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United Kingdom (UK)

UK Carbon Budgets MRV System

Good practice summary

[Results/insights]

Introduced in the Climate Change Act 2008 (CCA 2008), carbon budgets set legally binding limits on the total GHG emissions allowed from
the UK in five year periods. The carbon budgets set the trajectory to the UK’s long-term target of at least an 80% reduction in emissions by
2050 on 1990 levels. The first carbon budget started in 2008. The overall approach of the Measuring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
system includes an annual evaluation of progress towards meeting the carbon budgets, carried out by an independent committee (Climate
Change Committee, CCC), which provides a detailed report on progress, considering national and sectoral greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
as well as implementation and consumption related indicators, including at the level of individual mitigation actions. The UK met the first
carbon budget target for 2008-12 and is currently in the second budget for 2013-2017, which is projected to be met.

Scope covered
Functions

Measuring Reporting Verification Accounting

Administrative scope

National Regional City-level Policy/programme/project Corporate/Facility-level

Legal basis
[policies, regulations and commitments that the case study has to comply with]

Climate Change Act 20081: makes it the duty of the Secretary of State to ensure that the net UK carbon account for all six GHG emis-
sions for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline, toward avoiding dangerous climate change impacts.

The Carbon Budgets Order 20092: sets the first, second and third carbon budgets

The Carbon Budget Order 20113: sets the fourth carbon budget.

The Carbon Accounting Regulations 20094: establish the rules for determining and accounting for the amount of carbon units which
may be credited to, and must be debited from, the net UK carbon account (what is compared against the carbon budgets to determine if
they are being met).

The Carbon Accounting (2013 – 2017 Budgetary Period) Regulations 20155: make provision for carbon accounting for the
2013–2017 budgetary period, for the purposes of the CCA 2008.

Operational since
Carbon budgets have been operational since 2009, with the first three budgets set in law in May 20092.

1http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents
2http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1259/article/2/made
3http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/1603/made
4http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2009/1257/pdfs/uksi_20091257_en.pdf
5http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/775/made
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How is this related to accounting?

[The following is based solely on the consultant’s opinion]
» What kind of measures, policies, or commitments are a) monitored and included in an accounting system, b) only monitored, but not
included in an accounting system, or c) not even monitored?

GHG emission reductions product of a variety of initiatives and programmes (i.e. EU-ETS) impact the national GHG levels in the UK and
are thus, reflected in its National GHG Inventory, supporting meeting the UK’s commitment under the CCA 2008.

The UK tracks progress towards its carbon budgets using its national GHG inventory. The UK can also do this in tracking progress towards
its commitments related to the EU’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)6. Furthermore, the reductions required by the
carbon budgets by 2030 exceed the 40% reduction compared to 1990 set as target for the EU’s INDC.

Case description

Background

» What was the need, pre-conditions, and/or experiences that motivated the country to develop this system?

From 2006, following the Stern Review7, the UK faced growing political consensus on the need for exceptional action to be taken on clima-
te change. The Stern Review highlighted the need to act early, to put a price on carbon, to support low carbon technologies and to remove
barriers to behavioural change. Pressure was also growing from the public, parliament and non-government organisations (NGOs) to take
early action; this culminated in over 45,000 letters to the Government. There was also pressure from the EU level, where action against
climate change was being taken, with a target to reduce GHG emissions by 20% by 2020 on 1990 levels; this target was set in 20078. As a
response to these targets, increased pressure and changing attitudes, the UK CCA 2008 was formed. The CCA 2008 legally binds the UK to
reduce carbon emissions by at least 34% by 2020, at least 51% by 2025, at least 57% by 2030. and at least 80% by 2050. The UK’s 80%
by 2050 target represents an appropriate UK contribution to global emission reductions consistent with limiting global temperature rise to
as little as possible above 2°C. To ensure the UK achieve the 80% by 2050 target, a series of ‘carbon budgets’ have been implemented.

The UK, through the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, was one of the main contributors to the GHG emissions reductions but a system was
still required to set specific targets in the United Kingdom, which would also support the development of policies and projects.

General description of the system

[Questions below should be answered only when applicable]

» General definition/description of the system

» What are the main types of action that mitigate GHG emissions?
» What linkages to other systems/ system elements of environmental information (including adaptation to climate change or emissions
trading schemes) do exist and why were they established? What linkages exist to other statistical/ monitoring systems?
» Which platforms are used to transport information and are they specific to the purpose of usage MRV information?

The progress towards the UK’s target to reduce emissions by at least 80% by 2050, as set out in the CCA 2008, is tracked/monitored by
annual reporting against five-year carbon budgets which set a cap on the amount of emissions during specified periods. The budget is an
overall economy-wide aggregated number. To come up with the budget, detailed sector-level bottom-up modelling is carried out by sector

6http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Latvia/1/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf
7http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm
8http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020/index_en.html
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experts and following the ‘cost-effective path’ (see below for further information on the cost-effective path). The sectors are power, buil-
dings, industry, transport, agriculture and land use, land use change and forestry, and waste and f-gases.

The budgets are five years in length and always to be set three budget periods ahead so that it is always clear what the UK’s emissions
pathway will be for the next 15 years. The budgets are designed to reflect a cost effective path to achieving long term objectives, namely
the 2050 target. Specifically, the scenarios only include measures that have an abatement cost (expressed in £/tCO2e – calculated as the
measure’s total lifetime cost divided by its total lifetime emissions saving) which is currently lower cost, or will be lower cost by 2050 (dyna-
mically cost-effective), than the Government’s published carbon values. The carbon values reflect estimates in the literature and modelled
scenarios and have been peer reviewed by an expert panel. To come up with the carbon values, DECC carry out modelling which includes a
top-down global sectoral model for the world energy system under low, central and high projections for global technology costs, fossil fuel
prices and global energy demand. The model is used to calculate carbon costs consistent with international action to limit the expected
average increase in global surface temperatures to 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In a central case the carbon values reach £78/tCO2e
in 2030, growing steadily (around 5% per year) to £220/t in 2050. Low and high values are 50% below and above the central level. Also
used to estimate the cost-effective path is bottom-up modelling – carried out by sector experts for each sector. The long-term carbon
values haven’t been revised since 2009. The CCC use the Government’s published carbon values.

Measures and policies to ensure the UK achieves its emission reduction targets in the first four carbon budgets and is on the right path to
achieving the 2050 target are outlined in the Carbon Plan9. It is a requirement under section 14 of the CCA 2008 for the Government to
produce this plan. The carbon budgets cover the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocar-
bons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Each GHG is treated consistently10 to allow a like-for like comparison
consistent with the Protocol. The accounting framework for the final budget divides the sources of emissions into the ‘traded’ sector and
the ‘non-traded’ sector depending on whether they are covered by the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS). The UK share of emissions
from international aviation and shipping (IAS) is not currently within the scope of carbon budgets; however, IAS is included in the 2050
target so budgets are set to take account of this.

There are currently four carbon budgets in place running up to 2027 (see Table 1 ). The fifth was set at the end of June 2016 covering the
period 2028 to 2032. The fifth carbon budget was recommended by the CCC to be 1,765 MtCO2e, including emissions from international
shipping, over the period 2028-203211, or 1,725MtCO2e excluding international shipping. The Government have accepted fifth carbon
budget (1,725MtCO2e excluding international shipping).

Table 1 Overview of the four UK Carbon Budgets and their percentage reduction

The carbon budget system originated from the CCA 2008 which established the CCC, an independent but statutory body of experts, to
monitor the progress against the carbon budgets and to give advice on the level of the budgets. It is also the responsibility of the CCC to
give advice on the contribution that different sectors should make to the carbon budgets, the extent to which offsetting should be used,
including international aviation and shipping in the carbon budgets, and any other climate change matters. The CCC is a public funded
organisation and is therefore committed to transparency throughout its operations; all of the CCC’s advice is set out and published on their
website (this is a requirement of the CCA 2008). In providing its advice to Government on the level of carbon budgets, the CCC uses criteria
set out in the CCA 2008 and must assess, by sector, what can be achieved to reduce emissions at least cost, taking account of available
technologies and government policy.

9https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47613/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.pdf
10based on the Global Warming Potential 100-year index
11https://documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Fifth-Carbon-Budget_Executive-Summary.pdf
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The CCC must take in to account a list of criteria (set out in Section 10(2) of the CCA 2008), which include:

a) scientific knowledge about climate change;

b) technology relevant to climate change;
c) economic circumstances, and in particular the likely impact of the decision on the
economy and the competitiveness of particular sectors of the economy;
d) fiscal circumstances, and in particular the likely impact of the decision on taxation,
public spending and public borrowing;
e) social circumstances, and in particular the likely impact of the decision on fuel poverty;
f) energy policy, and in particular the likely impact of the decision on energy supplies and
the carbon and energy intensity of the economy;
g) differences in circumstances between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland;
h) circumstances at European and international level;
i) the estimated amount of reportable emissions from international aviation and interna-
tional shipping for the budgetary period or periods in question.

The budgets must also be consistent with UK obligations towards EU targets (a binding EU-wide target to reduce GHG emissions by 40%
by 2030, based on 1990 levels), and as a contribution to required global emission reductions. For the current EU agreed pledge the CCC’s
best estimate is that this means a UK reduction of 53% below 1990 levels in 2030, within the range 50-56%.

It is the duty of the Secretary of State (UK Government) to set a limit on the net amount of carbon units that may be credited to the net
UK carbon account for each budgetary period based on advice given by the CCC. The process and responsibilities of those setting the
carbon budgets are presented in Figure 1 below.

Table 2 Climate Projects timeframe

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Responsibilities for each government department and for the devolved administrations are clearly defined and set out in the Carbon Plan.
A cross-government National Emissions Target (NET) Board, which was established to provide senior level oversight of carbon budgets and
national climate policy, has also been set up.

MRV and accounting systems, processes and procedures

[Questions below should be answered only when applicable]

» How is information generated, communicated, integrated, and verified at each stage of the MRV chain?
» What information needs to be gathered in order to quantify the effect of these actions?
» How is such information gathered or estimated? By whom?
» How is this information reported? How is it verified?
» In what areas information is shared among accounting and MRV systems?
» What kind of agreements are used to establish the relevant institutional roles?

To calculate UK performance and to track progress against Carbon Budgets, verified data is taken from the UK national GHG Inventory.
The data is adjusted to take into account removals of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks from LULUCF activity, giving net UK
emissions. This total is then adjusted to ensure that UK emissions in the traded sector are taken to be the same as the UK’s allocated share
of allowances under the European Union’s Emission Trading System (EU-ETS) cap and to take into account any carbon units that have been
bought from, or sold to, a third party outside the UK or otherwise disposed of. Once net UK emissions have been adjusted for trading, the
new total is referred to as the ‘net UK carbon account’ and is the value that is then compared against the base year (1990 for all gases,
except f-gases which are compared to a base year of 1995).

Almost all data processing and analysis is done on Microsoft Excel. The detailed rules for these calculations are contained in the Carbon
Accounting Regulations 20094 and 20155. These regulations set out the method for calculating the UK net emissions; presented in Figure
212.

Figure 2: Calculating the net UK Carbon Account

12http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090908171815/http://www.decc.gov.uk/Media/viewfile.ashx?FilePath=Consultations/Carbon%20Accoun-

ting/1_20090423094220_e_@@_carbonaccountingguidance.pdf&filetype=4
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A downfall of the Carbon Accounting Regulations is that they effectively allow the government to ignore emissions from the ‘traded’
sectors as they are covered by EU-ETS (electricity and heavy industry); the emissions cap for these sectors is set by the EU. This means
that, when determining whether the carbon budgets have been met, responsibility for emissions from the ‘traded’ sectors is shifted to the
EU-ETS and to the companies covered by that policy13. In effect, this makes the government only accountable for around half of the car-
bon budgets (i.e. the sectors that do not fall under the scope of the EU-ETS). These regulations also set an upper and lower bound within
which GHG emissions must fall each year (if they do not, the Government must explain why and how it will make up the shortfall in future
years). International aviation and shipping emissions have not been included in the first four budgets.

Although not required by the CCA 2008, the CCC has developed a framework of indicators for monitoring the budgets; this is so that
progress to meeting the budgets is considering both emissions and indicators of progress in implementing measures that drive emissions
reductions (to understand what is happening and, importantly, why). The framework is composed of a set of trajectories for actions that,
taken together, would put the UK on track to future carbon budgets and the statutory 2050 target. Progress in each sector against the
indicator framework is assessed and reported annually. Sectoral indicators were decided based on expert knowledge of the sector and
policies for reducing emissions. The framework of indicators is broken down into headline and supporting indicators.

Headline indicators:
» Emissions; sectoral breakdown of economy wide emissions
» Emissions intensity and demand; high level indicators of the supply and demand side
factors which drive emissions. E.g. supply – trajectories for carbon intensity of power
generation. Demand – trajectories for vehicle miles/passenger miles.
Supporting indicators:
Each headline indicator is underpinned by a set of supporting indicators which track progress in implementing the measures required to
achieve the emission reduction.
» Implementation indicators; a set of indicators which track progress in implementing
the measures required to achieve sustainable emissions reduction
» Forward indicators: trajectories for forward indicators that are used to assess whether
the UK is on track to deliver measures as required
» Policy milestones: In order that measures are successfully implemented, the appro-
priate enabling framework will have to be in place. Policy milestones therefore track
measures needed to enable future action to reduce GHG emissions.

Headline and supporting indicators were well documented in the CCC’s 2012 progress report14. An example is shown in Table 2. To monitor
progress towards, necessary data (e.g. generation of offshore wind energy) is collected from the relevant data supplier. Much of this data
comes from other UK Government departments (specifically, Department of Energy and Climate Change – DECC) and is publically available
hence there are no formal data supply agreements in place. There are, however, data access agreements to ensure CCC have access to all
the necessary data when it is not publically available. The data needed to monitor progress is identified, collected and analysed by sector
experts for their specific sector. As an indication of what type of data is collected, the following data is used for the transport sector:

» Emissions and distances travelled by mode of transport (car, van, HGV) (government
statistics)
» Government projections of demand for travel
» Emissions for new car sales by market segment (industry statistics and comparison are
made to other countries)
» Data on tax rates for transport (including vehicle excise duty, company car tax, enhan-
ced capital allowances)

13https://sandbag.org.uk/site_media/pdfs/reports/Improving_the_5th_UK_carbon_budget.pdf
14https://documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1585_CCC_Progress%20Rep%202012_Interactive.pdf
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» Global outlook on electric vehicles – sales, government commitments, manufacturer

commitments, battery cost projections
» UK electric vehicles market – sales, models, charging infrastructure,
» UK biofuels use – sales, sales by type, emission savings, future prospects
» Funding for, and uptake of, smarter travel choices
» Efficiency and emissions from freight logistics

The CCC also uses a wide range of data from different sources to build a credible picture of the reasons for emissions trends, including
information on contextual factors such as population, GDP, climatic patterns (e.g. focussing on “temperature-adjusted” emissions as this
strips out the effect of changing weather and allows a comparison of underlying progress each year), etc.

*Outturn refers to what actually happened during the year that is being reported.

Table 2 indicators and tracking related to the power sector

The carbon budgets MRV system takes into account mitigation measures by sector (buildings, industry, transport, agriculture and land use,
waste, and exports) and from the devolved administrations (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland), as outlined in the Carbon Plan.
Actions and decision points are given for each sector in the Carbon Plan, and are split into sector-specific groups e.g. for buildings - low
carbon, gas, energy efficiency measures. The CCC annually give further recommendations for how targets can be achieved.

The annual reporting cycle is as follows:

» An Annual Statement of Emissions is published by the UK Government in March each

year. This provides final UK-wide GHG emissions data for the calendar year from two
years previously and provides provisional data for the latest year. This report shows the
progress made annually towards the commitment in the current carbon budget and also
whether emissions fall within the upper and lower bounds set out in the Carbon Accoun-
ting Regulations.
» The CCC reports to Parliament on emissions trends over the past year and evaluates
underlying progress in implementing carbon reduction measures and policies in the UK.
The Committee uses an evaluation framework to produce this report which draws on a
wide range of emissions and policy progress indicators, including those produced by
government departments and additional primary analysis commissioned by the CCC. The
Committee's report is published annually every June.
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The Government's response to the CCC’s annual progress report comes next, published in October each year. The Government gives a res-
ponse to each of CCC’s recommendations and outlines the actions that need to be taken in order to address those recommendations. The
Government's response, which must be laid before Parliament by October, is agreed with all relevant departments.

Design and set-up

[Questions below should be answered only when applicable]

» How was the system designed?

» What was the overall process to set-up the system?

The Carbon budgets MRV system is designed based on annual reporting to monitor progress towards meeting the five-year budgets. The
CCA 2008 outlines statutory reporting requirements for the carbon budgets. The three parliamentary committees who responded to the
draft Bill included the Ad Hoc Joint Committee on the Draft Climate Change Bill, the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee and
the Environmental Audit Committee. Nearly 17,000 individuals and organisations responded to the public consultation on the draft Bill,
which closed on 12th June 2007. An overwhelming majority of respondents were supportive of the Bill’s aim to set and enable the achie-
vement of ambitious emissions reduction targets15.

Improvement over time

'
» Is there an internal evaluation of the systems established aiming to enable improvement over time?

There are no formal arrangements for evaluation of the carbon budgets MRV system. Gaps are identified in the knowledge needed to
implement the carbon budgets themselves. For example, currently, the CCC have identified renewable heat as a gap in their knowledge so
are working towards filling the gap through commissioning a report and research.

In terms of the MRV system itself, to our knowledge, there isn’t a mechanism for identifying and implementing improvements. The emis-
sions inventory is continually updated for improvements but this is a process required by the UNFCCC, rather than the carbon budgets
system.

If there is a “significant” change in circumstances, carbon budgets can be adjusted to reflect circumstances; for example, there have been
recommendations for the UK to strengthen their long-term goal to reflect the stronger climate objectives in the Paris agreement. It is
recommended that the 5th carbon budget be adjusted accordingly15. If such changes are to take place, the Government must seek the
advice of CCC.

Institutions involved

» What institutional arrangements allow for the flow and integration of this information?
» What types of entities take a role in the above structures?

Lead: CCC and DECC - DECC takes the lead role in coordinating the management of carbon budgets and is responsible for the response to
the CCC’s annual reports and the Annual Statements of Emissions. The CCC monitors progress in meeting the budgets. DECC coordinates
data and actions from across government to set and meet carbon budgets and also provides some of the information used by the CCC to

15https://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/cm7225-climatechange.pdf
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track progress. The CCC are responsible for advising on the level of carbons budgets and monitoring progress. The Government is required
to take the CCC’s advice into account when setting carbon budgets.

Institutional arrangements: National Emissions Target (NET) Board - DECC provides the secretariat for the NET Board; a cross-gover-
nment board established to provide senior level oversight of carbon budgets and national climate policy, and to provide a link to Cabinet
committees that consider national climate change. It is chaired by the DECC Permanent Secretary and its membership includes the Director
Generals responsible for carbon management in the departments with responsibility for sectors which produce the majority of carbon
emissions, DECC, Defra, DfT, DCLG, BIS, together with HM Treasury and the Cabinet Office.

Government departments - responsible for implementing measures to meet the carbon budgets. Policy teams across government, inclu-
ding in DECC, report to DECC’s central carbon budgets team, on quarterly trends in emissions in their sectors, and progress in delivering
policy milestones.

Data suppliers – an important type of institution for the carbon budgets team are the data suppliers. The CCC rely on data from DECC,
other government departments and the national inventory agency (Ricardo Energy & Environment).

Case learning

Why is it good practice

Use of a range of tiered indicators to evaluate policies and measures allows for detailed assessments not only of emissions trends but also
the causes of these trends.

The CCC uses a wide range of data from different sources to build a credible picture of the reasons for emissions trends, including informa-
tion on contextual factors such as population, GDP, climatic patterns etc.

The use of forward indicators helps build a picture not only on what has happened so far but also what needs to happen in future.

Use pre-existing and high quality emissions data (from national inventory) to track progress. However, the inventory cannot provide all
indicator data (hence need for indicators and other data).

Enshrined in law
Carbon budgets are flexible - if emissions are too high one year, it can be compensated in later years in that Carbon Budget.

Independent evaluation by non-government organisation (CCC) lends credibility to the result.

Barriers that have been overcome

[barriers that have been overcome till date]

Capacity: Technical capacity is high – all staff are analysts and many of the CCC staff used to work in government, and the Committee itself
includes engineers, scientists, economists etc. The CCC is supported financially by the government so also have resources for commissio-
ning new research if necessary information cannot be gathered by the CCC itself.

Institutional: The CCC was established under the CCA 2008 in order to full the requirements of the Act. Although not strictly a barrier, it
was necessary to set this organisation up – for another country, setting up such an organisation might act as a barrier.
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Barriers to overcome
[barriers that are still present and needed to overcome]

Information: The biggest continued barrier is data availability. By in large, this isn’t a large problem as much of the data used (e.g. the
GHG inventory) already exists; however, sometimes the publication or release of data is delayed. The CCC are in a fortunate position in that
they have the ability to commission primary research to produce additional data if needed.

Institutional: The NET board has met irregularly (7 times in 3 years from mid-2010 to June 2013), not as frequently as was initially in-
tended (quarterly). The board has also not had a role in collectively overseeing the government's response to the CCC16. This is not strictly
a barrier, but may be a barrier if another country were to set up such a board.

Information: One important barrier is the inclusion of IAS (domestic aviation and shipping are included). Due to uncertainties at the time
the CCA 2008 was agreed, IAS emissions were not included. The CCA 2008 required the UK government to reconsider the inclusion of
these emissions in 2012; the decision made was to defer a firm decision on whether to include IAS emissions within the UK’s net carbon
account. However, IAS emissions are in the 2050 target so carbon budgets are set to include them; therefore, the inclusion/exclusion of
IAS emissions in carbon budgets is an accounting issue.

Quantitative information

Funding obtained

The majority of the progress tracking is carried out by CCC which is funded by the UK government. The department of Energy and Climate
Change (DECC) are the lead sponsoring department with the Strategy unit within DECC acting as lead sponsor officials. The government
also provides staff time to prepare annual statements of emissions and the response to the CCC annual reports.

During 2014-2015 financial year, the CCC was wholly funded by the DECC, Defra, the devolved administrations, Natural Environment
Research Council (NERC) and the Environment Agency. Resource allocation during the year was £4,109,617 (2013-14, £3,726,289). The
total Grant-in-Aid funding drawn down during the year was £4,042,588 (2013-14, £3,898,237). The CCC’s net operating cost for the year
was £4,071,382 (2013-14, £3,711,661). Additional funding was negotiated and received from sponsoring bodies which permitted more
research during the year and as a result increased the net operating costs17.

Funding required

The accounts show a deficit on the Statement of Comprehensive Net Expenditure of £4,071,382 for the year ended 31 March 2015.

Staff
[Number of staff involved in the design and implementation of the case study]

The CCC employs 31 members of staff18. This comprises a Chief Executive, 25 analytical staff (of which 6 support the Adaptation sub-com-
mittee), and 6 staff providing corporate support including specialists in finance and communication. Not all 31 members of staff are invol-
ved in the MRV system. The DECC carbon budgets team that would respond to the annual reports would consist of 2-3 people; this is a
central coordination role. There is also support from the GHG inventory team, the GHG projections team and numerous other teams across
Government departments and DECC working on specific policies.

17https://documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/2903902_CCC_ARA_acc.pdf
18https://documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/2903902_CCC_ARA_acc.pdf
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Time
[Time required to get to this stage]

March 2007 – October 2009 (2 years 8 months)

Further information
Contact for enquiries

Owen Bellamy
Committee on Climate Change
Senior Analyst
020 7591 6082
owen.bellamy@theccc.gsi.gov.uk

Website

https://www.theccc.org.uk/

References

CCC (2012). Meeting Carbon Budgets: 2012 Progress Report to Parliament. London. June 2012. Available at: https://documents.theccc.
org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1585_CCC_Progress%20Rep%202012_Interactive.pdf

CCC (2015a). Reducing emissions and preparing for climate change: 2015 Progress Report to Parliament. London. June 2015. Available at:
https://documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/6.738_CCC_ExecSummary_2015_FINAL_WEB_250615.pdf

CCC (2015b). The Fifth Carbon Budget: The next step towards a low-carbon economy, London, November 2015. Available at: https://
documents.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Committee-on-Climate-Change-Fifth-Carbon-Budget-Report.pdf

CCC (2015c). CCC, Annual Report and Accounts 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015. June 2015. Available at: https://documents.theccc.org.
uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/2903902_CCC_ARA_acc.pdf

DECC (2014). Triennial Review of the Committee on Climate Change, January 2014. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/
uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/270886/committee_climate_change_triennial_review_2013.pdf

HM Government (2011). The Carbon Plan: delivering out low carbon future, DECC, London, December 2011. Available at: https://www.
gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/47613/3702-the-carbon-plan-delivering-our-low-carbon-future.
pdf

National Audit Office (2013). Carbon Budget Management: Briefing for the House of Commons Environmental Audit
Select Committee, DECC, London, July 2013. Available at: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Briefing-for-the-En-
vironmental-Audit-Committee_Carbon-Budget-Management1.pdf
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Good Practice Analysis 3.0 on LEDS, INDCs, NAMAs and MRV

Ricardo-AEA (2014). National policies for emission reduction and GHG measurement. Presented by John Watterson, Ricardo-AEA, at
Asia Regional Workshop for GIZ Information Matters project in Manilla, Philippines. Available at: http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/
default/files/john_watterson_ricardo-aea_-_national_policies_for_emission_reduction_and_ghg_measurement.pdf

Stern, N. (2006). Stern Review on The Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury, London. Available at: http://www.webcitation.or-
g/5nCeyEYJr

Case study authors

Eleanor Kilroy, Raúl Salas Reyes, and James Harries (Ricardo Energy and Environment)

Case study contributors

Owen Bellamy (Committee on Climate Change), Ximena Aristizábal, Diana Barba, and Rodrigo Villate (GIZ)

Organisers

This series of fifteen best MRV and Accounting case studies, and the Global Case Study Analysis accompanying them was prepared by
Ricardo Energy and Environment for the project “Accounting Rules for the Achievement of the Mitigation Goals of Non-Annex I Countries”.

This project is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH as part of the International
Climate Initiative (IKI). The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety of Germany (BMUB)
supports this initiative based on a decision taken by the German Bundestag.