® & G Unit No- raid : Z.- Transform ome) Thirodudion' — To shdy 2- fransform We should KNOW ithe. Follosding (ferme SWencer- An ordered Set OF OM objets (teal or Complex numbers) is Called 1 a sequence It is denote] by f FIP OF fay fe {hd 2, toy -= Bm2)- -} - Convergeuk Sequence: AN Infinite Sequence {4p} ts sald HO be convergent re wiry, moans 4 (Finite, or unite) Ohere Ap ts nth term of sequence. fg: Th dys 24 CP is nt berm of sequene . then, tim dy = jie. [> ww? 30 hea Thus SU Gay I-77 EOL, Fis comvergeut seg. Seng! AD Cexprescion oF the form Uj+Ua Hat +Un in which Successive ferms Gre Formed According fo some deFinile 140, 1s called Q on TF Numbs oF fem in a serie Ore! Unlimited then I+ is Called @ on infinite Serla- oo. Yat Ye tat - 9h Convergent Serigi- A Serig) in which the. Sum of “ny tery of the, seried lends £0 definite value as D tebds 40 ©, SUch seria 1s bPO|DD ad convergent Seng - je: IM sys. _ N2D Geomenic Serigt- The seria in Whids rato be Wo sucestive term fs Game is Kkpobo ay eometic Serial T The Geometric ceria HET EPP HE iS Convergeuk iF Ini] and is divegau if ty = ee© D Alernberls Ratio Tat- ta Es be a seri “oF Posidive fermi and conver: ub Vo fim Smt) (Anite value) » Then. Ls is converge N20 Sp ol IF Act, Eon is divergeut if >| and ESy Fails #0 arwder iF c=) ® Region oF Convergerce:= The _Yeaion in which 2 fFcx)} ©. z- Transform. The 2- Transfer of the. sequence. frou} is_de denoted ¥ 2 {Foy} or £@) and is define) ar. ees Eo] ® fegion oF convergene:- The egfen in Which 2 fan} convergent 1S knod9 OL the region oF convergence. oF 24 Foyt | Nolex- @ For 2- frantfor 40 exist congponding serie) mult be convergeut — @© The Sum oF seomerice cerjed with fire term is | and common raliog iY is given by, an — om tt Ih BZ ee Pus + 2F¢oF Hr B49 2 458 +72 2fraats obsedeatealeata sagt © fewps fege sat ® fraps aa ¢, 8, & -3 ~6 -9f “we e kno thak--i a8 E> akg an ST m _Kz0 a —- iH - 3 122 47 TR -o _ -) ae aL = Lt sgn Se ydis dy [se deeb sabe | = [Ba * Man 48 =] + [it 9a + Big tH) = Ma (4 et Tat] + [i pe Het feria ! sd a] > a 7 Iasi}, bist 2 $ fay} = ao 43 b Sit 1b] < 13] Keo _ fy der _ ay We - - aia Ei = = — . a km — _ - Fo =a tay 3 _ — __ ko kro ~O _ = y inhi. 3 _ _ _ KO — _ KE FF a _ _ — K x - * x = cis eng 8 < *] _ ico ees _ - «k=l = “4 -' =O +! eats (48+ ae 12P en). (e peighy ey. | ,e 2) oa Rig ety ee Ay ny = 3 ae Rex : Pare L :© ee -4/25SHS > SS | ; 7 sinha a = i i f. —] a - 1.2 §sinbakf = 8-84 | 3% aeahxtl | ‘From af. © We see that Serjey Ls Convergour iF 13] 71e4] ond 13|7/x rap. 13|) mary oF let] and Jet Fee) = cork, — kyo | Assume. Fd-)=0 . For Is <0° RY aaa aRajdhani (owre 1 | ket “k = cose 3 Icz0 F “(eyet) a* oe eitk #. + ie -iak, on “(Ree NN a4. } +(* 3 “sanel] \fie tahr fe] = | (asd + win = to sine, =p Raidhant [pare [ . zit af eet | from ef. O seria ig converge iF a7 Jel4 [and hppe| app a oe a - _ ® | Fey= cobs, 0 ; © fee Siw ZO : @D Fes coulverM) Kyo. > Assume Fd) =0 For K kyo 4 > Asuume fU=0 Por, xo - - Ru dero- 7 e ESO -k 2 frente Cty ge - — Keno 7 eee a ki) _ = Sofay. 3 4 Lfuaa” —E eon —___K20 Keo — : ~ sinha) ak — oo _ . 20 = A = _5 - Ginak cae con + cei) 3 - ee Ye fm _ - _ - Ko 7 oe = t052- F sina 4 sina eee __ kz0. Bsing rosea BE 2p Cost rreaidhani_ (onre Se = = - - —_® FW: sinfdeem)., £0 — © Fs oulaets), kyo © [Fees sinbok £20 == / Q ~ gh i + + Gago? : tin Soa N20 = SnRajdhani fet) ® to: a gy Kk ~> Assume fekJz0 For KSO a uae —_ : _ = | aprons F ray-g% —— a — k= th ____ - — = Seed aS 4 x Pie oe - Kz~0 = da @ gy Bopp en - - a? aera’ az = 4 + fete gy Cy = “al: 4) ve YD Alemberis Patio tert fhe reqlon oF Convergerne ig, — tim Snel 2 tim Cay) Yr ne Sh nm (nP/o ——— Sty elim CR) mn nao 4] Cay = tim 2% - pun ees i - a + a eee “wl ecRaidlsn lim Sng 7 ae , | nx So _ = Q The Roc is. {4} <| =) Jal : 1 — FIX ART 3-0. a a; aan a in 3 Qar: = 23% an =I eo 24° foal = a 2 = -3-[ G9) = 3 20-0) (3-a) 4 ~~ 30-4) (3-0 -23) (3-a)4 =3 04) (0-3) (3-43 (yom (Cas (3-a)3 Find 23 Re? kr0°Rajdhani (care 1 [ZF zStay}=Fa) Wen Zhe? pad} = Fea) — | Find 2 eo caubk ¢ kxo- ——||_ Heres | F(R) = Cosbk- : a «z Stays 2 sob — = | 7 x - —_| = Seas 3 : ae kzo - | 2 Seem} a 3 tb. ecg). B ARobt] = a ; — zSe™ pots Fels) - [23 esa SDS “ob | qi - a __ | (edgy -2 & cosbt] eee Cel wk ge Cob eA ge 2a coub4] ~ le Cr O72) _ | he (i= 2b 4 Vea \ = 1 8 or, {= Osb7A9 1 - 2lob \ | Saat Penge pind 2$ 2% cocak} 20: [Find ze “Sik Zo 53k :Z-tansform oF Some Standard Fucuiion. Orit Tmofulre Fundion (bp) : — TH is defind buy, 4 ko = = + d= 5 6 o- ——___ are = 24 feo} - Y paa.gk —-_ fea. = - + ah Keo — | = _--- +040 4( 40404 ~-- LZYSE =) foral) & and Roc is Whele z-Plan. @® [Deir step _Funcion (UCH]:- Th is defined by, > a 4, K>, ; vars 4 Lo key Bu deh _ $ Fen? = diodt _ k=-0 Svari* Fees — leni ConvoluHon Theorem! - RUSit oe) TE FhOD] “i connjudon oF Hoo sequence fru} and {900} iikn > Shart= 2 Sr}. 249073 : ——|__je2 $F s gp} = 2 ffeny2 fae} OF fremh = oa) and [aco}e aoa Hen find 2S Fe9G7. — a! Given, - Srey} = UC). ; 7 = 8 pbc uur = 3 2 - 24 fay} Fy Jat vie = a Now: _k, facts 2-0 1 2 $9e9} = zis ow} = 200 change OF scele Prop - 3 | a1 [geoRajdhani_ - wae et ~ rE ara Te t— = A By convolukoo Thm: (aiseat 22 fol ae] =—8 \ | Ripa 3-1 rip.” 13} >t 7 =i, 3 [b> morj-of [ono © 9 b-) g-2 7 z a Bhp “ Goa! k kK : _ IF FH= Gua) and 90 =.5 vq) then Find 2S Fadageny} » EAU ER ACHIOS! k <9 = 2 4uds w 2S crag b= 2 Fa}, LOTT yg le se — - 3 fy : Sy -T — 3 . } =. cana = ay be _—=— —Rf pag? = 1 Wal=> aby 7 1=7% Similarlyy : - | {ow)}= 50W): a : = 2903 = 2 {sony "ZL hays guy} ~ 2 frat 2 {90} Say eta | -4Q N51 | esol a ite Laps. | G4) (2-6) he Z-tansform oF FOL)= Yr F Yak RRO. = ss | Given a en Fer): sp * Yak: ;! z4Fu} = 25 Vite * Vat f. 2{ralp = 2 (ey Lay ——O a Now) oO _ 2 oe py de? a 20 My - 2h ~ J. ef @_ become : : > zu? = 23 33 $ 23-1 3a-) SEED = 6a 12} > mal of y. 2 Y3=) 121? CDGM)” Hee[Table - Z23FH pat for all &- ZfUmFI= Hy tal) : — zits 3/21 BPP _ ®| = Wega bab] Bikt= cs) | lRfak}= 8/3-q tal lal = I _ ORKAT= o> ky, 1317 lal = = H »D @ [2 SP F=Cre) Rizo, osksn ® |e fsimk qs esing aiob- BE 24 = © ,D = ieoted ah jah} ~ 23 -CsKt| Pe iaiae _3: Sind Lal maxof fell e Lér| Be 25cih4H | ' ZF cothaky = Bo Bch (2|>_max. fa) 2 )e 7 \| 1 E~ 23-couhetl ‘pelle oF D Alermberts!~ eee = Cay [an HO-a8 4 = (U0) : Lat Poy 8p) p--- sek" ae =1— y- By ~ fog(1-x) - 14 4p H3gt--~ = -l0g(I-n). iRajdhani ewe 1) | |[Znverse z- Transform! - TF FR) 16 Z- Hansform oF the Sequence. {Fay} then the “[ sequence. $00} is called the inverse 2 lranwtorr oF FCB) Ord 16 derojed OH _gay= 21 fF Thur We Mave if 2SFCY= FC) ten Faj=Z/EFGIT Pfellod.s 40 oblain Inverse Z~ transform’ ~ To Find inverse 2-tranform We should Kno ite Teo oF Convergence we Shall onvider the Feloaing three Methods -g > Ore Pivision Pahod= | Binomicl EXPansion Method [Method of Parliof Fraujon a= Binomial Expansion Method! - - a Jo AFF|y Binomo] €xPonsion Methe| we take q Suijable Facror Common depending wPon ROC Frm the denominator so that the Efenominalor 4S oF the fm Ir Where Ir]<] and they Use Binomial €xPansfor —_ = . | 3 = o- (ia)= $OK+ nin wy pinyin?) e4--- _ GB ee fe st Dima) 42 - mn 4 2 a t iz © |Find inverse 2- transform oF F)= 1/33. Where - a O laj {4 } 2. we take 3 @mmon mm deno.baj~ # Ye _ oo Hau} 8) — : = -| (1- raed 3 (1-4) Sr ay | =| Kad => SE te _ > Fy 7D a ee ae ' See | Coeff OF 3° oH . kK 2,0 KL Hts KE 7 t 2 {pm} = 3. K<0 = = TF i73 => [lol > Pals] it We fake 3 common Fam dleno « = OE eg oe ee 14 34 3% 42. Ky] 3 cn % +a 3 ae +42 + 33 =-+ 4} aS ® |Fing inverse. 2- franstorn 98s ® hays oF Fs Yeg-6)2 eel S(-as)* =z - = 1 (1-2/6) 52 Tt _ 2 ET . 5 a8 a: 5 7 7 yt s 5h RT EK] K wg pe 4 = ie a ae Ss oe oe aT ae coef of 3S = ki Ko : 6 Kt =e 7 7 1 Copp OF 2” = ee Keo i > IK Jogo 2G} sR @ [Raps = Jasl7)_ = [snl sl 1 yoke % common From ‘deno- | Fad 2heah= Co ; a(R)"dhani 5p) Be — 42-5 4 3 S~ pe sl & 3h a a PES gE FS ST, ‘adh of BS a(S, KB Fa)= Iaf<} and Ja}o}- FQ) = ta }3|a- si tai {ato|- _ Gay 1 —© cee I3\ \ — Fz) = 24 Fan} Gas. ps: y \ Teaser ~ FR roy = 33 3.Rajdhani owe) 1) SRF fo - eae coleye eae Ge ) |PFa= th co uk ean (ips) I Vode 4 bps -4( moma ile nam % t 2-8), __- =e - eo es ate en oe (kt) - pm =o : Zo ASR $69 bg 4 + Cen ceh) 8 . Ls, Coeff. of 3*_ (emul) Far Do deta ky: - = Comte): - Hind_Hhen inves = \ = 3-5)3 ?PGs) oF Pala Fradion:- E}\Linear non- repeats} Faciors: - Find the inverse. 2- Hanvform of the follodi ng [regs sg tc, cl ahea, dayyg G@-2) (3-3) : - 7 | Given _ my ee - “ang * i | consider, _ Nee — A, 8 _ — [G3G3 a2 3 - | ge AC3-8) $B (2-2) - - ; | . 7 | J AS-Ya, B= Ya. - LL. Le. Q becomel, _ : | pegs 2/2 ¥3 - H ae 3-3) _ a ! yet ee” zAa eS jo als Pls OTe Wyjcz, cteany 18(<3 > Hence We take 2 and 3 fom deno. FCayo =! \ 41 \ a 2 2(%1) 8 (%-t) = ao =m) = 4 (1-4 i = == — 7 rae ao yy | [1 ag ha 4 a ae ak 3 Pr ak [tout of in Fink elas oe KO _ L- Coeff OF x in Fitth seria e Kee L aa= _ RH: OF 3 in second seri = - i = 3 LK 20! | ‘Gat: oF 3" in second sui. gk, Keo. a TE 2_{als|_, [3s] . Hence We fake. & Out From Fit fradion and 3 cur POM second Fradtion nl = Fegi= st a : UR) Oe) A =~ == 2 (y-2,) - to (- 3 2 4 313) t Ss lh K - 2 = 72 |14 2 22 4 2 = Be 2K | - t z +t Rt : 32 a meta ea gaa DT yg fig yet teat et | =a aK. eT —— sskoeff. Of 2 in Firth seria =-2.2 of yp — zak cot of gf in Second ceria. -1 38 | Koo q = oq: oF BS in seond strias - yar» So. iE = fh — z! oy . fr2 Fe f —r dy Keo. - : w- a io O14 I< [a] ! _ ate a) : a Eich De : = pe a3)" =p dz a4 e (-26)— jew | eee eee z a) ge ak T a | ie » Bm pose Gee eat ee was + ta vGelf. oF 3% in Fink sela= 2 5 RBI Geer OF BR in second seri = -YaVale R20 cour. oF 3% ip sewnd serids -Yaik , KeoRajdhani = it) i Coup. “oF e ia third serie = ee TK BO a L (Coe. oF 3% in third seria a Mey gk, lese 7 }+- = ta Lk 0. —________ L = yo see ore? ~ : | : CaF ay. a wet Tea 8h get @Omleye Cr) — —. Given cine we _ _ #7 (8-Vy) (3-Ve) fone oe | Since diver Fradoo 1s imprper '. FOR) 3 Ha. _s 4 BG) (eV) fe B-Yoy 8-Ys aS eee pe fsat & }/el <] 7 Ys3| <)__ ond Rial <1 una Hence we tobe 3 Ouk From second FracHon & % from weend Fraction We: Ds 1 168) = HH ee | FQ) snsofnag ste ey oti pt % [st se St K 5 «pest l-20g = aory ge a. = gongs Lute y gay 1 Gf. OF 2) ip Fit Serie cad kd _ coer 0f 2° infin seri iON), ee | cot of 3 ins ja: -4 ¥ BO ,— ~18-% Rajdhani ~CkeH) pare) 7 : 2S ecayh = nig kyo: [ — Olay =20- (1-42) 4 20 (1-53) mane frau e Pet doh [yan [eens Pata bok Ry iE _ KA iF C)= = 20% = 204 37. roxi gy... -20K4 3b == + = 4 | ong 4 2oxe 274 rox Py. + aoxsk gett e i Cot OF x jo Fittk serie) = -20-4 Kp || ok: : ; = (itt) kK met oF 3° in First serie) = - 204 tee 2 oe CAN) FC) = 33 Gayeae’ BY