CHAPTER 3: WHAT GENDER IS MORE INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOURS

AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOURS

The exploration of gender differences in criminal behaviors and antisocial tendencies is

a crucial aspect of understanding the dynamics of crime within societies. Throughout
history, research has consistently shown patterns suggesting that males are
disproportionately involved in certain types of criminal activities. This observation has
sparked debates regarding the underlying factors contributing to these disparities,
including biological, social, and cultural influences that may shape gender-specific
tendencies towards criminality.

The aim of this chapter is to delve into the intricate relationship between gender and
criminal behaviors, shedding light on the reasons behind the observed differences in the
rates and types of offenses committed by males and females. By examining these
gender-specific patterns, we seek to uncover the underlying factors that may drive
individuals, particularly males, towards criminal behaviors, as well as to consider the
nuanced aspects that contribute to these dynamics. Furthermore, this exploration aims
to contribute to the development of more effective and tailored strategies for crime
prevention and intervention, recognizing the unique needs and challenges that
individuals of different genders may face in their interactions with the legal system and
their pathways within society.

GENDER MORE INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOURS

The notion that gender is more involved in criminal behaviors has been a topic of
extensive study and debate within the field of criminology. While it's essential to
approach this subject with caution and acknowledge individual variation, certain
patterns have emerged in crime statistics that highlight a higher prevalence of males
being involved in specific types of criminal activities. This phenomenon is not solely
rooted in biology but is influenced by complex social, cultural, and environmental factors
that shape individuals' choices and pathways towards criminal behavior.
One significant area where gender differences are evident is in violent crimes.
Historically, males have been overrepresented in offenses such as assault, robbery,
and homicide. Biological factors, including hormonal differences, may contribute to male
involvement in violent crimes. Higher levels of testosterone in males have been
associated with increased aggression and risk-taking behavior, potentially explaining
the higher incidence of certain violent offenses among males.

Moreover, socialization plays a vital role in shaping gender-specific tendencies toward

criminality. Traditional notions of masculinity often emphasize traits such as dominance,
toughness, and the ability to assert control. These expectations, combined with peer
influences and societal norms, may lead males to adopt behaviors that align with these
ideals, even if they involve criminal acts. The desire to conform to these masculine
norms can contribute to the higher likelihood of males engaging in activities associated
with aggression or rule-breaking.

In addition, socio-economic factors contribute significantly to the gender disparities

observed in criminal behaviors. Disadvantaged communities, marked by poverty, lack of
access to quality education, and limited employment opportunities, can create an
environment where individuals, particularly males, may be more prone to engage in
criminal activities as a means of survival or financial gain. Addressing these disparities
requires comprehensive social and economic interventions aimed at reducing inequality
and providing viable alternatives for both males and females.

Furthermore, family dynamics and upbringing play a pivotal role in shaping an

individual's propensity for criminal behavior, contributing to gender differences in this
area. While both genders can be influenced by their families, certain dynamics may
impact males and females differently, leading to distinct patterns of offending. For
instance, the absence of positive role models, parental neglect, or exposure to criminal
behavior within the family may have a varying impact on the criminal involvement of
each gender.

However, it is essential to emphasize that focusing solely on gender as the primary

determinant of criminal behavior oversimplifies the complex interplay of factors
contributing to these disparities. Individual life experiences, mental health, access to
opportunities, and community influences all play crucial roles in shaping an individual's
likelihood of engaging in criminal activities. This broader perspective helps ensure that
policies and interventions address the underlying causes of criminal behaviors,
promoting a more inclusive and effective approach to crime prevention and intervention.

Moreover, the criminal justice system's response to gender is a critical factor to consider
when discussing gender disparities in criminal behaviors. Some research suggests that
the criminal justice system may respond differently to males and females, with gender
bias influencing arrest rates, sentencing, and the overall treatment of certain behaviors.
This differential response may contribute to the observed disparities in official crime
statistics, leading to a skewed representation of gender involvement in criminal
activities.

Ultimately, understanding the nuanced relationship between gender and criminal

behaviors requires a comprehensive approach that considers the complex interplay of
biology, socialization, socio-economic factors, family dynamics, mental health, and
systemic biases within the criminal justice system. By addressing these multifaceted
aspects, society can work towards a more equitable approach to crime prevention and
intervention, ensuring that individuals of all genders have better opportunities to
succeed without resorting to criminal behavior.

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOURS

Gender plays a significant role in the expression, perception, and societal response to
antisocial behaviors. Research consistently indicates that males tend to exhibit higher
rates of certain types of antisocial conduct, such as physical aggression, property
crimes, and violent offenses. This gender difference in antisocial behaviors has been
observed across various cultures and age groups. However, it's important to recognize
that gender is not the sole determinant of antisocial behaviors, and individual variation,
as well as the broader context, must be considered.

Socialization, influenced by cultural norms and gender expectations, contributes to the

gender disparities in antisocial behaviors. Boys and young men may be socialized to
display behaviors associated with traditional masculinity, such as assertiveness,
dominance, and risk-taking. These traits, while not inherently linked to antisocial
behaviors, can sometimes manifest as aggression or rule-breaking. Girls and young
women, on the other hand, may face different socialization pressures, emphasizing
relational skills and conformity. This can lead to different manifestations of antisocial
behaviors, such as manipulation or covert actions.

The impact of gender norms on antisocial behaviors is particularly evident in

adolescence, a period characterized by identity formation and peer influence. Gendered
expectations from peers, as well as a desire to fit in or prove one's masculinity or
femininity, can drive individuals to engage in behaviors that align with these
expectations, even if they cross into the realm of antisocial actions.

Biological factors, such as hormonal differences, also contribute to gender differences in

antisocial behaviors. Higher levels of testosterone in males have been associated with
increased aggression and risk-taking, potentially influencing the prevalence of certain
types of antisocial conduct among males. However, it's essential to emphasize that
biological factors interact with social and environmental influences, and not all males
with elevated testosterone levels engage in antisocial behaviors.

Socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in the gendered expression of antisocial

behaviors. Disadvantaged communities, often marked by poverty, limited access to
quality education, and reduced opportunities, may create an environment where
individuals, especially males, are more susceptible to engaging in antisocial activities as
a means of coping or survival.

Furthermore, the gender dynamics in victimization and the responses of the criminal
justice system deserve consideration. Females may face a higher risk of certain forms
of victimization, such as domestic violence or sexual assault, which can influence their
experiences with antisocial behaviors. Moreover, the way society perceives and
responds to antisocial behaviors based on gender can impact arrest rates, sentencing,
and the overall criminalization of certain behaviors.
It is essential to avoid oversimplifying the relationship between gender and antisocial
behaviors. While gender is a significant factor in the manifestation of certain types of
antisocial conduct, it must be understood within the broader context of individual
experiences, societal norms, cultural influences, and socioeconomic disparities. A
comprehensive approach to addressing antisocial behaviors should take into account
these multifaceted factors, recognizing the unique challenges faced by individuals of
diverse genders and working toward a more equitable and inclusive society that
prevents and intervenes effectively in all forms of antisocial behaviors.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, while research consistently indicates that males tend to be more involved
in certain types of criminal behaviors, it is crucial to approach this topic with nuance and
recognize the multifaceted nature of the relationship between gender and criminality.
The observed gender disparities in criminal behaviors can be attributed to a complex
interplay of biological, social, and environmental factors. Traditional gender norms and
socialization play a significant role, as boys and young men may face pressure to
conform to notions of masculinity that may encourage risk-taking behaviors or
aggression. However, it's essential to avoid generalizations and acknowledge that not
all males engage in criminal activities, and individual differences exist within each
gender.

To address the observed gender disparities in criminal behaviors effectively, society

must adopt a comprehensive approach. This approach should encompass early
intervention programs, education, mental health support, and policies aimed at reducing
socioeconomic disparities. It is essential to create an environment that challenges
harmful gender stereotypes, promotes positive role models, and provides equitable
opportunities for personal growth and development, regardless of gender. By
recognizing the complex interplay of factors that contribute to criminal behaviors and
working towards a more inclusive and supportive society, we can create pathways for all
individuals, regardless of gender, to lead productive and law-abiding lives while
addressing the root causes of criminality.