2nd Sem SY 2022-2023

CE221 2BSCE-B

Name: Johannes Frucz B. Rada Year/Course/Section: 2-BSCE-B

Laboratory #3: Earthworks (Area and Volume)

Objective:

● to conduct in-depth study of earthwork and the connection of survey data

● to accurately determine and quantify the cut and fill requirements for a road
construction project in a non-flat terrain.

Methodology: The following approach was used to further describe this survey experiment.

Preparation. The preparation of the survey tools and equipment came first. The
leveling rod, a tripod and an engineer's transit, a tape measure, flags/stakes, instruments
for gathering data (pen and paper), and a basic calculator are among examples.

Conduction of Survey. Prepare all the equipment needed in this type of survey. Use
stakes to mark every station. Measure the distance between stations until it reaches the
final destination. Measure 4-meter wide at every station, having 5 points, where the middle
point is the center, and the sides are the left and right. Setup the leveling instruments. Take
a backsight reading of the benchmark. Then take a foresight reading of every station that
the instrument canreach. When the leveling instrument cannot reach the next station, move
and set up the instrument landmark turningpoint. Next, sight the back sight of the turning
point and again take a foresight of every station that the instrument can reach from that
point. Lastly, repeat steps until the last reading of foresight of the last station.

Tabulation and Computation. The survey's observed readings were all tallied and
arranged. AutoCAD was used to plot each point along with its dimensions to serve as an
illustrated data.

Results and Discussion:

Table 1. Data gathered from the Survey Experiment

BS LEFT LEFT CENTER RIGHT RIGHT

STATION HI (m) REMARKS
(m)
IFS(m) ELEV.(m) IFS(m) ELEV.(m) IFS(m) ELEV.(m) IFS(m) ELEV.(m) IFS(m) ELEV.(m)

BM(Elev.100m) 0.35 100.35 HI=Ground

Elevation + BS
0+000 3.334 97.016 3.350 97.000 3.350 97.000 3.360 96.990 3.370 96.980 Elevation=
HI-IFS
0+020 3.339 97.011 3.345 97.005 3.344 97.006 3.342 97.008 3.341 97.009

0+040 102.366 1.830 98.520 2.126 98.224 2.136 98.214 2.152 98.198 2.159 98.191

BM(Elev.100m) 2.000 102.000

0+050 2.825 99.175 3.065 98.935 3.136 98.864 3.143 98.857 3.141 98.859

0+075 1.110 100.890 1.080 100.920 1.010 100.990 1.010 100.990 1.010 100.990
TP-1 1.700 102.590
(Elev.100.890m)
0+100 1.879 103.590 0.890 101.700 0.860 101.730 1.910 100.680 1.350 101.240 2.000 100.590

0+125 1.342 104.587 1.380 101.210 1.480 101.110 1.620 100.970 1.360 101.230 1.700 100.890

0+150 1.654 105.256 1.415 101.175 1.595 100.995 1.940 100.650 2.315 100.275 2.560 100.030
0+175 1.790 145.587 1.475 101.115 1.655 100.935 1.750 100.840 1.850 100.740 2.030 100.560

0+200 1.258 4.657 1.570 101.020 1.640 100.950 1.745 100.845 1.760 100.830 1.740 100.850

0+225 1.659 7.256 1.650 100.940 1.780 100.810 1.890 100.700 1.770 100.820 1.750 100.840

Figure 1. Cut and Fill Diagram of the Road from Sta. 0+000 to Sta. 0+225 (Road Elevation = 100.00 m)

Figure 2. 3D Representation of the Cut and Fill Diagram

 Table 2. Area and Volume of the Cross Sections at Each Stations

The table above shows the area of each cross section and volume between stations.
In solving the area, the formula for the area of trapezoid was used. Given by:

𝑏1+𝑏2
𝐴= 2
(ℎ)
● b1 and b2 = are the bases
● h = perpendicular distance between b1 and b2

In solving the volume, a prismoidal formula was used. Given by:

𝐴1+4𝐴𝑚+𝐴2
𝑉= 6
(𝐿)
● A1 and A2 = areas of parallel bases
● Am = area of the section midway between A1 and A2
● L = perpendicular distance between A1 and A2

Table 3. Existing Ground and Subgrade Cross Section

Subgrade Cross Section

Station Left Left Center Right Right

Every −
0
−
0 0 0 0
2 1 0 1 2
Station
Existing Ground Cross Section
Conclusions:

The survey experiment went off without a hitch. However, mistakes are unavoidable. In
this lab, sources of systematic error could include improper automatic level calibration.
Random errors could occur if the level rod is not held level or if it is read erroneously. The level
rod can be challenging to retain entirely level and is readily moved by the wind. In addition,
there were several trees in the area that obscured the levelrod from view of the tripod and
automatic level. Due to tree branch obstruction, it was sometimes possible to predict the future,
but it also took some educated guesswork. Additionally, due to trees, it was occasionally
necessary to shift the level rod point from the actual measurement location. Therefore, this can
be a factor in any erroneous measurements and inaccuracies.

Overall, one of the most crucial aspects of surveying is earthwork computation. To

balance the cut and fill of soil on the site and reduce the cost of overall construction, it is
required to determine the area and volume of earthwork. It is important to accurately determine
and quantify the cut and fill requirements for a road construction project in a non-flat terrain for
efficient construction and cost savings.