In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be

exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the
manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked
into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of industrial growth-were plentiful and needed
only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads.
The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a
spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places
of manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth
not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts
of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influence emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used
to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century-always with an
eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed
by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more
productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the
urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm
areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from
Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-most of
whom were originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to
finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for
the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be financed
in their own “money market.”

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The history of railroads in the United States
B. The major United States industrial centers
C. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States
D. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century
E. The American farm areas
2. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in meaning to …
A. Minerals
B. Products
C. Methods
D. Tools
E. Components
3. Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” in line 8?
A. To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of oil and coal
B. To show the futility of the railway structure
C. To describe the complex structure of the railway system
D. To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion
E. To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials
4. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to …
A. Raw materials
B. Sources
C. Centers
 D. Railroads
E. places
5. According to the pa. ssage, all of the following were true of railroads in the United States in
the nineteenth century EXECPT that ........
A. They connected important industrial cities
B. They were necessary to the industrialization process
C. They were expanded in a short time
D. They used relatively small quantities of natural resources
E. They contributed to the industrial growth by connecting major centers

6. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of machine tools?
A. Lower manufacturing costs
B. Better distribution of goods
C. More efficient transportation of natural resources
D. The price becomes more expensive
E. A reduction in industrial jobs
7. According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of manufactured products?
A. Railway workers
B. Farmers
C. Asians
D. City dwellers
E. Europians
8. The word “nourished” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to …
A. Protected
B. Housed
C. Paid
D. Fed
E. Blocked
9. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century?
A. They lost some jobs because of mechanization
B. They used farm machineries
C. They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas
D. They raised their productivity by using new machinery
E. They sold food to European countries
 Gardeners and homeowners might sometimes need to add nitrogen fertilizers to their
gardens and lawns to provide just the right food for their plants. The amount used typically
depends on plant and seed instructions as well as on the other sources of nitrogen, such as
manure, already applied to the soil. While an addition of nitrogen to the lawn and garden
may be necessary, homeowners often use more than what is recommended, and over time
this excess nitrogen pollutes water and air. Nitrogen at higher levels causes a loss of certain
plant species, depletion of soil nutrients, death of fish and aquatic organisms, and
contamination of drinking water.
Though nitrogen serves to aid plants in their growth, weeds and non-native plants tend to
grow more readily with additional nitrogen supplies. Other plants that have lower nitrogen
needs end up dying, causing a decline in native species, according to the Ecological Society of
America (ESA). In California, for example, it is reported that too much nitrogen encourages
the growth of non-native grasses and kills off lichens on trees. In the coastal areas of the
western United States, soils have higher levels of nitrogen, which feed non-native grasses.
The shift in plant species increases the chances of wildfires because these new grasses are
flammable.
In the soil, too much nitrogen also creates an imbalance of nutrients that causes a depletion
of other important minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. While fertilizer
overuse causes this change, nitrogen-polluted air, caused by nitrates from automobiles and
industrial plants, also results in this acidification of the soil when acid rain falls. When the
nitrogen abundance reduces important minerals, toxic elements such as aluminium can
proliferate and harm plants as well as fish in rivers.
When nitrogen levels in rivers and streams increase, they aid in algae overgrowth. As algae
dies and decomposes, organic matter in the water increases. This process uses up oxygen,
causing levels to drop. Without the oxygen, fish, crabs and other aquatic life die. In the San
Francisco Bay Delta, for example, blue-green algae blooms occur in numbers during the
warmer months, especially when the conditions such as increased nitrogen occur.
Researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution say these algae blooms, which can
appear in different colors, produce toxins that can be harmful.
A soluble substance, nitrogen soaks deeply into the soil after a rainstorm or after irrigation,
reaching ground water and nearby wells. When babies under a year old and elderly people
ingest water with high nitrogen levels, they can develop symptoms such as gastrointestinal
swelling and irritation, diarrhoea, and protein digestion problems, according to the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. Because nitrogen is odorless and colorless, only
testing can determine whether contamination has occurred.

10. The paragraph following the passage will most likely discuss . . . .
A. a case of polluted water contaminated by nitrogen
B. trainings on how to use fertilizers wisely to possible users
C. results of testing an area possibly contaminated by nitrogen
D. a case of plant change because of nitrogen excess in the soil
E. efforts to reduce acid rains to avoid nitrogen contaminating wells

11. In connecting the idea in paragraph 2 and that in paragraph 3, the author . . . .
A. shows evidence why change of plants causes forests more vulnerable from fire
B. gives further impacts of nitrogen not only on soil but also in water and air
C. argues that nitrogen harms not only plants and animals, but also humans
 D. provides a reason why the change of plants may occur in forest
E. states the characteristics of nitrogen in the nature

12. Which of the following best summarizes ideas of the passage?

A. In the long run, fertilizers will bring more hams than benefits to environments
B. Nitrogen can help plants grow, but it is potential to pollute soil, water, and air
C. Use of fertilizers is the major cause of nitrogen excess in the soil and water
D. Acid rain in the environment has the potential to bring revolution of plants
E. Nitrates together with other elements in the atmosphere form acid rains

13. Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that the more . . . .

A. houses, the more nitrogen excesses
B. polluted soil, the more crop problems
C. fertilizers, the more agricultural products
D. nitrogen, the more acid rains and plant shifts
E. industrial areas, the more polluted air and soil

14. According to the passage, which of the following best shows the author’s bias?
A. The need of fertilizer to increase agricultural production.
B. Blooms of algae in spring but leaving polluted waters afterwards.
C. Change of plants in the forest and forest fire because of nitrogen.
D. Growing of unwanted plants and plants extinction caused by nitrogen.
E. Nitrogen as a useful supplement for plants, be it in the air, water, or soil.

15. The word ‘proliferate’ in paragraph 3 can be best replaced by …

A. Demonstrate
B. Imitate
C. Increase
D. Remain
E. Degrade

Bipolar disorder is a brain disorder. It is also known as manic-depressive illness. It causes unusual shifts in
mood, energy, and activity levels. It also affects the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. There are four
basic types of bipolar disorder. All of them involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels.
hese moods range, rom periods o e tremely “up,” to “down” periods. During the “up” periods one shows
energized behavior. During the “down” periods, he or she is very sad or hopeless. he “up” periods are
known as manic episodes. he “down” periods are known as depressive episodes. Less severe manic
periods are known as hypomanic episodes.

People with bipolar disorder experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns
and activity levels. hey show unusual behaviors. hese distinct periods are called “mood episodes.” Mood
episodes are drastically di erent rom the person’s ordinary moods and behaviors. During the mood
episodes there are extreme changes in energy, activity, and sleep.

Sometimes a mood episode includes symptoms of both manic and depressive symptoms. This is called an
episode with mixed features. People experiencing an episode with mixed features may feel very sad,
empty, or hopeless, and extremely energized at the same time.

Bipolar disorder can be present even when mood swings are less extreme. For example, some people
with bipolar disorder experience hypomania, a less severe form of mania. During a hypomanic episode,
an individual may feel very good. The person may not feel that anything is wrong. However, family and
friends may recognize the mood swings. Without proper treatment, people with hypomania may develop
severe mania or depression.

16. What is the topic of the passage?

A. Manic-depressive illness
B. Brain disorder episodes
C. “up” and “down” periods o moods
D. Mood changes during depression
E. Emotional problems for bipolar disorder

17. The word “intense” in sentence 1, paragraph 2 means .......

A. Non-stop
B. Broad
C. Constant
D. Tough
E. Strong

18. One of the symptoms of manic episodes is feeling ......

A. Very lively
B. Extremely happy
C. Really powerful
D. Unusually strong
E. Awfully active

The green movement is catching on in many pockets of the world. This is especially true in the
construction industry. Today's buzz words, which include global warming and zero emissions, are causing
everyday people to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing an environmentally-
friendly home is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-
being of our planet. Based on this trend, entire districts, known as eco-communities, are being designed
with green initiatives in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria, British Columbia is one of these communities.
Its goal is to become the world's first zero-emission neighborhood.

Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make. They ensure
proper ventilation and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air. Interior and exterior building
materials, such as paints and wood, are natural and non-toxic. Eco-conscious builders use bamboo
wherever possible because it is very durable and does not require pesticides to grow.
Energy efficiency is one of the top priorities in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green. Not only do
energy-efficient appliances and light fixtures reduce the environmental impact of heating and hot water,
they also save residents and business owners money. Dockside Green claims that home owners use 55%
less energy than average in Canada. Though they are sharing space by investing in condo-style living,
residents will have individual utility metres. Studies show that people use approximately 20% less energy
when they are billed for exactly what they use. In addition, water is treated at Dockside Green and
reused on site for flushing toilets.

Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the future into account. Dockside Green
will reuse 90% of its construction waste. They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their
transport and maintenance needs. This is a great way to reduce emission. Dockside residents will be
encouraged to make use of a mini transit system and buy into the community's car share program.
Finally, plans are in the works for a high-tech heating system that will use renewable biomass instead of
fossil fuels.

19. Which of the following best restates the sentence “The green movement is catching on in
many pockets of the world in line 1?
A. Many people consider it crucial to have eco-friendly enviorentment
B. People who are aware of environmental issues love safe and healthy surrounding.
C. House designers should consider the importance of green materials
D. Everyone should understand the effect of global warming and zero emissions well.
E. Environmentalists are concerned with the green environment.
20. The author organizes the ideas in the passage by .......
A. Describing a new housing trend and providing a detailed example
B. Discussing an environmental issue and providing ways to solve the issue
C. Identifying a community problem and discussing possible solution to the problem
D. Explaining an environmentally friendly initiative and discussing the impacts of the
initiative
E. Establishing a new community initiative that is eco-friendly and explaining the ideas
behind the initiative