Frequency Response v2

Frequency Response
EEM 206 - Elektronik II

Microelectronic Circuits – Fourth Edition
Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, 1998 Oxford University Press
Dr. Mehmet Siraç Özerdem

Elektrik Elektronik Müh. Bölümü
Dicle Üniversitesi
Frequency Response of Amplifiers

An important characterization of an amplifier is in terms of its
response to input sinusoids of different frequencies.
Such a characterization of amplifier performance is known as the
amplifier frequency response.
How the
response can
be measured?
Measuring the frequency response of a linear amplifier. At the test

frequency w, the amplifier gain is characterized by its magnitude
(Vo/Vi) and phase φ. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
1
Whenever a sine-wave signal is applied to a linear circuit, the
resulting output is sinusoidal with the same frequency as the
input.
Observe that the output sinusoids will in general have a

different amplitude and will be shifted in phase relative to the
input.
The response of the amplifier to a sinusoid of frequency w is

completely described by │T(w)│ (amplitude-w) and ∟T(w)
(phase-w).
To obtain the complete frequency response of the amplifier we

simply change the frequency of the input sinusoids and measure
the new for amplitude and phase.
Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Amplifier Bandwidth
Typical magnitude response of an amplifier.

|T(w)| is the magnitude of the amplifier transfer function
2
Evaluating the Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Inductance L has an reactance or impedance jwL
Capacitance C has an reactance or impedance 1/jwC
The result of the analysis is the amplifier transfer function
T(w) = Vo(w) / Vi(w)
Magnitude response
Phase response
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Single-Time –Constant (STC) Networks

An STC network is composed of one reactive component
and one resistance. Most STC networks can be classified
into twocategories: low-pass and high pass networks.
Two examples of STC networks:
(a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.
3
Magnitude and Phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.
Magnitude response of
STC networks of the
low-pass type.
Phase response of
STC networks of the
low-pass type.
4
Magnitude and Phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.
Magnitude response of
STC networks of the
high-pass type.
Phase response of
STC networks of the
high-pass type.
Dr. MS Özerdem
s-Domain Analysis
Impedance 1/sC
Impedance sL
Voltage transfer function T(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s)
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

5
T(s), in general
a and b are real numbers

m≤n m: numerator
n: denominator (order of network)
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth

Edition Sedra/Smith

Dr. MS Özerdem
First Order Function
General form
Low pass - STC network
High pass - STC network

6
The Amplifier Transfer Function
dc amplifier ac amplifier or
Capacitively coupled amp
BW = wH – wL Since wL « wH BW ≈ wH
Gain-Bandwidth product
GB = AmwH Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
The Low Frequency Response
In many cases the zeros are at such low fr. as to be of

little importance in the determining wL
Usually one of the poles – say, wP1 – has much higher

fr than other poles. It follows that w close to midband.
TF of a first order high pass network

7
The Low Frequency Response

Dr. MS Özerdem
If a dominant low frequency pole does not exist, an

approximate formula can be derived for wL
Example
at w=wL

8
Example
The dominant pole is wL

Dr. MS Özerdem
The High Frequency Response
In many cases the zeros are at such high fr. as to be of

little significance in determining wH
Usually one of the poles – say, wP1 – has much lower fr

than other poles. It follows that w close to midband.
TF of a first order low pass network

9
Dr. MS Özerdem
The High Frequency Response

If a dominant high frequency pole does not exist, the

upper 3_dB fr wH can be determined from a plot of
An approximate formula for wH.

10
Dr. MS Özerdem
Example
The dominant pole is wH ≈ 104 rad/s

The better estimate
The exact value of wH can be determined from the

given transfer function as 9537 rad/s
Approximate Determination of wL and wH
In many cases, it is not a simple matter to determine the poles

and zeros. In such cases, approximate values of wL and wH can
be determined using the following method.
1) Open-Circuit Time Constants Method (wH)

2) Short-Circuit Time Constants Method (wL)

11
1 - Open-Circuit Time Constants Method (wH)
wH
b1 can be obtained by considersing the other

capacitors to zero (open circuit )

1 - Open-Circuit Time Constants Method (wH)
BJT High Frequency Model
MOS High Frequency Model

12
Example
Common source FET amp. a) Midband voltage gain

R=100kohm, Rin=420kohm
Cgs=Cgd=1pF
gm=4mA/V, RL=3.33kohm
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition
b) fH=?
Sedra/Smith
Example

13
Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 27
14
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 30
15
Dr. MS Özerdem
2 - Short-Circuit Time Constants Method (wL)

2 - Short-Circuit Time Constants Method (wL)
BJT Hybrid Model
MOS Hybrid Model

16
Dr. MS Özerdem
Analysis of the Common-Emitter Amplifier

Equivalent circuit

17
Dr. MS Özerdem
The determination of wL
1. Find RC1 seen by CC1

2. Find RE” seen by CE

18
Dr. MS Özerdem
3. Find RC2 seen by CC2

Example IE=1mA → βo=100
R=4kohm
R1=8kohm
R2=4kohm
RC=6kohm
RE=3.3kohm
RL=4kohm
Find the midband gain Am=?
ro=100kohm
rX=50ohm
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith VCC=12V
19
Dr. MS Özerdem
Example (Solution)
Set the capacitors short circuit
Am=-22.5 V/V
R=4kohm
R1=8kohm
R2=4kohm
RC=6kohm
RE=3.3kohm
RL=4kohm
CC1=CC2=1µF CE=10µF
ro=100kohm
Find rX=50ohm
RC1=? RC2=? RE’=? fL=? VCC=12V

20
21
22
23
Example
R=100kohm RS=3.5kohm IDSS=8mA

RG1=1.4Mohm RL=10kohm Am=?
RG2=0.6Mohm ro=∞ CC1, CC2, CS=?
RD=5kohm Vp=-2V
24
25
Dr. MS Özerdem
High Frequency Response of
the Common-Source and Common-Emitter Amplifiers

High Frequency Response of

the Common-Source and Common-Emitter Amplifiers

26
Dr. MS Özerdem
Let’s use Miller’s Theorem


27
Dr. MS Özerdem
First order low pass filter

Example
R=100kohm
RG1=1.4Mohm
RG2=0.6Mohm
RD=5kohm
RS=3.5kohm
RL=10kohm
VDD=20V
Cgs= Cgd = 1pF ro=∞
CC1 ,CC2 ,and Cs will Vp=-2V
be short circuit for
IDSS=8mA
estimate wH
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith w =?H
28
Dr. MS Özerdem
Example (solution)
Ri

Verification
Node G
Node D

29
Dr. MS Özerdem
Verification

R=4kohm
R1=8kohm
R2=4kohm
RC=6kohm
RE=3.3kohm
Cπ=13.9 pF Cμ=2 pF RL=4kohm
a) Use Miller theorem and determine ro=100kohm

dominant high fr pole. rX=50ohm
b) Obtain transfer function and verify VCC=12V
that the dominant pole is colse to value
obtained in a) Microelectronic Circuits - FifthCopyright
Edition Sedra/Smith
AM= -22.5 V/V
 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
30
Dr. MS Özerdem
Example (solution)

31

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Frequency Response

EEM 206 - Elektronik II

Dr. Mehmet Siraç Özerdem

Frequency Response of Amplifiers

Measuring the frequency response of a linear amplifier. At the test

Observe that the output sinusoids will in general have a

The response of the amplifier to a sinusoid of frequency w is

To obtain the complete frequency response of the amplifier we

Typical magnitude response of an amplifier.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Inductance L has an reactance or impedance jwL

Capacitance C has an reactance or impedance 1/jwC

The result of the analysis is the amplifier transfer function

T(w) = Vo(w) / Vi(w)

Single-Time –Constant (STC) Networks

Two examples of STC networks:

(a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Magnitude and Phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Voltage transfer function T(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s)

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

a and b are real numbers

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

First Order Function

Low pass - STC network

High pass - STC network

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

The Low Frequency Response

In many cases the zeros are at such low fr. as to be of

Usually one of the poles – say, wP1 – has much higher

TF of a first order high pass network

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

If a dominant low frequency pole does not exist, an

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

The dominant pole is wL

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

The High Frequency Response

In many cases the zeros are at such high fr. as to be of

Usually one of the poles – say, wP1 – has much lower fr

TF of a first order low pass network

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

The High Frequency Response

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

If a dominant high frequency pole does not exist, the

An approximate formula for wH.

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

The dominant pole is wH ≈ 104 rad/s

The exact value of wH can be determined from the

Approximate Determination of wL and wH

In many cases, it is not a simple matter to determine the poles

1) Open-Circuit Time Constants Method (wH)

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

b1 can be obtained by considersing the other

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

1 - Open-Circuit Time Constants Method (wH)

BJT High Frequency Model

MOS High Frequency Model

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith

Common source FET amp. a) Midband voltage gain

Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith