Gravitation

Gravitation * Nature
of Gravitational force is always attractive
in Nature.
#
is
Gaw
of Pravitation
* force btw to uniform spheres can also find out
Force btw two pointmasses is
directly proportion by using
~ al product of
to their masses & Inverely E
anmu
=

square of
proportional to distance between them.

m/
M2
& * for other shapes, we will use
integration
F F
method.
k
-
->
-

* Gravitational force in vector form

F < m, mc
YA m\
FX +
F ↑-v E =

22 =
*
v E
=
-

y Fz,
=

F amz
=

↑-
M2
*
22
i
F ex
anime
=

J2
G Gravitational Constant (Universal F=
(9-22) V,
= *
x

6.67x1011 Constant)
NiYicg
=

Fz =
anmv
* SI Nuit
of G is
Nm2/kg2
Fz
>
-
=
Fc
* Dimensional formula
of 225 (M 13T*]
=

Basic Mathematics
* Gravitational force is conservative force Cp(acometric Progression)
ar",ars-any....o
=
a tar + 15121

It central force
* is a (act
along the line

joining).
& -
 119 91
hu. · · Find position of 5 mass
from 9 so Sr. Two pointmasses m, & ms are placed distance 'd'.
at
↓ <
> bid equilibrium? If 3rd pointman
fixed
6M that mass became in my is placed on the mid point of
fixed. these masses what
then will be the
change in
gravi-
In:
* tational force between 'm, I'm?
1198,mFg
· <
- 0
j
919
8

F
-

fixed Fmc
<
-> m/
fixed sa
x

So1
-
- 20

due to my
for 3rd was
Fa
-

>

=F
--> · =om2
m,
F my
-
fo
due to me
# - x 18
= -
3x
6 x
=
=
force between independent of
-

* two masses is the

presence
4x = 18
of 3rd mass but not force on me, or me depends on the

x 4.5m
=

presence of 3rd mass.

118
hu.
↓<
419
·
91
· Find position of 5 mass
from 9 so
Su Find acceleration
just after release?
of mans
1st
so
6M > that bid mass became in equilibrium?
fixed fixed.
2
nd equilateral
triangle 3rd
-1. ·
l
418 9kg M
m
rmFg fixed fixed
-
·

for equilibrium Sol F= +

272660
·

Fu Fg =
F=5F 5 =

nu
2
x
-y xm
ma
53m
=
=

-u =
E a
th
=

2x 18
= -
3x

5x 18
=

x
=
3.6m
Su. f I
If these two masses are made up
Sir Too stars having some man in are
revolving
in some circular orbit
of radius find speed
's'
v
of
saw material then find force stars
·of both (Binaly star systems, also find Time
22 depends on.
-

period=?
...
1).Fx +
-

↓ -

.
22
↑
i
spheres (1) F cub solv:o ani Fc = =

Fcby
mpr a -
y
(1)
=

·
-
-
(1) FxrY "
7
v
m
=

.....

SN miYRUS, me=
31(2V13f 324V3I = T
r
=

F ar3f)(3437539)
=

gr2

Su Gravitational force
Fc
-r3 Find on 'M' due to 'm; shown

in
figure?
F xr4
④ ↳ dm
-
mo
s/ ·
< ⑤

Sr. A identical (pointmassess each >dr

large M v < 1-->
number
of
-
masses

atno,
having more m are placed along naxis n v,
=

SN:
x

at
2v,x uv,x 00......
=
=
=
Find notforce on more placed E z
=adm Edr =

origin

=zmoamia-mo,e
M m m

·
eur x15
=
=10.=1

Fret
Gn+ Gmz an
=

+
+ -

2(1 i t in....] (a 1,w

12)
=

=
+
- +
=

F aMoM
=

=> Fnt =

2( ) 222

Fret =ahn
# Acceleration due to gravity g Variation
#
of 'g'

won-n w F
=
1). Due to its shape
mg
=

am

M
&

R
g ak
=
2 from
planet
centure
of
....
RP
.
1
.
Re > Rp

Re- Rp=21km
v

oh from surface
g 2
=

M,z
of planet
gc 2 +

*
g on surface (
the = 0)

g G
=
gp> ge

gp-ye-0.017m/s
In earth
case
of
M 6
=

X10"19
with rotation
R 6400km
=
= 6400x10m 2). Variation
of ig' co

110")(6 1024)
aw >
g
x
m gefy=mg-mRWYG]
ERGEN
=

(6400X103)2 mCmse

1>
.......
·eff =
g-RW"Gi
gv 9.81m/s
*
ge =
g-RWY, gpole =
g
Gx
1
=

Ry
gp-ge
=

v RG)
=

I =

Angle of latitude gp-g0=0.033r/s

gp-ge 0.017 =0.033 =0.052/s)

=

..
scape rotation
 If 1<20km constant 9.612/s2
gegt=g-Ruices
* * => then
-
=

Variation height
* If 20lnh<600km them
=
gn =
g/1 ) -

3).
of 'g'
m
with

n * If 1>640km =>

g ik)
m
g =

gn
=

-
v

g an/m
=

④ Variation of I with depth

R
&

g 2k
=

C
M

R3 x(R
d
2
gn nz ~
=
= =

-
a
N

&surface=g ] =
qn
= R a
-
m

(81)3
= i

mp
R
Δ gd =

11R
M
qn =

gd apxz5i
=

Binonial approximation (1 <41 -> hx

R]
- qd Mx )
=

gn g(12E)
=

gd g(1
=

1)
g(1 2]
-

gn =
-
Sr. At what to. If surface
heightacceleration due to
gravity decreased
g
at
10km above the =

g
at depth d

by below surface.
the Findd?
13. 1 %

(1).36 Y.
Solu In gd
=

S10: 1).gn =
g -

9 =
9g ((1 220)] 9(1 E)
-
=
-

u
=+
1
+

gn g(1 2h)
= -

d = 40km

-99 9(1
=
-

2]
Sr. Find the ratio
of g
at
LightRIC RIz?
& depth
89 1
= -

() 1
z2 too
=
R = 6400km 58 qn = =

yppk
2h =

n 32km
=
gd g(1
= -

zk) 9/2
=

11).
919
= -

36.9 g =

n
In- we
(5k12
gn =

12 =
-5
y( - - rm)
-
=

1
-

I 0km
= 1 +
2=
h Ryu
=
=

a 1000km
2 Yu
=

=
 Su Find so that
period of earth observes 2
Time =
m
observes,weightlessness on equator.
#Gravitational field Intensity 'I'
So M
=
ge g- RZ"60
=

Gravitational field Intensity at

a
pointis defined as

for weightlessners geq= force per unit test may placed at

that
point.

M
-ma
0 =

g -
Rw2 ⑥
v EI =

Ra g
am
/mo
=
=

w
=
*=
I I
k
=

2/
T =
* I is a vector quantity & its direction will be same

Force.
as direction
of
T 84.6win
as M F
1.41hr ·

.
Sr. A
m an can

surface. Find
jump to maximum heightIm earth
on I =
-

GRE
maximum heighthe jumps
can an

other
the planet having radius 2 times
of radius of
&
earth density 2 times of earth. * In case
of earth 1 =
g(acceleration due to
gravity).

Eno-tegomoole
st: n 1 =

1n he
ge
= =

=
2p
SRp2Re
lecze
re
t
=
=

31p 29
=
 Gravitational Potential Energy
n
#

........... .
Find
gravitational potential energy.
.
It is the work done to create a
system of masses

stored in the form of potential energy.

i. i ...
-
-

tizz
M2
m/ M2
· - ->

st
⑳

fixed vj - ⑥

Uf 3
u U(z vis U2s
= +
+

2
dr

Zest+
u
3m
=

seren
-

Io
m,
·
2
·
m
↑

wext
am,marp)of
=

Su. l
of system?
m
m · Find PC
Wext Uf-vi
=
=
am,met h l

uf-vi = a
mmu(tz) -
(vi)) m e
·m

2
m@
e
wo
anmu) -
Unt U2+01s Ucu-Ogy
vf -
vi
an s = + 023 0,4 +
=
+
-

*
Reference:Vi=0 Ui=0, +
vf r,
=
Uf = 0

&4 -
·
m
Wnt=<xtan) 27-nY
+

u -
0 =
-
-

- N

v
G
=
-
 notonin
Su. 22.m Su Find
Binding of system?
m
m l.m energy
22 ① 2 - l
⑤
m
r8m
m
· ·

me
28
m

find workneeded convect & to ammountit system at atwi

Energy
to I total
energy new

Binding Energy and I

Sol
②
vi
1( 2m)) 2) an)
= -
+

Siv:127=0, 0
ufmy 2f h)
=
+

ut
a(m)) 2t )
=
+

v =
-

am-(252 1) -

vi BE
Wext uf
amr(252 1)
= =
-
-

ou. Find potential energy of system?

* In
M
· ·
m case
of earth
m
v
m
@ · M. Un =
-

amu
h

Un
a
V,
fam
-

= -

·m
m
M
us
m
· ·

a >R -

m m =

21: Un Vs
7nm) ( )
-
=

Unet 12
am) 1270) it
=

+ +

amm/t-mia] a
=

mm)
Un -
vs =

mg/+
E) +

rR(
Ur -
us =
Ho

ga
=

n
- R
gπ

or
M =

-ummerse ener

&

R5
↑
9
24
=

H
1
zvaR
=

⑰
a
 d v R R d -

a
v
=
+
= =

↑v gin g(1 ) g(71)

=
- =

gin zw=

(y wn)
=

ga
Goat GR
=

: g0at
nR
go
MR)
=

In
=

: 2

gn g/y
=

& gn 2/u
gn nm)
=
=

E maj
=

- t mm
=

=11
E 2
=

-1 =

n R
=
 10
Sr. The objectis projected on the surface of Sr.
earth Find U minimum so that me will reach to

vertically upwards with speed IR Find. other planet.

n- --
-
1. Maximum heightattained by it
-
-

-
11. Speed at half of maximum height.

On
.o Speed
+

SF: ki 0i 1+
+ =
+

Uf #Escape is: -

↑ k, us
+

km(a)" 0
=
+
Un -
Vs It is the minimum speed which
with an object
should be projected so that it just
escape the
gravi-
R force of planet.
-rational
kmgR =

When objectis projected with escape speed it just

R(111) 2h
= ·

gravitational field of planet.

stop after crossing the
R + n 2r =

h =

R ·
Escape speed is independent of of man object
11). it depends on mass & size of planet.
- on
vpk ks us+
kn+ Uh
=

n
m(zjk,
=

+ us
Un-us ks
· It is independentfrom the direction
of projection.
=
-
kn
With
increasing heightescape speed decrees

mpi YmqR-yemo
=

· An objectwith escape speed have zero mechanical

pf gry -
-
=

energy during its whole journey

=
· for atmosphere of planet runs speed of go molecules
- R -

GR should be less then escape speed.

u=
gn(1 -

5] · For black hole escape speed rexc speed of light

v
1
=

· In case
of earth surface escape speed=11.2km/s
& For more it will be 2.55km/s.
 10

↑u=0
<

Ki Ui
+
kf Uf
= + Su An objectis projected vertically upwards with
speed half of escape speed find maximum
Wepne us
kmve t +

m) 0 + 0
=

Light achieved by object.

Im xmve am =

Sl u 12R/2
=

al
jozon
re= on the surface Ks us Un
+
= +
0

of plane Ks Un
=
-
Us

Y2m(tzzm)=
*
-
ki+0i kf Ut
=
+
↑ (s
+ us
m,a
↑ We
kmv-m
m
=
M
0 +0
=

Dr. An objectis projected from surface of

am
M
v
x = the
-

earth with speed 2 times

of escape speed
find bat o?
po=?
sin
from surface
:
* k ki
= -
Ke

XMOR =
xMQVe)
-

XAVeY
Seng
we
↑o
R
=
r =
= ar

v I
- Ver
=

ve
/qm
=

v 5 Ve
=

Ve =
gR

for
* earth
-

re=/ 2x9.81x6400x10"

Ve=11200m/s

Ve = 11.2 km/s
# Gravitational Potential (V) Sr. ( x+
=
2x + 3 find m
I
[2,
3)

SON:I
⑤
=
-
i
Itis the scalar
way to represent effectof
the

mass in space around it. I = - (2x +

2)
m I = - (- 2 2)I
+

mo
4

·op
I = 0

b. 1 x2
=
+ yz 22 3xy
+ +
find I am (1,1,1)9

amolr
V
to
=
-

soln:I Ix i
= +

1yT I2π +

v
am ,
=

Iz - X
Ix y zy
-

= - =
-
=

82

Potential unit test at

pointp
energy pes [ 3y(2)
mass
I = 2u 0 +
+
0 + - (2x + 64) = -
8
y-
=

is called
gravitational potential. Iy = - [0 + 21 +
0 3x)
+ =
- (27- 3x2) =
-
5

Iz =
- (0 +
0 22 +
+
0) = -
22 =
- 2

P a m
3
⑩

Su Find
gravitation potential I = - 84- 5y -
25
a a
at point 'pl
110
Su. Find I, if 1 = x3e43323 4yxy on (-1, 1, -
1) 3
vp
am Gy an
=

·' 2.m
-
- -

m
a
110
②
vp = -
Gn(2 1) +

fe. Apointmass m is placed at centure

the
of spherical
shell
of man is radius 'R' Find gravitational field
Intersity & Gravitational potential at distance RK from
# Relation between 1 & X
centre & RK from surface.
* If 11 is a
function of n

I= d0
->
I
yi
-
=
-

I =
-

z
 BMaths Gravitational
# field & Potential for spheres

A(x3)
dx
3x2
=

(3) su
=

1). Solid Sphere

inside
↓(S,nx)
(S,nx) Cs G,x M
v2)
Mr Vin
Gk(3R2
=

Ip
=
-
=

xx
= -
r

i
-

z(x) my
(mu) E
=

E
=

on sulfe w R
=

A) Sn t) Cst,
=

t (S,nt) 0
=

Is =

GM Vs=
-

GM

(xs,n()
=
22Sin) +

vGyy("Siny) (2n).He
=
M
④ -
P
0
outside
2

Aluley" (24) 2x 2yy + 22d(x y e

at
+
=

aV.
+ 2
I0
+
=
= -

↓x

me
-

z(x) y 2) 3x-y2z =

xx

z(x) y 2) 2x3yz -
5
=

yy
sir
·,
z(x) y -z) x3yz =

02

V
na...
i fod"
-
:
2

1 .. c

-39.
-
a

11. Hollow sphere

inside
M

GM
↑p 0 =
vin = -

M
on sulfe w R
=

Is =

GM Vs=
-

GM
M P outside
④ - 0

I0 =

aV. = -

at
rP
IM
X
I
M.
G2
- ·

&

&
Ix =
↑

&

U
R
 SLLITE:
I,ve=
#
* no =

motion of satellite around the

planetthe
During
attractive
gravitational force of planet provides the 5
centripital force. - =

Ve = v0 1.41400
1 =

⑩ ⑩ If we increase orbital speed by 41.4% then satellite

will escape.
·
·

Natural
Artificial *
" 2m0
=

1
=

1). Orbital speed U

Ke 2ko
m Ev -= z
=

= -

If orbiting satellite
n
we increase 100% then
12
vo =

will escape.

ip8*n
N

·
.
2). Time period of satellite T

of satellite is independent of of satellite

=
No 7
1
* mass

↑uo
=

it depends the on
of planet.
man
·v ②

If satellite is
very close to the surface of earth (r R] T2 vz
2 v3
*
+
=
=

00 =

JM - 7.92km/s T
x)
=
 satellite

·of
saturize he find period of
time a
orbiting near

the surface of earth?

kE Ymp
=

12m(jE)" SN:i m
r.g t
y
kz =
=
= =

17
2n 0
=
-

v
i =

r =
T 2
=

Rz T
z
24/ER
=

am -
=
-

0 2E=

~
84. Amin
us
V =
- 2kE TE E kf V
=

1.4,hr
= +

E -
=
kE

z
Mm
=
=

Sr. satellite
A
of man
cooky is
revolving with

speed looms. Find its potential energy?

for bounded system
* total
Energy will be
negative.
100" 10
So: HE = Y2mv y2x200 =
x =

* Elliptical orbit
u =
-
2kt

E -
=

Gm ↑
>
u = -
2x106]
a E -
= kt
a
semimajor axis
= E = - 106]
Sr. A radius of satellite is increased by 1%then Sr. satellite
A around
of warm is
revolving
find change in its orbital speed & time period? a
planet of man't' in elliptical orbit having
Find speed of satellite when
H
semimajor axis a.

it is atdistance from the centure

of planet?
La. The time period satellite is
of T when it is
s -.m
revolving heightR above the
at surface of earth. k+0 E =

find its period if

W
Gm
time itis
revolving in an orbit
M
ymu -

Mm = -

2a
radius 4R.
of
+ 2xr3

et
YeuraimLi
y Ei==
2
=
T 8T

T2 22T =

Sr. Asatellite the surface

of mass m is kept on

of earth (M,RJ. Find energy required to put it

a circular orbit at the
higherformat
into

51:Ei ki Provided

I
=
Vi
+

DE =

0 -9Mm

=tar cane)
=

DE
- -

Ef =

em-n = -

tn pt= c
e
#
Geo-Stationary Satellite * these satellites are communication satellites.

speed of satellites
orbiting these
* These
appear at crestwhen
satellites observed
from surface of earth
(with
angular speed
=
the 3

10:Etsx50) v = 42400x1000 m

will 9M 9.81x(6400000(2
* Time period of satellite be 24hr. gR= 21 => =

* these satellites revolves from coast to cast 8 3.08km/s.

=

* Radius of these satellites are

# Polal satellites
T
27/
=

satellites around the

poles
revolves
· These

(27x60x60) 443 =
-
GM =
gRL
q(6400000)2 - -

height of
v 42400km

these
=

satellites -k =r - R
·
from the surface = 42400 -
6400

= 36000km

2
· These satellites revolve
height
atthe
of 500 to 800km

king from the surface of earth

- Parbit
· · The time period of these satellites is approx comin

also remote
sensing satellites.
· These are known as

* these satellites revolve assound the equator. · These satellites are used in forcast, Bordel
wether

security, maps making etc.

 how for
#ple's planetary notion * Forque about centure
the
of sun is always no so the

angular momentum
of planet will conserve.

1stLaw (Law orbit

1)
of planet
·
I 0
=

All the planets revolve around the

sun in elliptical Lcenture - Constant
& focii.
.
orbit at
is one
of the
o 0nh
sun
=

-
. .
Li 1f
=

& 1. 2
=
e(ectricity) mr.Vrin mUUas =

⑨
a

i F19 i Unat
& x
=
&

<

z riz e
<
x ae
/a - Umax =

=
=

/
Umay a + de
= L mor
=

Unin a
=
- ae I 7-
constant
Unin
- I
=
a
rax 1 +2

① (Law
of Area
1,/ The areal velocity of planet around the
Aphelion
sun is

I -- constant.
Perihelions
. ...

17
as

The area swept by position vector of planet wat

centure of sun is constant.

satellite
·

11
11.
↑
↑
//A)/72
. . . . (

perige---plant- ~ - -
- · Apogee

-yi
 Sr. Find
dA =120xodt
time period of planetif seminajor axis of its
- -
j,dA,godt ·m
orbit
is 4 times the serimajor axis
of earth orbit.

A-or
Constant
SI a yr =
= =
>
AA m
-
=

=> constant
Tc 64(+7r)2
=

&A = Contact
Tz 0Yws
=

(Law

it
3). 3rd Law
of time Period)
D. T, > T2

The
square of time period of planet is directly Tz
11. T, T2

proportional to cube
of seminajor axis. 11.T=T2

2 1). Data
insufficient
T2ca3

I-
 -
#(
x

18:00
·

# Shape of Path

ou

I
50

1.U =0, then will

path be
straight
line & its
energy
will be les then zero.

2). UC00 the path will be elliptical & energy will

be les then zero.

3). U = vs then path

will be circulas & energy will
be less then ze0.

4).0.4 <Ve then path will be elliptical energy

will be less then zo.

5). u ve
=
then path will be palabola & energy
will be zero.

6. UTVe then path will

Hyperbola & frely will
be
greated then wo.