Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

Morong, Rizal
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FM Transmitter Design
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
ECE EL22 Elective 2 Track 2: Broadcasting

Submitted by:
Gelle, Ruzzel Adrian P.

Animas, Eunice G.

Aran, Christopher Michael SC.

De Gala, Jonele M.

Diomampo, John Kenneth U.

Lamanilao, Darryl C.

Reynera, Ian Reychard P.

Satinitigan, Jomari C.

Yaneza, Jamella P.

Submitted to:
Jenadel DL. Antipolo

April 11, 2023

SY: 2022-2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Project Description …………………….………………………………………….…1

II. Safety Precautions and proper troubleshooting of the FM Transmitter …….…2

III. Objective of the Study …………………………….……………………………….4

IV. Table 1. Radio Station in the Philippines …………………….………………….5

V. Frequency operation and operating power ………………………………………7

VI. Design Description ………………………………………………………………...8

VII. Photo of Material/Tools …………………….……………………………….…...11

VIII. Photo of students while making the device ……………………………......…12

IX. Photo of device (a). inside wiring connections and pcb (b) outside (c) front

view (d) back view …………………………………………………………………….15

X. Photo of FM Transmitter (Microphone connected to transmitter/receiver,

transmitter/receiver cable going to antenna) ………………………………….…...16

XI. Photo of FM transmitter (displaying the frequency) ………………………......17

XII. Schematic Diagram & PCB Layout …………………………………………….18

XIII. Scope and limitation …………………………………………………………….19

XIV. Conclusion & Recommendation ……………………………………………….20

XV. Bill of Materials …………………………………………………………………...23

XVI. Table of Major Components Description …………………………….…….....23

XVII. Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………..25

ii
 1

I. Project Description

German scientist Heinrich Hertz developed the first primitive radio

transmitters (also known as spark gap transmitters) in 1887 while doing ground-

breaking research on radio waves. A high voltage spark between two conductors

produced the radio waves. These transmitters were used by Guglielmo Marconi

to create the first effective radio communication systems starting in 1895, and

radio started to be utilized commercially in 1900. Instead of using sound to

convey information, spark transmitters used radiotelegraphy. The operator would

press a telegraph key to switch on and off the transmitter, which would cause

radio wave pulses to be produced that would represent text messages in

telegraphic code. These pulses were occasionally immediately recorded at the

receiver on paper tapes, but audible reception was more typical, and an operator

who understood the code would convert the audible receipt back to text. During

the wireless telegraphy or "spark" period of radio, which lasted from 1887 to

1917, several spark-gap transmitters were in use. Spark transmitters have

electrical "noise" because of the damped waves they produced. They radiated

energy across a wide spectrum of frequencies, producing radio noise that

interfered with other transmitters. In 1934, international law forbade damped

wave emissions.

An FM transmitter is an electronic device that allows you to broadcast

audio signals wirelessly from a source device, such as a music player, to an FM

radio receiver. The transmitter works by converting the audio signal into a radio
 2

frequency (RF) signal, which is then broadcasted over the FM radio frequency

band.

One of the most popular ways to use this technology is in the car;

harnessing the car’s radio and sound system is often more effective than simply

playing the music from a phone or other device. Other cars following nearby can

also pick up the signal, which is often desirable for things like group road trips or

caravans. The devices can also be used in homes or offices, though they work

best in areas where there isn’t a lot of competition for available bandwidth. In

downtown or densely populated places, it can be hard to find a free signal and,

even then, that signal can cut in and out or overlap with other nearby broadcasts.

FM transmitters come in various sizes and power ranges. Some are

designed to be portable, while others are intended for use in a fixed location.

Most FM transmitters are battery-powered, and some can be charged via USB.

The power output of the transmitter determines the range of the signal, with

higher-powered transmitters having a longer range. It's important to note that FM

transmitters are subject to regulatory requirements, and the frequency and power

output may be restricted in some countries. It's important to check local

regulations before using an FM transmitter to avoid any potential legal issues.

II. Safety Precautions and proper troubleshooting of the FM Transmitter

• Before handling the transmitter or receiver, ensure that the device is

disconnected from the power supply.

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• Do not touch the transmitter's antenna while it is transmitting, as it may

cause burns or shock.

• Use proper grounding techniques to minimize the risk of electrical shock.

• Keep the transmitter or receiver away from water, moisture, or other

liquids.

• Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when operating the

transmitter or receiver.

• Do not operate the device in explosive environments.

• If you notice any unusual smells, smoke, or sparks coming from the

device, disconnect the power supply immediately and seek professional

help.

Troubleshooting FM Transmitter:

• Check the power source: Ensure that the transmitter is properly connected

to the power source and the power source is working correctly.

• Check the antenna: Check the antenna connection and ensure that it is

securely attached to the transmitter.

• Check the frequency settings: Verify that the transmitter and receiver are

on the same frequency and that they are properly tuned.

• Check the audio input: Make sure that the audio source is connected

properly, and the volume is turned up.

• Check for interference: Interference can cause problems with the

transmission or reception of the signal. Check for any potential sources of

interference, such as other electronic devices or radio signals.

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• Check the cables: Ensure that all cables are connected correctly and that

they are in good condition.

• Check for damage: Inspect the transmitter for any damage or signs of

wear and tear. If any damage is detected, discontinue use and seek

professional help.

• Reset the device: If all else fails, try resetting the transmitter to its default

settings.

III. Objective of the Study

The objective of designing an FM transmitter might change based on the

study's individual setting and aim. However, some broad goals of research on FM

transmitters can be as follows:

The general objective of designing an FM transmitter is to create a device

that can transmit audio signals wirelessly over a designated frequency band

using FM modulation.

On the other hand, the specific objectives are:

• To design and build a stable oscillator circuit that generates a

stable carrier wave frequency.

• To design and implement a modulation circuit that modulates the

audio signal onto the carrier wave using frequency modulation.

• To design and build a power amplifier circuit that amplifies the

modulated signal to the desired power level for transmission.

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• To design and implement a filtering circuit that removes any

unwanted harmonics and noise from the modulated signal.

• To design and build a matching network that ensures maximum

power transfer from the power amplifier to the antenna.

• To test and verify the performance of the FM transmitter, including

its frequency stability, modulation fidelity, output power, and range.

IV. Table 1. Radio Station in the Philippines

METRO MANILA

Frequency Name RDS ID Format Call Sign Owner

Republika Philippine
DWFO- Top 40
87.5 FM FM1 DWFO Broadcasting
FM1 (callsign) (CHR), OPM
Manila Service
Raven
Broadcasting
88.3 FM Jam 88.3 Jam 88.3 Active Rock DWJM Corporation (part
of Tiger 22 Media
Corporation)
Blockbuster
Broadcasting
Wave Urban
89.1 FM Wave 89.1 DWAV System, Inc. (part
89.1 Contemporary
of Tiger 22 Media
Corporation)
Quest
Broadcasting,
Magic Top 40
89.9 FM MAGIC 89.9 DWTM Inc. (part of Tiger
89.9 (CHR), OPM
22 Media
Corporation)
Cebu Broadcasting
Love Company (an
Contemporary
90.7 FM Radio 90.7LOVE DZMB affiliate of Manila
MOR, OPM
Manila Broadcasting
Company)
Mabuhay
Win
1. WIN Contemporary Broadcasting
91.5 FM Radio DWKY
2. Radio MOR, OPM System (operated
Manila
by ZimZam
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Management)
Nation
Broadcasting
Radyo5 News, Public
92.3 FM DWFM Corporation (opera
True FM Affairs, Talk
ted by TV5
Network, Inc.)
Audiovisual
Monster Monster Top 40
93.1 FM DWRX Communicators,
RX 93.1 RX93.1 (CHR), OPM
Inc.
1. 93.9 iFM
iFM Contemporary Radio Mindanao
93.9 FM 2. ang iDol DWKC
Manila MOR, OPM Network, Inc.
3. kong FM
Mellow FBS Radio
94.7 FM Soft AC DWLL
94.7 Network, Inc.
Eagle
Classic
95.5 FM Eagle FM EAGLE FM DWDM Broadcasting
Hits, OPM
Corporation
Easy Manila
96.3 FM Rock Soft AC DWRK Broadcasting
Manila Company
DWLS
FM (callsign)
Barangay Contemporary
97.1 FM BRGY DWLS GMA Network, Inc.
LS Manila MOR, OPM
LS (note: may
change)
Insular
Broadcasting
Home Easy
1. HOME System, Inc. (an
97.9 FM Radio Listening, Soft DWQZ
2. RADIO affiliate of Aliw
Manila AC
Broadcasting
Corporation)
98.7
DZFE Classical Far East
98.7 FM The 98.7DZFE Music, Religiou DZFE Broadcasting
Master's s Company
Touch
Real Radio
99.5 Play Top 40 Network, Inc. (part
99.5 FM DWRT
FM (CHR), OPM of Tiger 22 Media
Corporation)
Free Air
Broadcasting
RJFM Network, Inc.
100.3 FM RJ 100 Adult Hits DZRJ
Manila (Rajah
Broadcasting
Network)
 7

Pacific
Broadcasting
Yes The YES
Contemporary System, Inc. (an
101.1 FM Best FM (former DWYS
MOR, OPM affiliate of Manila
Manila branding)
Broadcasting
Company)
People's
Contemporary Broadcasting
Star FM
102.7 FM Star FM MOR, OPM, Ne DWSM Service, Inc. (part
Manila
ws of Bombo Radyo
Philippines)
Advanced Media
K-Lite Adult
103.5 FM KLite DWOW Broadcasting
103.5 Contemporary
System, Inc.
Adult Philippine
Capital
104.3 FM DWFT-FM2 Contemporary, DWFT Broadcasting
FM2
OPM Service
Mareco
Broadcasting
Q Radio DWBM- Top 40 Network,
105.1 FM DWBM
Manila FM (callsign) (CHR), OPM Inc. (operated by
Horizon of the Sun
Communications)
Neo Bright Star
Retro Broadcasting
105.9 FM Adult Hits, OPM DWLA
1059 The Network
One Corporation
Energy Ultrasonic
Contemporary
106.7 FM FM ENERGYFM DWET Broadcasting
MOR, OPM
Manila System, Inc.

Progressive
Wish
107.5 FM WISH FM Adult Hits, OPM DWNU Broadcasting
107.5
Corporation )

V. Frequency operation and operating power

In this project, we performed a series of experiments to determine the

optimal frequency operation and power output for our FM transmitter. Through

extensive testing and analysis, we found that the most effective frequency
 8

operation for our transmitter was 96.1MHz. This frequency falls within the

commercial FM band and is commonly used for local radio stations. We chose

this frequency because it provided a clear and reliable signal within our desired

coverage area.

For the power output, we determined that a maximum of 300mW was the

most effective. This power output allowed us to achieve the desired signal

strength without causing any interference with other radio signals. We also tested

various power outputs and found that exceeding 300mW resulted in diminishing

returns, with little to no increase in coverage area or signal strength.

Overall, our findings indicate that a frequency operation of 96.1MHz and a

power output of 300mW maximum provide optimal performance for our FM

transmitter. These settings can be used as a starting point for other FM

transmitter projects, although adjustments may be necessary depending on

factors such as location and surrounding radio signals. Our research has

contributed to a better understanding of FM transmitter performance.

VI. Design Description

Power Supply: A power source is required for the FM transmitter circuit to run.

The circuit is powered by a 12V 3A power supply or regulated power source.

Oscillator: The oscillator is the heart of the FM transmitter. It generates the RF

signal that is transmitted. A Colpitts oscillator circuit can be used for this purpose.
 9

Frequency Modulator: A frequency modulator circuit is used to modulate the

audio signal onto the RF carrier signal. This is achieved by varying the frequency

of the oscillator with the audio signal.

Amplifier: An RF amplifier is used to increase the modulated signal to a

transmittable level. Depending on the desired output power, this amplifier might

be a basic transistor amplifier or a more complicated amplifier.

Antenna: The antenna is used to radiate the RF signal into the air. A simple wire

or telescopic antenna can be used for low power FM transmitters.

Output Filter: An output filter is used to remove unwanted harmonics and noise

from the output signal. This is important to comply with regulations and prevent

interference with other radio devices.

Control Circuit: A control circuit can be added to the FM transmitter to adjust the

modulation depth, frequency, and output power. This can be achieved using

potentiometers, switches, or microcontrollers.

FM transmitter main parameters:

1. The input voltage: dc 12 v

2. Input current 3.0 A

3. The audio signal: the maximum input Vpp is less than 1 v.

4. Microphone types: cylinder microphone or microphones

5. The output power: 0.5 W - 7 W continuous adjustable

6. The output impedance: 50 Ω

7. Working frequency: 76 m - 108 MHZ

 10

8. The distortion degree: 0.03% ~ 0.1%

A. The board size: fire board: 100 x 60 mm (excluding fin) Control panel: 58 x 36

mm

B. The launch distance: more than 8 km (premise is open field emission)

C. Stereo separation degree: greater than 63 db

Transmitter suite key features:

1. DSP + PLL technology, make the frequency more stable, the frequency does

not change with the environment and produce frequency drift.

2. No need any adjustment, bring the fun of DIY to beginners.

3. The frequency can be continuous adjustment within the specified scope.

4. with microphone input interface, and can through digital potentiometer to

control the volume of the microphone.

5. Audio input by digital potentiometer which can adjust the volume.

6. Power can be between 0.1 W and 7 W maximum power continuous

adjustment.

7. The power output network for harmonic suppression is very good, make the

output spectrum is cleaner.

8. Set the frequency and volume of power lost protection, the next boot does not

need to set up again!

 11

VII. Photo of Material/Tools

 12

VIII. Photo of students while making the device

13
14
 15

IX. Photo of Device (inside wiring connections)

 16

X. Photo of FM Transmitter (microphone connected to transmitter)

 17

XI. Photo of FM Transmitter (displaying frequency)

 18

XII. Schematic Diagram & PCB Layout

 19

XIII. Scope and Limitations

Scopes:

The FM Transmitter project is an easy-to-build, suitable for beginner’s

project for anyone curious about FM broadcasting.

The project's portability and modest size make it perfect for usage in

personal applications like listening to music from a computer or phone to an FM

radio.

The project may be expanded and changed to meet various demands and

specifications. For instance, an amplifier can be added to enhance the audio

input quality, or the power output may be increased to extend transmission

range.

The project can serve as a platform for more complex FM transmission

initiatives, such as the construction of a large-scale FM transmitter for

broadcasting.

Limitations:

Due to the circuit's low power output, the transmission range of the FM

Transmitter project is limited. Only intended for personal usage, the transmission

range is often only a few meters.

Other radio signals in the area, such as those from local radio stations or

other FM transmitters, may interfere with the quality of the broadcast audio.

The project might ask for some fundamental understanding of electronics

and circuit design. It could be difficult for anyone without any prior electronics

skills to complete the project without aid or direction.

 20

Since it fails to comply to the legal criteria for running an FM transmitter,

the project is not meant for use in commerce or for broadcasting.

Digital transmitter is more cost effective than the analog.

In general, the Mini FM Transmitter project is easy to understand and easy

to construct, although it has certain restrictions on the broadcast range and audio

quality. However, it can be developed and adjusted to meet various purposes

and requirements and is a great place to start for those who are just starting to

learn about FM transmission.

XIV. Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusions:

The final outcome of an FM transmitter that functions rely on the particular

project or experiment that was carried out. However, from the operation of a

working FM transmitter, certain broad inferences may be made. The basics of

frequency modulation, which is a technique for encoding information onto a

carrier wave by modulating its frequency, are shown through a functional FM

transmitter. An audio input signal is modulated by the transmitter onto a higher

frequency carrier wave before being sent through an antenna and capable of

being picked up by a suitable receiver.

The strength of the broadcast signal is affected by a number of variables,

including the quality of the transmitter circuit's components, the transmitter's

power output, the antenna being utilized, and the distance between the

transmitter and the receiver. A high-quality signal that can be picked up across a
 21

sizable distance can be produced by an FM transmitter that has been designed

and built well. Practical uses for FM transmitter technology may be found in the

broadcasting, telecommunications, and wireless communication industries.

Individuals may design, construct, and optimize FM transmitter systems for a

variety of applications by learning about and comprehending the fundamentals of

FM transmission.

Therefore, a functional FM transmitter serves as an example of frequency

modulation theory and has real-world applications in a variety of industries.

People who are familiar with the operation of FM transmitters may design,

construct, and improve these systems for a variety of uses. We therefore

conclude that this project is indeed appropriate for students majoring in

electronics engineering, particularly those who choose to study FM transmission

and reception as part of their electronic communications theory course. By

completing this project, we have gained a greater appreciation for theory. We

have also seen a precise application of our lessons, which cover topics like

wireless communication, FM modulation, transmission, demodulation, reception,

as well as oscillators, amplifiers, and more. It is fascinating to be able to send

and receive information using wireless FM communication.

Recommendations:

• Choose the Right Components: Selecting the right components is crucial

to the success of the project. Make sure you choose quality components

that are suitable for the required frequency range and power level.
 22

• Follow a Schematic: It is highly recommended to use a schematic diagram

to build the FM transmitter. This will help you to avoid mistakes and

ensure that the circuit is correctly wired.

• Test Each Section: Test each section of the circuit as you build it. This will

help you to identify any errors or issues before proceeding to the next

section.

• Measure Output Power: Use an RF power meter to measure the output

power of the FM transmitter. This will help you to ensure that the

transmitter is operating within legal limits and not causing interference with

other radio devices.

• Antenna Placement: The placement and orientation of the antenna can

affect the range and signal strength of the FM transmitter. Experiment with

different antenna lengths and placements to find the optimal configuration.

• Comply with Regulations: It is important to comply with local regulations

and guidelines for radio transmissions. In some countries, operating an

FM transmitter without proper licensing is illegal and can result in fines or

legal action.

By following these recommendations, you can increase the chances of

success in your FM transmitter project and ensure that it operates reliably and

within legal limits

 23

XV. Bill of Materials

Quantity Unit Item Description Unit Price Total Cost

(₱) (₱)
1 Piece 15W FM Transmitter PLL
Stereo audio 76-108 MHz 1923.00 1923.00
frequency DIY Kit
1 Piece 12V DC Fan 50.00 50.00
1 Piece Chassis type box 120.00 120.00
1 Piece BNC Type telescopic antenna 112.00 112.00
16 Piece Bolts and Nuts 2.00 32.00
1 Piece Seesaw switch 15.00 15.00
1 Piece 12v dc connector 15.00 15.00
8 Piece Plastic washer 3.00 21.00
1 Piece 3.5mm jack for microphone 15.00 15.00
TOTAL 2,303.00

XVI. Table of Major Components Description

Component
Image Quantity Descriptions
Name
Electrolytic capacitor 6 This are commonly used
as filtering devices in various
power supplies to reduce the
voltage ripple.
Color ring Inductance 1 Color ring inductance is
commonly used for signal quality
control and circuit matching

Adjustable inductance 1 Adjustable inductors have a

movable inner core that is
used to change their inductance

Air core inductor 6 The air core inductor is used in

filter circuits. It is used in high
frequency applications including
TV, radio receivers and
transmitters.
Triode 2SC2851 1 The 2SC2851 transistor can be
used in an FM transmitter in
various stages of the circuit
including; oscillation,
amplification, mixer, and driver.
 24

Heatsink 1 The main function of a heatsink

is to prevent overheating and
failure of these devices by
providing a large surface area
for the heat to dissipate.

RD15HVF1 1 Is a MOS FET type transistor

specifically designed for
VHF/UHF High power amplifiers
applications. It is use to amplify
the RF signal generated by the
oscillator to a higher power
level.
Tactile Push Button 3 The push button switch is used
switch 6×6 to turn on and off the control
circuit, and it is a kind of control
switch device that is widely
used.
Crystal Oscillator 1 A crystal oscillator is an electric
oscillator type circuit that uses a
piezoelectric resonator, a
crystal, as its frequency-
determining element.
PJ305 Headphone 2 Are electrical connectors that
socket used to transmit analog audio
signals between your
headphones and an audio
source.
12v power supply 1 Is a connector used to connect
connector power supply to the transmitter.

Telescopic antenna 1 A telescopic antenna can be

used in an FM transmitter to
receive or transmit radio signals.

See saw switch 1 Is a type of electrical switch that

rocks back and forth to toggle
the circuit between two
positions. It is used as the main
power switch in this FM
Transmitter.
 25

XVII. Bibliography

EasyTechJunkie. (n.d.). What is an FM Transmitter? Retrieved from

https://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-an-fm-transmitter.htm

Shinde, S. R., & Jadhav, P. V. (2013). Design and Working of FM Transmitter.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Engineering, 2(8),
686-691. Retrieved from
http://www.ijarse.com/images/fullpdf/1381331510_DESIGN_AND_WORKING_O
F_FM_TRANSMITTER.pdf

Slideshare. (n.d.). Design of FM Transmitter [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/HarisAbdullah19/cs-presentation006021

Scribd. (2011). Conclusion - FM Transmitter Receiver Project #. Retrieved from

https://www.scribd.com/doc/68735964/Conclusion-FM-Transmitter-Receiver-
Project#

Wikipedia contributors. (2021, March 31). List of radio stations in the Philippines.
In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:44, April 2, 2023, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines

Wikipedia contributors. (2021, March 31). Transmitter. In Wikipedia, The Free

Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:44, April 2, 2023, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter#:~:text=Practical%20frequency%20mod
ulation%20(FM)%20transmission,station%20was%20licensed%20in%201937.

My Project Circuits. (n.d.). Design and Construction of a Digital FM Transmitter.

Retrieved from https://www.myprojectcircuits.com/materials/design-and-
construction-of-a-digital-fm-transmitter/