M3: SOLUTIONS (POST LAB DISCUSSION) EXAMPLES OF SOLUTION: SOLID SUBSTANCES

SOLUTION
Type ofSolution solute solvent solution
• a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
> solute particles are uniformly distributed throughout the solution and
do not settle 1. Solids in
> only one phase is present (liquid / solid / gas in nature ; no variation Zinc copper Brass
of phases present) solids

• made up of two components: solvent and solute Dental

Liquidsin
2.
> solute : the one that dissolve in the solvent Mercury Silver
> solvent : the one who dissolve the solute Amalg an

• has variable composition 3. Gas in Air

Spongy
• physical properties change as the ratio between the solute and solvent solids solid
Sponge
changes
> variation in the amount of solute and solvent may change the
properties of the solution
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
1. Unsaturated Solutions
• components may be separated from one another by physical means
• contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can
> example : evaporation (to separate salt into saltwater solution)
be dissolved in a solution
• more solute dissolves (konti lang yung solute na nilagay)
SOLUTE
• present in a lesser amount and dissolve in the larger component (solvent)
2. Saturated Solutions
• dissolved in solvent
• maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under
the conditions at which the solution exist (sakto lang)
SOLVENT
• no more solute dissolved (maximum and sakto lang)
• present in greater amount
• dissolves the solute
3. Supersaturated Solutions
• the medium in which other substances are dissolved
• contains more dissolved solute than the present in a
saturated solutions (for crystals and not dissolved fully)
SIMPLE EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS
• marami kang in-add na solute sa solvent (more than
> solute: sugar
maximum : may buo-buo)
> solvent: water • crystals may grow
> solution: sugar-water solution

EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS: GASEOUS SOLUTIONS PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

1. Solubility
Type ofSolution solute solvent solution • ability of the solute to dissolve in the solvent to form a
solution
• solid solute to liquid solvent
1. Solids in SMOKE • either soluble or insoluble
solid dustAir
09S
2. Miscibility
• solubility of one liquid in another liquid
• either miscible or immiscible
in
Liquid
2.
Water Hir FOg • acetic acid + water (both liquid) = miscible (vinegar)

SOLUBILITY RULES
• substances of like polarity tend to be more soluble in each
3. Gas in other than substances that differ in polarity
Oxygen Nitrogen Hir
was • “like dissolves like”
> polar to polar ; nonpolar to nonpolar

EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS: LIQUID SOLUTIONS SOLUBILITY IN WATER

Type ofSolution solute solvent solution

1. Solids in Salt Water seawater

Liquids

2. Liquids in Acetic acid Water vinegar

Liquids

3. Gas in carbonated
Carbon dioxide Water
Liquids drinks
 SOLUBILITY RULES IN WATER • Aqueous Solution
SOLUBLE IN WATER > a solution with water solvent
• alkali metal ions, ammonium ions, lithium, sodium, and NH4+
• acetate ions, C2H3O2- EXPRESSING CONCENTRATIONS
• nitrate ion 1. Qualitative Method
• halide ions • dilute solution: contains a small amount of solute in solution
• sulfate ions relative to the amount that could dissolve (one cup of water, one
tablespoon of milk to dissolve, but you put one teaspoon only)
INSOLUBLE IN WATER • concentrated solution: contains a large amount of solute
• carbonate ions relative to the amount that could dissolve (need not to be a
• chromate ions saturated solution)
• phosphate ions • urine : concentrated urine (first urine in the morning : sleeping
• sulfide ions filter the urine properly) for pregnancy test
• hydroxide ions • clinic : diluted urine (the second or after the first urine released)
• example : patient is yellow and went to doctor (who asked for
SOLUBILITY laboratory examine: but results said that bilirubin is normal)
• the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in 100 > in reality : medtech forgot to foil the test tubes (bilirubin) :
grams of water at a given temperature fault of medtech (because physicians only read but medtech confirm)
• unit: g of solute / 100 grams of solvent • diabetes : do not get blood / sample from feet (because blood is
concentrated (buo-buo), blood do not flow properly in the
SOLUBILITIES OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS AT THE RATE OF 50 AND arteries far from the heart)
100 DEGREE CELSIUS
2. Quantitative Method
• % by mass
• % by volume
• molarity (M)
• molality (m)
• normality (N) — to be focused on Analytical Chemistry
• mole fraction (X) — to be focused on Analytical Chemistry
• ppm — to be focused on Analytical Chemistry or Environmental
Chemistry
• ppb — to be focused on Analytical Chemistry or Environmental
Chemistry

SOLUTION CONCENTRATIONS
• specifies the amount of solute present in an unsaturated solution
• most solutions chemists deal with are unsaturated rather than
saturated
• amount of solute present in an specified amount of solvent or
specified amount of solution

RATIO OF TWO QUANTITIES:

SOLUBILITY
• may also be described qualitatively amountof solute amounto f solute
Or
• very soluble, soluble, slightly soluble, insoluble
amountof solventa mountof solution

C, add solute

and solvent

PERCENTAGE OF SOLUTE
• concentration of a solution is often specified in terms of the
percentage of solute in the total amount of solution
• percentage of mass
• percentage of volume
• mass-volume percent

PERCENTAGE OF MASS (MASS/MASS PERCENT)

• most frequently used
TERMINOLOGIES • mass of solute and solution should be in the same units
• Miscible Liquids
> dissolve in any amount in each other
> completely mix with each other in any and all proportions mass solute
of
> after mixing, only one phase is present percentby mass
=
100 Y
x

mass of solution
• Partially Miscible Liquid
> have limited solubility in each other

• Immiscible Liquid
> do not dissolve in each other
EXAMPLES OF PERCENTAGE OF MASS: MASS-VOLUME PERCENTAGE
1. What is the percent by mass concentration of a solution where 8 • encountered in hospital and industrial setting
·

grams of salt is dissolved in 90 grams of water? • used when working with solid solute and liquid solvent
(blood and liquid solvent)

Given:
mass ofsolute (9)
NaCl Mass-volume percent 100%
x
solute 8g
= -

volume of solution (mL)

solvent 90g H20
=

solution:solute + solvent
EXAMPLES OF MASS-VOLUME PERCENTAGE:
8 90 989
=
+

1. What is the concentration in percent mass/volume of 150 mL

of solution containing 30 grams of solute?
solution. Given:
solute 309
=

89 NaCl
180% 0.16%
=

solution 150mL
=

98g solution
solution:
2. A saline solution with a mass of 355 grams has 36.5 grams of NaCl
30 y
dissolved. What is the mass/mass percent concentration of the solution? 180%
x
=

20%
150mL
oiven:
solute 36.59 NaCl 2. What is the concentration by percent of mass-volume if 67
=

solution solution grams are dissolved to make 1.2 L of solutions?

3559
=

diven:
solution: solute:679
solution 1.2 L
=

36.59 NaCl
180%
x 10.28%
=

3559 solution
solution:

PERCENTAGE BY VOLUME
679
• used when solute and solvent are liquids or gases
100%
x
=

9583.33%
1.2L
• solute and solution volume must be in the same unit

volume ofsolute 3. What volume of a 40% m/v solution contains 70 grams of

percentage by volume 100% solute?
=

volume of solution
Given: 40 %
0.4
%M/v 40%
=

= ->

100
EXAMPLES OF PERCENTAGE BY VOLUME:
solute 709
=

1. Determine the volume/volume percent solution made by combing 25

=0
mL of ethanol with enough water to produce 200 mL of the solution.
solution:
1
=

115m
(19)
=

Given:
x (0.4) x
=

solute 25mL Ethanol

=

4. What amount of solute is dissolved to make 0.5 L of a 20%

solution 200 solution m/v solution?
=

mL

oiven:
20%
%M1V 20%
->
solution: -
0.2
=

108
solution 0.5L
=

25 mL Ethanol
100% 12.5%
=

200 ml solution solution.

0.2(0.52)
=

x
X
2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 90 mL of hydrogen peroxide in 0.2
=

enough water to make 3000 mL of solution. Identify the concentration of 0.9L =0.19
hydrogen peroxide solution.

Given:
solute 90mL H202
=

solution 3000mL solution

=

solution:
90mL H2O2
180% 3%
=

3000mL solution
MOLARITY 2. You have a solution with a concentration of C1 = 10 g/L and a
volume of V1 = 50 mL. You want to dilute the solution by adding 250

mole ofsaltin
mL of solvent, so the diluted will be V2 = 300 mL (50 mL of the
M original solution + 250 mL of solvent). Now, calculate the
=

concentration of the diluted solution.

Given: solution:
EXAMPLES OF MOLARITY:

i ·sm
C1V G VI
=

1. 0.444 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution.

(10 M) (30mL) (2-mL)
=

Given: M01=0.444 mol COCl2

b 0.654L
=

vz sum
=
300m1 3m

solution:0.444 mol (OCl2 (2 1.67 M

=

=0.679 M
0.654 L

2. 98.0 grams of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, in 1.00 L of DATA AND RESULTS nonpolar slightly
polar
toorganic
solution. A. SOLUBILITY
solution:
organic ↑ organic
Given: solute:989
solution 1L
-

1 mol solute Water Hexane Ethanol

989x
H 3 x1.008:3.024 97.9949 Salt
=

1.
very slightly
?? -"Y =

1.000061228 mol HyPOY Clonic,

Inorganic)
Polar soluble Insoluble
soluble

97.994 g/mol 1L

1.0M
=
2. Salicylic
Acid
Insoluble soluble solube
-3
3. 7.0 x 10 mol of I2 in 100.0 mL of solution Islightly polar
organic
Given.
solute:7.0 10-3
x mol
solution:100.0 m) 1L
x 0.12
=
B. MISCIBILITY
1000m)

solution. solute Acetone Hexane Ethanol

1.0x10- mol Ic 1. Water

0.07
=
M
0.1L I Polar soluble Insoluble soluble

inorganic
DILUTION
• process in which more solvent is added to a solution in
order to lower its concentration C. SOLUBILITY OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS IN WATER AT 25
• same amount of solute is present but is now DEGREE CELSIUS
distributed in a larger amount of solvent
compounds solubility (1009)

GV GV2
=

NaCl 35.99

EXAMPLES OF DILUTION: KCI 35.59

1. You have a solution with a concentration of C1 = 5 M
and volume of V1 = 100 mL. You want to dilute this
solution by adding 200 mL of solvent, so the volume of BACI 369
the diluted solution will be V2 = 300 mL (100 mL of the
original solution + 200 mL of solvent). Now, calculate
the concentration of the diluted solution. CUSO4 24.39

Given: solution:
AICIs 31.099
21 3M C,V1 G2V2
=
=

Vi 100 mL (5M)(100m2) ((-5mL)

=

31.79
=

InSO4
(2 1 =

30UmL 3ml
V2 300mL
=

( =1.67 M
D. FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY RATE F. DILUTION

Tube Dissolving condition Time

A undistributed gn
+

to dissolve

B Undistributed 4th

L Undistributed Fast (3rd)

D stirred Faster (2nd)

E Ground Fastest(1st)

EXPLANATIONS
1. Temperature
• most solids become more soluble in most liquids at higher
temperature because it increases the kinetic energy of the
solution, thus allowing the solvent molecules to move faster

> Solids in Liquid

• harder for a solute to dissolve in cold temperature
• the higher the temperature, the higher the solubility (directly
proportional)
• example : making hot coffee vs iced coffee

> Gas in Liquid

• high kinetic energy, low chance of components to interact
• the higher the temperature, the lower the solubility (inversely
proportional)

2. Particle Size
• the smaller the particle, the greater the surface area is exposed
to the solvent, hence, the higher the solubility in the solvent

> Particle Size and Surface Area

• smaller size : greater surface area = higher solubility
• size to rate : inversely proportional (larger = slower)
• area to rate : directly proportional (larger = faster)

3. Stirring
• the rate of solution can be increased by stirring or agitation

E. % by Mass, % by Volume, and Molarity of Sodium Chloride

in Salt Water