Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

A Comprehensive Guide for Classroom Teachers

Introduction

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a widely recognized and

influential framework in the field of psychology and education. Developed over
several decades, Kohlberg's theory provides valuable insights into the moral growth
and decision-making processes of individuals, especially students. Understanding
this theory can greatly benefit classroom teachers, as it can inform their teaching
strategies and help them foster moral development in their students. In this guide,
we will explore Kohlberg's theory of moral development, its stages, and its
implications for classroom teaching, along with practical strategies for
implementation.

I. Background and Overview

A. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, extended and refined the work of

Jean Piaget to develop a comprehensive theory of moral development. He believed
that morality is not only about right and wrong but is also a cognitive
developmental process that evolves throughout an individual's life. Kohlberg's
theory consists of six stages, which are organized into three levels. Each stage
represents a different level of moral reasoning, and individuals progress through
these stages sequentially, guided by their cognitive and social experiences.

B. Three Levels of Moral Development

1. Pre-conventional Level (Stages 1 and 2): At this level, individuals' moral

decisions are driven by self-interest and a focus on avoiding punishment. In
Stage 1, people follow rules to avoid punishment, while in Stage 2, they make
decisions to satisfy their own needs and desires.
2. Conventional Level (Stages 3 and 4): This level reflects a concern for
maintaining social order and adhering to societal norms. In Stage 3,
individuals seek approval and conform to social expectations, while in Stage
4, they are motivated by respect for authority and duty.
3. Post-conventional Level (Stages 5 and 6): At this level, individuals develop
their moral principles, independent of societal norms. In Stage 5, moral
 decisions are based on social contracts and an understanding of the greater
good, and in Stage 6, moral choices are guided by universal ethical principles.

II. Implications for Classroom Teaching

A. Understanding Student Development

1. Recognizing Diverse Moral Development: Teachers must understand that

students are at various stages of moral development. This knowledge helps
educators tailor their teaching approaches to individual student needs.
2. Age-Appropriate Expectations: Different grade levels may correspond to
different stages of moral development. Teachers should set age-appropriate
expectations for moral reasoning and behavior.

B. Fostering Moral Development in the Classroom

1. Promoting Moral Discussions: Encourage open and respectful discussions

about moral dilemmas, current events, and ethical considerations. These
discussions help students progress through Kohlberg's stages.
2. Encouraging Critical Thinking: Assignments and activities that require
students to think critically about moral issues can help them advance in their
moral development.
3. Role Models and Moral Stories: Use real-life role models and moral stories to
illustrate ethical behavior and consequences. This can be an effective way to
stimulate moral growth in students.
4. Collaborative Learning: Group activities and projects can encourage students
to explore different perspectives and engage in moral dialogue.

C. Moral Dilemmas and Problem-Solving

1. Present Ethical Dilemmas: Provide students with thought-provoking moral

dilemmas that challenge them to think critically and make moral decisions.
2. Encourage Decision-Making: Support students in analyzing these dilemmas,
discussing their choices, and reflecting on the consequences of their
decisions.
3. Constructive Feedback: Offer constructive feedback that promotes moral
growth and helps students refine their moral reasoning.

III. Practical Classroom Strategies

A. Moral Dilemma Scenarios

1. Classroom Scenarios: Present students with age-appropriate classroom

scenarios that encourage moral reflection, such as a cheating incident or a
conflict between classmates.
2. Real-Life Examples: Share real-life moral dilemmas from news articles or
personal experiences to make moral development more relatable.
3. Class Discussions: Facilitate class discussions where students can share their
perspectives on these scenarios and engage in constructive dialogue.

B. Ethical Role Models

1. Guest Speakers: Invite guest speakers, such as community leaders, activists,

or individuals with strong moral principles, to share their experiences and
insights with students.
2. Biographies and Case Studies: Explore the lives of ethical leaders like
Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, or contemporary figures who have made
significant moral contributions.
3. Class Projects: Assign projects that require students to research and present
on a chosen moral role model, highlighting their principles and contributions
to society.

C. Current Events Analysis

1. Ethical News Analysis: Regularly discuss current events, focusing on the moral
implications of news stories and societal issues.
2. Debate and Critical Thinking: Organize debates and discussions where
students can explore various ethical perspectives and practice forming
well-reasoned arguments.
3. Reflection Journals: Ask students to maintain reflection journals in which they
record their personal reactions to news events and their evolving moral
perspectives.

IV. Challenges and Considerations

A. Cultural and Contextual Variations

1. Cultural Sensitivity: Recognize that moral values and norms can vary across
cultures and regions. Encourage students to respect diverse perspectives.
 2. Individual Differences: Be aware of the influence of family, religion, and
personal experiences on students' moral development.

B. Age-Appropriate Content

1. Selecting Appropriate Dilemmas: Ensure that the moral dilemmas presented

in the classroom are age-appropriate and do not cause unnecessary distress.
2. Emotional Support: Be prepared to offer emotional support to students who
may struggle with the moral implications of certain scenarios.

V. Assessment and Evaluation

A. Evaluating Moral Development

1. Observational Assessment: Use classroom observations to gauge students'

moral reasoning, participation in ethical discussions, and ability to resolve
moral dilemmas.
2. Ethical Portfolio: Encourage students to compile an ethical portfolio
showcasing their moral development over time, including reflections and
personal growth.

B. Feedback and Improvement

1. Constructive Feedback: Provide feedback that is specific, encouraging, and

focused on moral growth rather than judgment.
2. Individual Growth Plans: Collaborate with students to create individualized
plans for moral development, setting goals and strategies for improvement.

VI. Conclusion

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development is a valuable framework for

understanding the moral growth of students in the classroom. By recognizing the
stages of moral development and implementing appropriate teaching strategies,
educators can support their students in making ethical decisions and becoming
responsible, morally aware individuals. Remember that moral development is an
ongoing process, and teachers play a vital role in guiding their students towards
higher levels of moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.

References:
1. Kohlberg, L. (1958). The development of modes of moral thinking and choice
in the years 10 to 16. Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago.
2. Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on Moral Development: Vol. 1. The Philosophy of
Moral Development. Harper & Row.
3. Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory.
Praeger.
4. Colby, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1987). The Measurement of Moral Judgment: Vol. 2.
Standard Issue Scoring Manual. Cambridge University Press.
5. Berkowitz, M. W. (1984). The socialization of moral judgment and behavior