EARTH AND LIFE
FIRST QUARTERLY
REVIEWER
The Big Bang Theory
 Early part of the 1900s
 This theory have maintained that, between 13 billion
and 15 billion years ago, all the matter found in the
universe today was found in a small space, a tiny
contact point.
 According to this theory, matter and energy were the
same back then.
 Seconds after the explosion, the fireball that
emerged ejected matter/energy at high velocities,
which approached the speed of light.
 The supposition of this movement came in 1929
when the astronomer Edwin Hubble.
 He announced that all of the galaxies that he was
studying are moving further and further away from
us, at speeds that amount of several thousand miles
per second.
The Steady State Theory
 Arose in the 1940s.
 The scientist who proposed this hypothesis was Fred
Hoyle
 Who believed the universe was governed by two
principles: the cosmological principle and the
perfect cosmological principle. FRED HOYLE.
 Under this theory, stars and galaxies change, but the
universe remains the same as a whole.
 Matter cannot be created nor destroyed, but only
transformed into new forms- such as energy or as a
different form of matter.
 This theory, however, fails in one significant way: the
average age of stars should be approximately the
same if matter is continuously created everywhere.
The Earth’s Internal
 The size of the earth is about 12,750 kilometers
in diameter.
 This was known by the Ancient Greeks.
 The 20th century that scientists were able to be
sure that the planet is made up of three layers:
the crust, the mantle, and the core.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Ignis= Fire. 2 TYPES
1. INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC
 Granite
 Gabbro- Black Granite
2. EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC
 Basalt- dark colored, hard, fine grained and
w high specific gravity.
 Obsidian- Dark colored but glossy, No
Crystals, Used for weapons and Tools.
 Pumice- Light Colored, Small air holes, Light
weight.
 Scoria- Dark Colored, Big Air holes, heavy.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Weathering Process. 3 MAIN TYPES
1. CLASTIC
2. CHEMICAL
3. ORGANIC
 CONGLOMERATE- Made of pebbles, pieces of gravel
cemented together, Formed along beaches and at the foot of
the mountain.
 SANDSTONES- Made of sand grains, Composed mainly of
mineral quartz. Medium weight and appear shiny and
generally rough.
 SHALE- Made up of layers of mud and chemical mixed with
fine sand, organic matter, iron oxide and other impurities.
 LIMESTONE- Made mostly of calcium carbonate came from
dead organisms. Gray in color and heavy.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Pressure. Meta(Change), Morph(Form) 2 types
1. NON-FOLIATED- Formed from igneous intrusive when
the rocks are heated by intrusion it results in
recrystallization of the minerals withing the rock.
 MARBLE- Fr. Limestone (Parent Rock)
Considered as the most beautiful rock.
 QUARTZITE- Fr. Sandstone Very hard and
Durable.
2. Foliated- Formed Within Earth’s interior under extremely
high Temperature and unequal pressure.
 SLATE- Fr. Shale Fine Grained, frequently gray in
color.
 SERPUNTINE- Fr. Basalt light or dark green.
 GNEISS- Fr. Conglomerate often contains
feldspar or quartz. Coarse grained
 EARTH AND LIFE
FIRST QUARTERLY
OUTLINE REVIEWER
I. Key Characteristics of the Earth’s The Atmosphere
Structure
 Divided into 6 layers according to altitude
a. Origin and Structure of the
 Exosphere: (500 km above the eath), this is where
Earth
the atmosphere merges with space.
II. The Subsystems of the Earth
 Thermosphere: (90 km above the earth), this is
a. The Atmosphere
where the space shuttles orbit.
b. The Geosphere
 Mesosphere: (50-90 km above the eath), this is
III. Formation of the Universe and Solar
where meteors burn.
System
 Stratosphere: (12-50 km above the earth), this is
IV. The Big Bang Theory
where the air is stable and is good for planes and
V. The Steady State Theory
jets to fly in.
VI. The Earth’s Internal Structure
 Tropopause: (11-12 km above the earth).
KEY CHRACTERISTICS OF  Troposphere (0-11 km above the eath), the is the
“mixing layer,” all the weather is limited to this layer.
 There are two magnetic fields in the earth which
repels solar wind and protects the earth from solar
radiation The Geosphere
 The atmosphere of the earth is stratified, which
 The crust is the outermost “skin” of the earth and
means that it is made up of mainly nitrogen and
has various thicknesses. The thickest is under the
oxygen
mountain ranges, and the thinnest is under the mid-
 The eath is made up of a variety of minerals, melts, ocean ridges.
fluids, gases, and volatiles, which were all left behind
 There are two types of crust: the continental crust
after the solar system was created.
and the oceanic crust
 The earth has layers: a crust, a mantle, and a metallic
 Oxygen is the most abundant element in the crust
core
 The mantle is a solid rock layer between the core
 The earth can be divided into an outer lithosphere
and the crust
Origin and Structure of the  The flow in the outer core creates the earth’s
magnetic field.
 The creation of the earth is thought to be directly  The inner core is made of solid nickel, iron alloy
linked with the creation of the sun. It has a radius of 1,220 km.
 In the beginning the center of the earth was
composed of iron and silicates, along with materials Formation of the Universe and Solar
that were radioactive. System
 iron is heavier, it sank towards the center. This  Formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
became the core. the sun was formed:
1. There was a spinning disk in space.
The Subsystems of the 2. As gas collected in the center of this spinning
 The earth has subsystems that consist of the disk, a “protosun” was created.
geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and 3. Molecules in the protosun collided with each
biosphere. other, which caused heat to form.
 The biosphere is made up of living organisms, such 4. The heat and violent clashes between
as plants and animals. molecules allowed the creation of nuclear
 The geosphere or also called the lithosphere, is made reactions, which turned the protosun into a
up of the physical earth, such as rocks, magma, and star.
soil.
 The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the
eath. It protects the earth from solar rays.
 The hydrosphere, on the other hand, is made up of
all the water held on earth.