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BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr/Ms ………………….………….......… of
Class XII has satisfactorily completed the Project Work on
"…..………………………………………………………”in Biology
as prescribed by CBSE for Senior School Certificate
Examination, during the academic year 20…..-20……
S.NO TITLE
1 INTRODUCTION
What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a medical procedure that involves the removal
of a small amount of amniotic fluid from the uterus of a
pregnant woman. This fluid is obtained by inserting a thin
needle through the abdomen, guided by ultrasound imaging.
Procedure
Steps involved in amniocentesis:
The woman lies down and an ultrasound scan determines
the position of the fetus and the placenta.
When the doctor is sure of a safe spot, they swab the
woman's belly with antiseptic and inject a local anesthetic
into the skin.
Using a long, thin needle, the doctor extracts about 15 to
20 (approximately three teaspoons) of amniotic fluid. This
takes about 30 seconds.
The foetus is checked afterward to make sure all is well.
Complications of amniocentesis
Infection – symptoms include fever.
Vaginal leakage – amniotic fluid may leak from the vagina
(in about one per cent of cases).
Spontaneous abortion – can occur in less than one per
cent of women undergoing this test
Rh sensitization – rarely, the baby’s blood cells may
enter the mother’s bloodstream. If the mother is Rh-
negative, she may form antibodies that attack the baby’s
red blood cells. To prevent this, an Rh-negative mother
will be given Rh(D) immunoglobulin (anti-D).
RESULT AND DISCUSION
Amniocentesis is a safe procedure that can provide helpful
information about the health of the foetus. It may be offered to a
woman who is at a high risk of having a baby with genetic
disorders; the risk of a miscarriage of amniocentesis is about
0.5% or 1 in 2000.Amniocentesis had been banned in India in
1994, under the Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic
Techniques Act. This was because amniocentesis could reveal
the sex of the foetus. Since a girl child is not accepted in many
parts of the country, the female foetus is aborted in most of the
cases. To stop this, amniocentesis was banned in India.
CONCLUSION
Our project aimed to understand amniocentesis, its purpose,
procedure, and implications. We found that ethical
considerations, such as emotional distress and selective
abortion, should be addressed through proper counseling and
support. Amniocentesis provides crucial information about the
fetus's health, but benefits, risks, and ethical concerns should
be carefully considered. Non-invasive testing methods are
being researched for potential improvements.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES-
1.https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-
procedures/amniocentesis/about/pac-20392914
2.https://www.webmd.com/baby/pregnancy-amniocentesis
3.https://www.hamad.qa/EN/your%20health/Patient%20and
%20Family%20Education%20Unit/Publications/Diseases-
and-Care/Maternal-and-
Child/Maternal%20and%20Child/Pregnancy%20After%2035
%20-%20English.pdf
4. Ncert biology textbook of class 12.