexistence; coexistence with cooperation and rivalry; and partnership. What separates armed
coexistence from coexistence with cooperation and rivalry is trust. None exists at present. The trust will
have to be built brick by brick, beginning with the LAC in eastern Ladakh. China should be prepared to
put aside any idea that trust can be restored by decoupling the boundary question from the larger
bilateral relationship.

Refrences
Vijay Gokhale - former foreign secretary of India (2018–2020)