CHAPTER 3: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOURS AMONGST

YOUTH

According to Sekar, Bhuvaneswari, (2023), the prevalence of youth involvement in

criminal behavior is a significant social concern, with far-reaching implications for
community well-being and public safety. Young individuals in many regions face unique
challenges, often influenced by socio-economic disparities, family dynamics, peer
interactions, and broader environmental factors (Hussong, Benner, Erdem, Lansford,
Makila, Petrie, & SRA COVID‐19 Response Team, 2021). Therefore, understanding the
complex interplay of these factors is essential to develop effective strategies for
prevention and intervention.

Chirisa, I., Mutambisi, T., Chivenge, M., Mabaso, E., Matamanda, A.R. and Ncube, R.,
(2020) states that socio-economic disparities, characterized by high levels of
unemployment, poverty, limited access to quality education, and inadequate healthcare
facilities, often create an environment where some young individuals feel marginalized
and devoid of viable opportunities for personal growth and development. This sense of
hopelessness can drive some youth towards criminal activities, either as a means of
survival or as a path to fulfill unmet needs. The impact of these socio-economic factors
extends beyond individual choices, affecting the overall fabric of the community and
perpetuating a cycle of crime that hinders progress and well-being (Javvaji, 2023).

According to Giordano, Copp, Manning, and Longmore, (2019), family dynamics and
peer influence are also critical contributors to youth criminal behavior. These includes
dysfunctional family structures, parental neglect, abuse, or absence that can leave
young individuals without the necessary emotional support and positive role models. ur
Rehman, Usmani, and Parveen, (2022) ascertain that the influence of peers, particularly
those involved in delinquent behaviors, can exert a strong pull, leading some youth to
engage in criminal acts to gain acceptance or as a result of peer pressure. Moreover,
the local community environment, including high crime rates, limited recreational
opportunities, and a lack of positive social outlets, can further exacerbate the
vulnerability of youth to negative influences.
Velosa, Sánchez, Marín, and Becerra, (2022), by examining the socio-economic
determinants, family dynamics, peer interactions, and community factors in this unique
setting, we seek to uncover valuable insights that can inform evidence-based policies
and community-based interventions. Through a thorough exploration of these factors,
we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of youth criminal behavior, paving the
way for strategies that promote community development, empower youth, and create an
environment conducive to positive life choices.

Socio-Economic Disparities

Hyslop, (2021) argued that socio-economic disparities, marked by glaring inequalities in

income, employment opportunities, access to education, healthcare, and essential
services, exert a profound influence on the behavior and life trajectories of youth.
Therefore, in regions where such disparities prevail, young individuals often find
themselves at the intersection of limited prospects and increased vulnerability to
engaging in criminal behavior. Shepherd, Parida, and Wincent, (2021) ascertain that the
inability to access quality education places them at a disadvantage, hindering their
chances of breaking free from the cycle of poverty. Therefore, without educational
attainment, they may struggle to secure stable employment, relegating them to low-
income jobs or even unemployment, which can create a sense of hopelessness and
frustration.

High unemployment rates are a pressing consequence of socio-economic disparities,

and they have a direct impact on youth involvement in criminal activities (Ali, & Bibi,
2020). The lack of legitimate job opportunities can lead some young individuals to
consider illegal means to earn income, contributing to the perpetuation of criminal
behavior. According to Mbah, Obiagu, Nwangwu, Iwuamadi, and Udeh, (2023), the
cycle of economic deprivation can make crime appear as a more accessible path for
immediate gain, as youth may struggle to meet their basic needs or aspirations through
lawful means. This can further escalate if the broader socio-economic environment
lacks supportive social safety nets or programs designed to alleviate poverty and offer
alternatives to criminal engagement.
Socio-economic disparities also affect the infrastructure available within communities,
which can indirectly influence youth criminal behavior. In areas with inadequate
facilities, such as recreational centers, sports facilities, and community programs, youth
may lack constructive outlets for their energy and interests. The absence of these
positive resources leaves a void that can be filled by negative influences, making some
young individuals susceptible to criminal activities, such as gang involvement or
substance abuse. The absence of safe spaces for personal growth and development
limits opportunities for building essential life skills and character, leaving youth
vulnerable to negative peer influences and external pressures.

Addressing socio-economic disparities is crucial for breaking the cycle of youth criminal
behavior. Comprehensive approaches that focus on creating economic opportunities,
improving access to quality education, enhancing healthcare services, and building
community infrastructure can empower youth and provide them with more constructive
paths to pursue. By tackling these disparities, societies can uplift young individuals,
reducing the appeal of criminal activities and fostering an environment where youth can
reach their full potential, contribute positively to their communities, and lead fulfilling
lives.

Family Environment

The family environment, as a primary social unit, has a profound impact on the
development and behavior of youth. Positive family dynamics, characterized by
nurturing, support, and healthy relationships, significantly contribute to a young
individual's overall well-being and resilience. However, dysfunctional family
environments can pose serious challenges and increase the risk of youth engaging in
criminal behavior.

Parental neglect or absence is a crucial factor that can adversely affect youth. When
parents are absent due to work, family breakdowns, or other reasons, young individuals
may lack the emotional and supervisory support necessary for their growth. This
absence of parental guidance can create a void that may be filled by negative peer
influences or external factors, increasing the chances of involvement in criminal
activities. Additionally, when parents are not actively engaged in their children's lives, it
can lead to feelings of abandonment, which may contribute to delinquency as
individuals search for alternative sources of validation or belonging.

Physical and emotional abuse within the family environment can also have severe
consequences for youth. Exposure to violence or maltreatment can lead to feelings of
anger, frustration, and low self-esteem, which may manifest in disruptive or deviant
behaviors. These negative experiences may distort a young person's understanding of
healthy relationships and conflict resolution, making them more susceptible to
replicating aggressive or violent behaviors in their interactions with peers or in society at
large. The trauma resulting from such abuse can create a cycle of violence, with some
youth resorting to criminal behavior as a way of coping or exerting control over their
circumstances.

Substance abuse within the family context is another significant factor that influences
youth criminal behavior. Growing up in an environment where substance misuse is
prevalent exposes young individuals to the normalization of drug or alcohol use. This
can lead to early experimentation with substances, leading to addiction or criminal
activities to support these habits. Moreover, substance abuse within the family often
contributes to a lack of stability, leading to disrupted family dynamics, financial strain,
and neglect of parental responsibilities. These factors create an environment where
youth may feel compelled to seek external means of support, potentially leading them
towards criminal involvement.

Efforts to address family-related factors in preventing youth criminal behavior should

focus on strengthening family structures, promoting positive parenting, and providing
support systems for families facing challenges. Providing resources for parents to
improve their parenting skills, offering counseling services for families dealing with
substance abuse, and implementing community programs that support families can go a
long way in creating healthier family environments for youth. A strong, supportive family
environment can act as a protective factor, reducing the risk of youth engaging in
criminal behavior and fostering the development of responsible and resilient individuals.
Peer Influence

Peer influence is a powerful determinant of youth behavior, often shaping attitudes,

values, and choices during the formative years. The desire for acceptance and
belonging, coupled with the need to define one's identity, makes peers a significant
influence on a young person's decisions, including the potential engagement in criminal
activities.

Peers can play a positive role by encouraging academic achievements, participation in

constructive activities, and providing emotional support. However, the flip side is that
involvement with delinquent peers can have a detrimental impact. When youth
associate with peers engaged in criminal behavior, the normalization of such activities
can lead to a perception that these actions are acceptable or even desirable. This "peer
pressure" can lead individuals to engage in criminal acts, influenced by the belief that it
aligns them with their social circle's norms or expectations.

The influence of peers is especially pronounced during adolescence when the need to
assert independence and explore one's identity is strong. This period of increased
susceptibility to peer pressure can make young individuals particularly vulnerable to
criminal influences. The desire to fit in, gain social approval, or simply avoid rejection
may push some youth to engage in activities they otherwise would not have considered.

The impact of peer influence extends beyond direct pressure. Observational learning is
another aspect wherein youth learn from observing their peers' behaviors. When
surrounded by peers involved in criminal activities, youth might learn techniques,
attitudes, or justifications for engaging in similar actions. This observational aspect of
peer influence can contribute to the transmission of criminal behavior patterns within a
social group.

To address the influence of peers on youth criminal behavior, interventions should focus
on creating positive peer environments, promoting pro-social behaviors, and providing
alternative avenues for social belonging. Developing mentorship programs,
extracurricular activities, and community-based initiatives that engage youth in
constructive pursuits can redirect the influence of peers toward healthier choices.
Equipping young individuals with critical thinking skills and effective decision-making
strategies can help them resist negative peer pressures. Moreover, education about the
potential consequences of criminal behavior and the importance of positive role models
can empower youth to make informed choices that align with their long-term well-being
and aspirations.

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse is a significant factor influencing youth criminal behavior, with

profound consequences for individuals, families, and communities. The misuse of drugs
and alcohol can have far-reaching effects on a young person's physical and mental
health, often leading to increased vulnerability to criminal activities.

Firstly, substance abuse can impair judgment and lower inhibitions, making individuals
more susceptible to engaging in risky and criminal behaviors. Under the influence of
drugs or alcohol, young individuals may make impulsive decisions, leading them to
participate in illegal activities they might otherwise avoid. The impaired cognitive and
emotional functioning resulting from substance use can contribute to poor decision-
making, potentially leading to conflicts, violence, or criminal acts.

Secondly, substance abuse can create a cycle of addiction that drives some youth to
commit crimes to support their habits. As addiction takes hold, individuals may resort to
theft, drug trafficking, or other illegal activities to obtain the funds needed to purchase
substances. This pattern not only exposes them to the criminal justice system but also
perpetuates the cycle of substance abuse, making it challenging to break free from the
destructive behaviors.

Moreover, the association between substance abuse and involvement in criminal peer
networks further increases the likelihood of youth engaging in illegal activities. When
young individuals are part of social circles where drugs or alcohol use is prevalent, they
may be exposed to criminal behavior, which they might adopt as a way to fit in or gain
social acceptance. These peer connections can normalize criminal activities and
provide a supportive environment for such behaviors, reinforcing a culture of
delinquency.

To address the influence of substance abuse on youth criminal behavior, prevention

and intervention strategies are essential. Education about the risks of substance abuse,
including legal consequences and health hazards, should be a central component of
school curricula. Access to quality addiction treatment programs and mental health
support services is crucial for those struggling with substance use disorders, helping
them break free from the cycle of addiction and reducing the likelihood of engaging in
criminal activities to sustain their habits. Community-based initiatives, including after-
school programs, mentorship opportunities, and positive social outlets, can provide
youth with constructive alternatives to substance use and criminal involvement,
promoting healthier and more fulfilling life choices.

Community Factors

Community factors play a pivotal role in influencing youth behavior and involvement in
criminal activities. The local environment, including crime rates, available resources,
social support, and the overall social fabric, can significantly impact the choices young
individuals make.

High crime rates within a community can create an environment where criminal
behavior becomes normalized or even expected. When youth grow up in neighborhoods
characterized by frequent criminal activities, they may perceive such actions as a
regular part of life, reducing the perceived risk associated with engaging in illegal acts.
This normalization can lead to a higher likelihood of youth participating in criminal
behaviors, as they may see it as a way to gain status, protect themselves, or secure
their interests in challenging circumstances.

Limited access to positive recreational opportunities and community programs can

leave youth without constructive outlets for their energy and interests. The absence of
safe and engaging activities can make involvement in criminal behaviors more
attractive, especially if these actions provide a sense of belonging, excitement, or a way
to channel their energy. A lack of positive alternatives leaves young individuals with few
options to spend their time, leading some to explore risky behaviors as a means of filling
the void.

The absence of positive role models and mentors within the community further
contributes to the vulnerability of youth to negative influences. When there are few
individuals to look up to or limited opportunities for mentorship, young individuals may
lack guidance in making responsible life choices. The lack of positive role models can
create a vacuum that may be filled by negative peer influences or external factors,
potentially leading some youth toward criminal behavior.

Addressing community factors in preventing youth involvement in criminal activities

requires a holistic approach. Community programs that provide positive recreational
opportunities, mentorship, and support networks can create an environment where
youth are engaged in constructive pursuits. Investing in community infrastructure, such
as parks, sports facilities, and educational centers, can offer safe spaces for personal
growth and skill development. Efforts to reduce crime rates through community policing,
improving the built environment, and promoting community cohesion can also create a
safer and more supportive context for young individuals. By strengthening the
community fabric and providing positive resources, societies can mitigate the impact of
community factors that may otherwise increase the likelihood of youth engaging in
criminal behavior.

Mental Health Issues

Mental health issues significantly influence youth behavior, including their susceptibility
to engaging in criminal activities. Undiagnosed or untreated mental health disorders can
create unique challenges for young individuals, leading to increased vulnerability and
sometimes contributing to delinquency.

Certain mental health conditions, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant
disorder, are characterized by patterns of disruptive and antisocial behavior. These
disorders may lead some youth to engage in rule-breaking, aggression, or defiance,
often placing them at odds with authority figures and increasing the likelihood of
involvement in criminal acts. Additionally, untreated mental health issues may lead to
emotional distress, which, if left unaddressed, can manifest as maladaptive coping
mechanisms, such as substance abuse or criminal behavior.

The presence of mental health issues within the family can also impact youth behavior.
Growing up in households where parents or siblings have untreated mental health
conditions can create an environment of instability and stress, potentially increasing the
risk of delinquency. Lack of proper family support or understanding of the individual's
mental health needs may result in youth feeling isolated or unsupported, leading them
to seek connection or relief through negative means, including criminal involvement.

Addressing mental health issues is essential to prevent youth from becoming entangled
in criminal activities. Early identification and intervention are crucial. Providing
accessible mental health services within schools, communities, and healthcare systems
can ensure that young individuals receive the support they need. Promoting mental
health awareness and reducing the stigma surrounding mental health can encourage
individuals to seek help when needed, reducing the likelihood of untreated conditions
escalating to criminal behavior. A comprehensive approach that integrates mental
health support with other preventative measures can create an environment where
youth can flourish emotionally and behaviorally, reducing the risk of engaging in criminal
acts.

Educational System

The educational system is a critical factor in shaping youth behavior, aspirations, and
opportunities. It plays a significant role in determining a young person's academic
success, life skills development, and overall well-being. However, the educational
system's effectiveness can vary widely based on factors such as access to quality
education, school resources, teaching methods, and the support provided to students.

Limited access to quality education is a significant concern, particularly in socio-

economically disadvantaged areas. In regions where schools lack proper funding,
experienced teachers, and up-to-date resources, young individuals face challenges in
acquiring essential knowledge and skills. This disparity in educational opportunities can
hinder personal growth, limit future prospects, and create a sense of frustration among
youth, making some individuals more susceptible to engaging in criminal activities as
they perceive few legitimate avenues for advancement.

Additionally, the educational system's ability to provide a safe and supportive

environment is crucial. Schools should be places where youth can feel nurtured,
respected, and encouraged to pursue their goals. Bullying, violence, or a lack of mental
health support within schools can lead to feelings of alienation and stress among
students. These negative experiences may contribute to behavioral problems,
potentially increasing the likelihood of delinquency as young individuals struggle to cope
with challenging situations.

Moreover, the educational system can play a role in providing positive alternatives to
criminal activities. Extracurricular activities, vocational training, and life skills
development programs offered within schools can help youth explore their interests,
build self-confidence, and develop crucial skills for future success. A well-rounded
education that includes these elements can empower young individuals to make
positive choices, engage constructively with their communities, and envision a brighter
future, reducing the appeal of criminal involvement.

Efforts to improve the educational system, particularly in underserved areas, should

focus on equitable access to quality education, resources for schools, a safe and
supportive learning environment, and the integration of practical life skills into the
curriculum. By addressing these aspects, societies can provide youth with the tools and
opportunities they need to make informed decisions, pursue meaningful goals, and
contribute positively to their communities, ultimately reducing the risk of engaging in
criminal behavior.

Media Influence

Media influence is a significant factor that shapes youth attitudes, behaviors, and
perceptions, including their potential involvement in criminal activities. Mass media,
including television, movies, music, video games, and online platforms, has a powerful
impact on the way young individuals perceive the world around them, their values, and
their understanding of social norms.

Firstly, the portrayal of violence and criminal behavior in media can desensitize youth to
the consequences and seriousness of such actions. Frequent exposure to violence,
crime, and deviant behavior in movies, video games, or on the internet can lead to a
skewed perception of the real-world implications of criminal acts. This desensitization
may reduce the perceived risk of engaging in illegal activities, making some individuals
more willing to participate in behaviors they have witnessed in the media.

Secondly, media can shape the narratives around crime, glorifying certain criminal
activities or presenting them as exciting or heroic. The romanticization of anti-social
behavior in popular culture can influence youth, especially when they perceive such
behavior as a means of achieving status, rebellion, or excitement. This glamorization
can create a distorted sense of reality, leading some individuals to adopt a skewed
understanding of the benefits or allure of criminal activities.

Moreover, the internet and social media platforms can expose youth to harmful
influences and facilitate the dissemination of negative content. Online communities,
forums, or social networks that promote criminal behavior or normalize deviance can
have a profound impact on impressionable youth. The easy accessibility of information
and the ability to connect with like-minded individuals can amplify the influence of online
sources, potentially leading some young individuals to engage in activities they may not
have considered otherwise.

Addressing media influence on youth criminal behavior requires a combination of media

literacy education, parental guidance, and responsible media production. Teaching
young individuals to critically evaluate the content they consume and understand its
potential impact is essential. Parental involvement in discussing media content and
setting appropriate boundaries can help mitigate the negative effects of media influence.
Furthermore, media creators and industry stakeholders have a role in promoting
responsible content that considers its potential impact on young minds, avoids
gratuitous violence, and provides a more balanced portrayal of the consequences of
criminal behavior.
CONCLUSSION

In conclusion, understanding the intricate web of factors that influence youth criminal
behavior is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and address this
complex issue. We have explored the socio-economic disparities, family environment,
peer influence, substance abuse, mental health issues, community factors, and the role
of media in shaping the choices and trajectories of young individuals. Each of these
factors plays a crucial role in determining the paths that youth may take, and they often
interconnect, creating a dynamic environment where multiple influences are at play.

It is evident that a comprehensive approach is necessary to address youth criminal

behavior. Prevention efforts must encompass not only the direct factors influencing
youth but also the broader systemic issues that create an environment conducive to
criminal activities. Investments in education, mental health support, community
resources, and positive role models are vital components of a strategy aimed at
empowering youth, providing them with opportunities for personal growth, and reducing
the appeal of criminal involvement.

By recognizing the role that socio-economic factors, family dynamics, peer influences,
and other determinants play in youth behavior, we can create a more compassionate
and informed approach to addressing the challenges faced by young individuals.
Through collaborative efforts that involve families, communities, educational institutions,
policymakers, and media producers, we can strive to create an environment that fosters
the positive development of youth, reduces the allure of criminal behaviors, and ensures
a brighter and safer future for generations to come.