Multiple Inheritance: Module-2

Object Oriented Programming Using Java 22MCA22
MODULE-2
MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
Inheritance
• Java, Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object-Oriented
Programming).
• It is the mechanism in Java by which one class is allowed to inherit the
features(fields and methods) of another class.
• In Java, Inheritance means creating new classes based on existing ones.
• A class that inherits from another class can reuse the methods and fields of
that class.
• Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as
a parent-child relationship.
•
Why Do We Need Java Inheritance?
• Code Reusability: The code written in the Superclass is common to all
subclasses.
• Child classes can directly use the parent class code.
• Method Overriding: Method Overriding is achievable only through
Inheritance. It is one of the ways by which Java achieves Run Time
Polymorphism.
• Abstraction: The concept of abstract where we do not have to provide all
details is achieved through inheritance. Abstraction only shows the
functionality to the user.
Terms used in Inheritance

• Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a
template or blueprint from which objects are created.
• Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It
is also called a derived class, extended class, or child class.
• Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass
inherits the features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
• Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which
facilitates you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you
create a new class. You can use the same fields and methods already defined
in the previous class.
The syntax of Java Inheritance

class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{
//methods and fields
}
The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that
derives from an existing class
class Employee
{
float salary=40000;
}
class Programmer extends Employee
{
int bonus=10000;
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public static void main(String args[]){

Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}
}
Types of inheritance in java

• On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance in java:
o Single,
o Multilevel
o Hierarchical.
• In java programming, multiple and hybrid inheritance is supported through
interface only.
• When one class inherits multiple classes, it is known as multiple

inheritance.
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• Java does not support Multiple Inheritance by extending a class.

• Multiple inheritance can be achieved using implementing a interface.
extends
Single Inheritance
• When a class inherits another class, it is known as a single inheritance.
Example:
class Animal
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("MCA");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("MBA");
}
}
class Single
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Dog d=new Dog();
d.run();
d.display();
}
}
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Multilevel Inheritance
• When there is a chain of inheritance, it is known as multilevel inheritance.
Example
class Animal
{
void run()
{
}
}
{
void display()
{
}
}
class Cat extends Dog
{
void ball()
{
System.out.println("BCA");
}
}
class multilevel
{
{
Cat d=new Cat();
d.ball();
d.run();
d.display();
}
}
Hierarchical Inheritance
• When two or more classes inherits a single class, it is known as
hierarchical inheritance.
Example
class Animal
{
void run()
{
}
}
{
void display()
{
}
}
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class Cat extends Animal

{
void ball()
{
System.out.println("BCA");
}
}
class hierarchical
{
{
Cat d=new Cat();
d.ball();
d.run();
}
}
Access Modifiers in Java

• There are four types of Java access modifiers:
• Private: The access level of a private modifier is only within the class.
• It cannot be accessed from outside the class.
• Default: The access level of a default modifier is only within the package.
• It cannot be accessed from outside the package.
• If you do not specify any access level, it will be the default.
• Protected: The access level of a protected modifier is within the package and
outside the package through child class.
• If you do not make the child class, it cannot be accessed from outside the
package.
• Public: The access level of a public modifier is everywhere.
• It can be accessed from within the class, outside the class, within the
package and outside the package.
•
Example for private
class Employee
{
private float salary=400;
}
class privatee extends Employee
{
int bonus=100;
{
privatee p=new privatee();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}
} //compile time error
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Class member access
having default access modifier are accessible only within the same package.
Using super to call super class constructors

• The super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer
immediate parent class object.
• Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is
created implicitly i.e. referred by super reference variable.
Usage of java super Keyword
• super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
• super() is used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.
• super is used to invoke immediate parent class method.
Ex:1
class Animal
{
String color="white";
}
{
String color="black";
void printColor()
{
System.out.println(color); //black
}
}
class TestSuper1
{
{
Dog d=new Dog();
d.printColor();
}
}
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Ex:1 Using super (super using access instatnce variable)

class Animal
{
String color="white";
}
{
String color="black";
void printColor()
{
System.out.println(super.color); //white
}
}
class TestSuper1
{
{
Dog d=new Dog();
d.printColor();
}
}
EX:2 for constructor

class Animal
{
Animal()
{
System.out.println("BANGALORE");
}
}
{
Dog()
{
super(); //invoke parent class constructor
System.out.println("HYDERABAD");
}
}
class Bike5
{
{
Dog d=new Dog();
}
}
Example3 for super method

class Animal
{
void eat()
{
System.out.println("delhi");
}
}
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{
void eat()
{
System.out.println("hyderabad");
}
void bark()
{
System.out.println("bangalore");
}
void work()
{
super.eat();
bark();
}
}
class TestSuper2
{
{
Dog d=new Dog();
d.work();
}
}
Final Keyword In Java

• The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword
can be used in many context. Final can be:
- variable
- method
- class
- final variable
• If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final
variable(It will be constant).
final method
• If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
final class
• If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.
Example for final variable

class Bike9
{
final int speedlimit=90;
void run()
{
speedlimit=400;
System.out.println(speedlimit);
}
{
Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
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obj.run();
}
}
//compile time error
Example for final method

class Bike
{
final void run()
{
System.out.println("running");
}
}
class Honda10 extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");
}
}
class Honda10
{
{
mca a= new mca();
a.run();
}
}
Example for final class

final class Bike
{
int a=10;
}
{
int b;
}
class finalc
{
{
Honda1 a= new Honda1();
a.b=25;
}
}
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Object class in Java

• The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In
other words, it is the topmost class of java.
• Object class is present in java.lang package.
• Every class in Java is directly or indirectly derived from the Object class.
• If a class does not extend any other class then it is a direct child class
of Object and if extends another class then it is indirectly derived.
• Therefore the Object class methods are available to all Java classes.
class Vehicle
{
//body of class Vehicle
}
• Here we can see that the class Vehicle is not inheriting any class, but it
inherits the Object class. It is an example of the direct inheritance of object
class.
class Vehicle
{
//body of class Vehicle
}
class Car extends Vehicle
{
//body of class Car
}
• Here we can see that the Car class directly inherits the Vehicle class. the Car
indirectly inherits the Object class.
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Object Class Methods

• The Object class provides multiple methods which are as follows:
o toString() method
o hashCode() method
o equals(Object obj) method
o finalize() method
o getClass() method
o clone() method
o wait(), notify() notifyAll() methods
toString() method
• If you want to represent any object as a string, toString() method comes into
existence.
• The toString() method returns the String representation of the object.
• If you print any object, Java compiler internally invokes the toString()
method on the object. So overriding the toString() method, returns the
desired output, it can be the state of an object etc. depending on your
implementation.
•
Example
class Student12
{
int rollno;
String name;
String city;
Student12(int rollno, String name, String city)
{
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.city=city;
}
public String toString()
{
return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;
}

{
Student12 s1=new Student12(101,"Raj","lucknow");
Student12 s2=new Student12(102,"Vijay",“Delhi");
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
}
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hashCode() Method
• The hashCode() method is a Java Integer class method which returns the
hash code for the given inputs.
public class Hash

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Integer i = new Integer("12");

int b = i.hashCode();
System.out.println("Hash code Value for object is: " + b);
}
}
equals(Object obj) method

equals(Object obj) is the method of Object class. This method is used to
•
compare the given objects.
Syntax
public boolean equals(Object obj)
It returns true if this object is same as the obj argument else it returns false
otherwise.
class kiran
{
int a=25;
}
class bangaluru
{
{
kiran s1 = new kiran();
kiran s2 = new kiran();
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); //false
kiran s3=s1;
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3)); //true
}
}
getClass() Method
• getClass() is the method of Object class. This method returns the runtime
class of this object.
public class Objectget
{
{
Object obj = new String("23");
Class a = obj.getClass();
System.out.println("Class of Object obj is : " + a.getName());
}
}
Output: Class of Object obj is : java.lang.String
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Polymorphism in Java
• Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action
in different ways.
• Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs. The word
"poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means
many forms.
• There are two types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism
and runtime polymorphism. We can perform polymorphism in java by
method overloading and method overriding.
• If you overload a static method in Java, it is the example of compile time
polymorphism. Here, we will focus on runtime polymorphism in java.
Runtime Polymorphism in Java
• Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a
call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile-
time.
• In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference
variable of a superclass.
• The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being
referred to by the reference variable.
Upcasting
• If the reference variable of Parent class refers to the object of Child class, it
is known as upcasting.
Example
class Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running");
}
}
class Splendor extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println(“RNSIT");
}
{
Bike b = new Splendor(); //upcasting
b.run();
}
}
Method overriding
• If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent
class, it is known as method overriding in java.
Usage of Java Method Overriding
• Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method
that is already provided by its super class.
• Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism
Rules for Java Method Overriding
• method must have same name as in the parent class
• method must have same parameter as in the parent class.
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EX:
class Vehicle
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("Vehicle is running");
}
}
class Bike2 extends Vehicle
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("Bike is running safely");
}
{
Bike2 obj = new Bike2();
obj.run();
}
}
EX:2
class A
{
int i, j;
A(int a, int b)
{
i = a;
j = b;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("i and j: " + i + " " + j);
}
}
class B extends A
{
int k;
B(int a, int b, int c)
{
super(a, b);
k = c;
}
void show()
{
System.out.println("k: " + k);
}
}
class Override
{
{
B sub = new B(1, 2, 3);
sub.show();
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}
}
EX:3
class Animal
{
void move()
{
System.out.println("Animals can move");
}
}
{
void move()
{
super.move();
System.out.println("Dogs can walk and run");
}
}
public class TestDog
{
{
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object
b.move(); // runs the method in Dog class
}
}
Difference between method overloading and method overriding in java
Method Overloading Method Overriding
Method overloading is used to increase Method overriding is used to provide

the readability of the program. the specific implementation of the
method that is already provided by its
super class.
Method overloading is performed within Method overriding occurs in two
class. classes.
In case of method overloading, In case of method overriding,

parameter must be different parameter must be same.
Method overloading is the example of Method overriding is the example of run

compile time polymorphism. time polymorphism.
Return type can be same or different Return type must be same
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Abstract classes
• A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class in
java. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body).
• Before learning java abstract class, let's understand the abstraction in java
first.
• Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing
only functionality to the user.
• Another way, it shows only important things to the user and hides the
internal details.
• A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is
known as abstract method.
Ex:1
abstract class Bike
{
abstract void run();
}
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely..");
}
{
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
}
Ex: 2
abstract class Shape
{
abstract void draw();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape
{
void draw()
{
System.out.println("drawing rectangle");
}
}
class Circle1 extends Shape
{
void draw()
{
System.out.println("drawing circle");
}
}
class TestAbstraction1
{
{
Shape s=new Circle1();
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s.draw();
}
}
Example of abstract class that have method body

abstract class Bike
{
Bike()
{
System.out.println("bike is created");
}
abstract void run();
void changeGear()
{
System.out.println("gear changed");
}
}
class Honda extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely..");
}
}
class TestAbstraction3
{
{
Bike obj = new Honda();
obj.run();
obj.changeGear();
}
}
String class in Java

• String is a sequence of characters.
• In java, objects of String are immutable which means a constant and cannot
be changed once created.
• Creating a String
• There are two ways to create string in Java:
• String literal
String s = “RNSIT”;
• Using new keyword
String s = new String (“BANGALORE);
String class has a variety of methods for string manipulation.

1. charAt(int index)
• This method requires an integer argument that indicates the position of
the character that the method returns.
• This method returns the character located at the String's specified index.
Example: //stringg.java
String x = "airplane";
System.out.println( x.charAt(2) ); // output is 'r'
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2.concat(String s)
• This method returns a String with the value of the String passed in to the
method appended to the end of the String used to invoke the method.
Example
String x = "book";
System.out.println( x.concat("author") );
// output is "bookauthor"
The overloaded + and += operators perform functions similar to the
concat()method
Example,
String x = "library";
System.out.println( x + " card");
// output is "library card"
String x = "United";
x += " States”
System.out.println( x );
// output is "United States"
3.equalsIgnoreCase(String s)
• This method returns a boolean value (true or false) depending on whether
the value of the String in the argument is the same as the value of the String
used to invoke the method.
Example
String x = "Exit"; System.out.println(x.equalsIgnoreCase("EXIT")); // is "true"
System.out.println(x.equalsIgnoreCase("tixe")); // is "false"
4. length()
• This method returns the length of the String used to invoke the method.
Example,
String x = "01234567";
System.out.println( x.length() ); // returns "8“
5. replace(char old, char new)

• This method returns a String whose value is that of the String used to
invoke the method, updated so that any occurrence of the char in the first
argument is replaced by the char in the second argument
Example
class stringg
{
{
String x = "RNSNT";
System.out.println( x.replace('N', 'n') );
}
}
Output
RnSnT
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5. String substring(int begin)

Syntax
substring(int begin, int end)
• The substring() method is used to return a part (or substring) of the String
used to invoke the method.
• The first argument represents the starting location (zero-based) of the
substring. If the call has only one argument, the substring returned will
include the characters to the end of the original String.
• If the call has two arguments, the substring returned will end with the
character located in the nth position of the original String where n is the
second argument.
Example
class SubStr
{
{
String orgstr = "RNSIT BANGALORE";
String k= orgstr.substring(3); //IT BANGALORE
String substr = orgstr.substring(7,11); //ANGA
System.out.println(k);
System.out.println("substr: " + substr);
}
}
6. toLowerCase()
• This method returns a String whose value is the String used to invoke the
method, but with any uppercase characters converted to lowercase.
Example,
String x = "A New Java Book";
System.out.println( x.toLowerCase() );
// output is "a new java book"
7. toUpperCase()
• This method returns a String whose value is the String used to invoke the
method, but with any lowercase characters converted touppercase.
Example,
String x = "A New Java Book"; System.out.println( x.toUpperCase());
// output is"A NEW JAVA BOOK"
8. trim() method
• The String class trim() method eliminates white spaces before and after the
String.
Example
class Stringoperation2
{
public static void main(String ar[])
{
String s=" Sachin ";
System.out.println(s.trim());//Sachin
}
}
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9. char[ ] toCharArray( )
• This method will produce an array of characters from characters of String
object.
Example
String s = “Java”;
Char [] mca = s.toCharArray();
10. boolean contains(“searchString”)

• This method returns true of target String is containing search String
provided in the argument.
Example-
String x = “Java is programming language”;
System.out.println(x.contains(“Amit”)); // false
System.out.println(x.contains(“Java”)); // true
Complete program
StringMethodsDemo.java
Parameter Passing
• People usually take the pass by value and pass by reference terms together.
• It is really confusing and overhear questions in interviews, Is java pass by
value or passes by reference, or both? So the answer to this question is Java
is strictly pass by value.
• There is no pass by reference in Java.
• People usually take the pass by value and pass by reference terms together.
• It is really confusing and overhear questions in interviews, Is java pass by
value or passes by reference, or both? So the answer to this question is Java
is strictly pass by value.
• There is no pass by reference in Java.
• Pass by Value: In the pass by value concept, the method is called by passing
a value.
• So, it is called pass by value. It does not affect the original parameter.
• Pass by Reference: In the pass by reference concept, the method is called
using an alias or reference of the actual parameter.
• So, it is called pass by reference. It forwards the unique identifier of the
object to the method.
• If we made changes to the parameter's instance member, it would affect the
original value.
Example1:
class Test
{
void display(int i, int j)
{
i *= 2;
j += 2;
}
}
class CallByValue
{
{
Test ob = new Test();
int a = 15, b = 20;
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System.out.println("a and b before call: " +a + " " + b);

ob.display(a, b);
System.out.println("a and b after call: " +a + " " + b);
}
}
Output
a and b before call: 15 20
a and b after call: 15 20
Example2:
class Test
{
int a, b;
Test(int i, int j)
{
a = i;
b = j;
}
void Display(Test o)
{
o.a *= 2;
o.b /= 2;
}
}
class CallByRef
{
{
Test ob = new Test(15, 10);
System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b before call: " + ob.a+ " " + ob.b);
ob.Display(ob);
System.out.println("ob.a and ob.b after call: " +ob.a + " " + ob.b);
}
}
Output
ob.a and ob.b before call: 15 10
ob.a and ob.b after call: 30 5
ENUMERATION:
• Enumeration is a list of named constants that define a new data type.
• An object of an enumeration type can hold only the values that are defined
by the list.
• Thus , an enumeration gives you a way to precisely define a new type of data
that has a fixed number of valid values.
• An enumeration is created using the enum keyword.
Ex:
enum Transport
{
CAR, TRUNK, TRAIN, BUS
}
• The identifiers CAR, TRUNK and so on are called enumeration constants or
enum constants.
• Each is implicitly declared as a public, static member of Transport.
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• Once you have declared an enumeration, you can create a variable of that
type.
• Even though enumerations define a class type, you do not instantiate an
enum using new.
Ex:
Transport tp;
• Because tp is of type of Transport, the only values that it can be assigned
are those constants defined by the enumeration or null.
Ex:
tp= Transport.BUS;
• Here BUS is assiged to tp.
• Two enumeration constant can be compared for equality by using the ==
relational operator.
Ex:
if(tp==Transport.CAR)
• Here this statement compares the value in tp with the CAR.
• An enumeration value can also be used to control a switch statement.
Example for switch

class MCA
{
enum Day { SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY }
{
Day a=Day.MONDAY;
switch(a)
{
case SUNDAY:
System.out.println(“hello");
break;
case MONDAY:
System.out.println(“hello java");
break;
default: System.out.println("other day");
}
}
}
• The enum can be defined within or outside the class because it is similar to
a class.
•
enum Season
{
WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL
}
class EnumExample2
{
{
Season s=Season.WINTER;
System.out.println(s);
}
}
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Example
enum NAMES
{
RAGHU, PRASAD, DEVA, SHIVA,KIRAN
}
class EnumExample3
{
{
NAMES s=NAMES.RAJ;
}
}
D:\raghu java practice>javac EnumExample3.java
EnumExample3.java:9: cannot find symbol
symbol : variable RAJ
location: class NAMES
NAMES s=NAMES.RAJ;
^
1 error
The values() AND valueOf() methods OR the built-in enumeration methods:

• All enumerations automatically have two predefined methods:
values()
valuesOf()
• Their general forms are
public static enum-type[] values()
public static enum-type valueOf(String str)
• The java compiler internally adds the values() method when it creates an
enum.
• The values() method returns an array containing all the values of the enum.
• The valuesOf() returns the enumeration value associated with the name of
the constant represented as a string.
Example for values():
class hello{
public enum Season
{
WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL
}
{
for (Season s : Season.values())
}
}
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Example for valuesOf():
class EnumExample1{
public enum Season {
WINTER,
SPRING,
SUMMER,
FALL
}
{
for (Season s : Season.values())
Season a = Season.valueOf("SUMMER");
System.out.println("the value of a is");
System.out.println(a);
}
}
OUTPUT WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL
the value of a is
SUMMER
YOGEESH S Page 24

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Object Oriented Programming Using Java 22MCA22

Terms used in Inheritance

The syntax of Java Inheritance

public static void main(String args[]){

Types of inheritance in java

• When one class inherits multiple classes, it is known as multiple

• Java does not support Multiple Inheritance by extending a class.

class Cat extends Animal

Access Modifiers in Java

Class member access

Using super to call super class constructors

Ex:1 Using super (super using access instatnce variable)

EX:2 for constructor

Example3 for super method

class Dog extends Animal

Final Keyword In Java

Example for final variable

Example for final method

Example for final class

//compile time error

Object class in Java

Object Class Methods

public static void main(String args[])

public class Hash

Integer i = new Integer("12");

equals(Object obj) method

Difference between method overloading and method overriding in java

Method Overloading Method Overriding

Method overloading is used to increase Method overriding is used to provide

In case of method overloading, In case of method overriding,

Method overloading is the example of Method overriding is the example of run

Return type can be same or different Return type must be same

Example of abstract class that have method body

String class in Java

String class has a variety of methods for string manipulation.

5. replace(char old, char new)

5. String substring(int begin)

10. boolean contains(“searchString”)

System.out.println("a and b before call: " +a + " " + b);

Example for switch

The values() AND valueOf() methods OR the built-in enumeration methods:

Example for values():

Example for valuesOf():

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