Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Re-Examination of The Buneman-Hartree Condition
A Re-Examination of The Buneman-Hartree Condition
net/publication/234987744
CITATIONS READS
45 4,531
7 authors, including:
All content following this page was uploaded by R.M. Gilgenbach on 20 May 2014.
共6⬘兲
V̄ = B̄ − 共1 − 冑1 − 2兲 共BH兲. 共3兲 which are independent of c. Equation 共6⬘兲 shows that V is
proportional to B2 and is thus represented by a parabola in
Equation 共3兲 is represented by a straight line of slope  in the the B-V plane. The BH line 关Eq. 共5⬘兲兴 is also tangent to this
V̄ − B̄ plane 共Fig. 2兲. It is relativistically correct8 and is appli- parabola 关Eq. 共6⬘兲兴 in the nonrelativistic limit. Toward the
cable to a cylindrical or planar magnetron.2,6–8,22,24 It is also end of Appendix A, we present a simple derivation of the BH
valid even if the crossed-field gap contains an arbitrary axi- condition, Eq. 共5⬘兲, in the nonrelativistic, planar limit. There,
symmetric space charge distribution.10 we illustrate that, except at the point of tangency, canonical
The BH condition is usually plotted along with the Hull angular momentum is not conserved on the BH curve ac-
cutoff condition 共Fig. 2兲. From single particle orbit in a cording to the single particle theory. The derivation there
vacuum crossed-field diode, the Hull cutoff condition gives makes it clear that Eq. 共5⬘兲 is valid even if there is a stratified
the minimum magnetic field that is required to prevent an space charge distribution in the gap.10
033102-4 Lau et al. Phys. Plasmas 17, 033102 共2010兲
III. CYLINDRICAL BRILLOUIN FLOW IN RELATIVISTIC Once r̄b, ¯, and ¯ have been determined, the complete
SMOOTH-BORE MAGNETRONS Brillouin flow profile may be deduced. Specifically, the nor-
malized Brillouin flow velocity profile b共r兲 = vb共r兲 / c may be
Under the same title of this section, Davidson et al.11
obtained from
provided a comprehensive study of the relativistic cylindrical
Brillouin flow. Here, we will quote their main results and b共r兲 = tanh 共r兲, 共10兲
cast them in the dimensionless parameters, Eq. 共2兲. For the where 共r兲 can be numerically integrated from r = a to r = ra
geometry shown in Fig. 1, Davidson et al. formulated the 关see Eq. 共9兲兴
Brilluoin flow by assuming that the dc voltage V and the
共initial兲 vacuum magnetic field B are known. The initial d 冑 2
r = ¯ + sinh2 , 共a兲 = 0. 共11兲
magnetic flux ⌽ = B共b2 − a2兲 is assumed to be preserved dr
even after the Brillouin flow is set up. That is, even if the
Brillouin flow produces significant self-magnetic field, the From b共r兲, one may construct the relativistic mass factor,
total magnetic flux within the smooth-bore magnetron is still ␥b共r兲 = 关1 − 2b共r兲兴−1/2 = cosh 共r兲. The electrostatic potential
given by this initial ⌽ through a redistribution of magnetic profile 共r兲 within the Brillouin hub is then given by
flux. The Brilluoin flow is a cold, laminar shear flow only in − e共r兲 + 关␥b共r兲 − 1兴mc2 = 0. 共12兲
the -direction 共Fig. 1兲; its flow velocity is 0 at r = a, at which
the electric field also equals 0. It extends from r = a to r = rb, a From 共r兲, the electron density profile within the Brillouin
region known as the Brillouin hub. The electron density pro- hub follows from the Poisson equation.
file nb共r兲 and the flow velocity vb共r兲 within the Brillouin hub Given a dc voltage V, we may next inquire what is the
need to be determined. The magnetic field B is assumed to be value of B so that rb = b, i.e., the Brillouin hub just fills the
sufficiently large so that the Brillouin hub radius rb is less entire gap. It turns out that this critical value of B is identical
than b 共Fig. 1兲. The radial electric field and the axial mag- to the Hull cutoff condition, Eq. 共4兲, that is derived from
netic field of the Brillouin flow are solved self-consistently single particle orbit. To verify this well-known result, con-
with the flow’s space charge density −enb共r兲 and with the sider this critical case r̄b = 1. Equation 共7兲 gives cosh ¯ = 1
flow’s azimuthal current density −enb共r兲vb共r兲. For every elec- + V̄. Thus, sinh ¯ = 共cosh2 ¯ − 1兲1/2 = 共2V̄ + V̄2兲1/2. Substitution
tron, there is a radial force balance between the electric of this expression into Eq. 共8兲 immediately yields Eq. 共4兲 in
force, the Lorentz force, and the relativistic centrifugal force. the limit r̄b = 1.
共This centrifugal force vanishes in the planar limit, in which
case the flow velocity is simply the E ⫻ B drift that accounts
IV. SYNCHRONISM BETWEEN THE PHASE
for all self electric and magnetic field effects.兲 Also at each
VELOCITY AND ELECTRON FLOW VELOCITY
radius within the Brillouin hub, the electron’s total energy is AT THE OUTER EDGE OF THE BRILLOUIN HUB
equal to zero 关see Eq. 共12兲 below兴.
Once a, b, V, and B are specified, the dimensionless pa- Davidson’s complete solution of the Brillouin flow11 en-
rameters ā, V̄, and B̄ are known by Eq. 共2兲. The complete ables us to answer the following questions. Given the phase
Brillouin flow solution may be obtained by first solving for velocity vph at the anode 关see Eq. 共1兲兴, what should be the
the three parameters r̄b, ¯, and ¯ from the following three relation between V and B so that the phase velocity at the
equations, originally given as Eqs. 共20兲, 共21兲, and 共17兲 in outer edge of the Brillouin hub vphrb / b is equal to the Bril-
Davidson et al.,11 respectively louin flow velocity there? How is this relation between V̄ and
B̄, in nondimensional form, compared with the BH condition,
V̄ = cosh ¯ − 1 + 共sinh ¯兲冑¯2 + sinh2 ¯ ⫻ ln共1/r̄b兲, 共7兲 Eq. 共3兲, that is obtained from single particle orbit consider-
ation?
In terms of the normalized parameters, Eqs. 共1兲 and 共2兲,
关共1 + r̄2b兲sinh ¯ + 共1 − r̄2b兲共cosh ¯兲冑¯2 + sinh2 ¯兴,
1
B̄ = the normalized phase velocity of the wave at r = rb is
2r̄b
共vphrb / b兲 / c = rb. We next recognize that the value of at
共8兲 r = rb is simply ¯, by comparing Eq. 共11兲 with its solution,
Eq. 共9兲. Thus, from Eq. 共10兲, we have b共rb兲 = tanh ¯ which
ln 冉 冊 冕冑
r̄b
ā
=
¯
0
d
+ sinh2
¯2
. 共9兲
is the normalized Brillouin flow velocity at r = rb. The condi-
tion for synchronism between the phase velocity and electron
flow velocity at r = rb then reads
Equation 共7兲 关Eq. 共8兲兴 gives the total voltage 共magnetic flux兲 r̄b = tanh ¯ . 共13兲
in the gap as the sum of voltage 共magnetic flux兲 within the
Brillouin hub and outside the Brillouin hub. Equation 共9兲 is This synchronism condition, at fixed values of b / a and , is
the solution to the Poisson equation within the Brillouin hub, represented in the V̄ − B̄ plane in Figs. 3–6, and is designated
i.e., it is the explicit solution to Eq. 共19兲 of Davidson11 where as the BH condition according to the Brillouin fluid flow
¯ = a ⬅ pa / c and p is the nonrelativistic electron plasma model 共the dash-dotted curves in Figs. 3–6兲. It is solved us-
frequency of the Brillouin flow evaluated at r = a. 关An algo- ing the algorithm given in Appendix B.
rithm yielding simultaneous solutions to Eqs. 共7兲–共9兲 and In Figs. 3–6, we progressively increase the geometrical
共13兲 below, is given in Appendix B.兴 aspect ratio, 1 / ā = b / a = 1.1, 1.3, 2, and 4. In each of these
033102-5 A re-examination of the Buneman-Hartree condition… Phys. Plasmas 17, 033102 共2010兲
FIG. 4. 共Color online兲 共Top兲 The normalized Hull cutoff condition 共black
FIG. 3. 共Color online兲 共Top兲 The normalized Hull cutoff condition 共black curve兲, the normalized BH condition according to single particle orbit theory
curve兲, the normalized BH condition according to single particle orbit theory 共color, solid curves兲, and the normalized BH condition according to the
共color, solid curves兲, and the normalized BH condition according to the Brillouin flow model 共color, dash-dotted curves兲 for b / a = 1.3. 共Bottom兲 En-
Brillouin flow model 共color, dash-dotted curves兲, for b / a = 1.1. 共Bottom兲 larged plot near the point of tangency.
Enlarged plot near the point of tangency.
FIG. 6. 共Color online兲 共Top兲 The normalized Hull cutoff condition 共black
curve兲, the normalized BH condition according to single particle orbit theory
FIG. 5. 共Color online兲 共Top兲 The normalized Hull cutoff condition 共black
共color, solid curves兲, and the normalized BH condition according to the
curve兲, the normalized BH condition according to single particle orbit theory
Brillouin flow model 共color, dash-dotted curves兲, for b / a = 4. 共Bottom兲 En-
共color, solid curves兲, and the normalized BH condition according to the
larged plot near the point of tangency.
Brillouin flow model 共color, dash-dotted curves兲, for b / a = 2. 共Bottom兲 En-
larged plot near the point of tangency.
¯2
V̄ ⬵ + ¯¯ln共1/ā兲 ⬵ ¯¯ln共1/ā兲 ⬵ ā¯ln共1/ā兲, 共16兲
2
1 ¯ ¯
B̄ ⬵ 共¯ + ¯兲 ⬵ ⬵ . 共17兲
2r̄b 2r̄b 2ā
Division between Eqs. 共16兲 and 共17兲 yields
V̄ ⬵ B̄ ⫻  ⫻ 关2ā2ln共1/ā兲兴, ā Ⰶ 1. 共18兲
Equation 共18兲 is shown by the solid curves in Fig. 7 for the
case b / a = 4. It is in qualitative agreement with the BH con-
dition according to the fluid theory, shown by the dash-dotted
curves in Fig. 7 关and also in Fig. 6共a兲兴. In comparison, at
large values of B̄, the BH condition according to single par-
ticle orbit reads
V̄ ⬵ B̄ ⫻  , 共19兲
FIG. 7. 共Color online兲 The normalized BH condition according to the Bril-
from Eq. 共3兲. Equation 共18兲 quantifies the very significant louin flow model 共dash-dotted curves兲 and to the asymptotic formula Eq.
deviation in the BH condition using the fluid model, as com- 共18兲 共solid curves兲. Here, b / a = 4.
033102-7 A re-examination of the Buneman-Hartree condition… Phys. Plasmas 17, 033102 共2010兲
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
This paper provides a critical re-examination of the Hull
cutoff condition and BH condition according to the single
particle orbit model and Brillouin flow model. It employs the
natural dimensionless parameters V̄ and B̄ that are con-
structed for a smooth-bore magnetron which may either be
relativistic or nonrelativistic, planar or circular. For the Hull
cutoff voltage, we confirm that it is the same for the single
particle and Brillouin flow model. For the BH condition, we
also confirm that it is the same for the single particle and
Brillouin flow model, but only in the planar magnetron limit.
If the magnetron is cylindrical, the BH condition differs pro-
FIG. 8. 共Color online兲 The normalized Hull cutoff condition 共black curve兲, gressively as b/a increases, between the single particle and
the normalized BH condition according to single particle orbit theory 共color, Brillouin flow model. This difference is huge for b / a = 4,
solid curves兲, and the normalized BH condition according to the Brillouin regardless of whether the voltage is relativistic or not. This
flow model 共color, dash-dotted curves兲 for the -mode and 2 / 3-mode of
the University of Michigan/L-3 relativistic magnetron. The data show the
difference is quantified by Eqs. 共18兲 and 共19兲. If magnetron
maximum and average values for normalized voltage and magnetic field operation lies between the BH curve and Hull cutoff curve in
strength recorded during magnetron operation. the V̄ − B̄ plot, then the Brillouin flow model allows a signifi-
cantly wider range of operating conditions. A comparison
with the University of Michigan/L-3 relativistic magnetron,
as given toward the end of Sec. IV, shows that this is indeed
pared to the conventional single particle model 关Eq. 共19兲兴,
the case, enabling an interpretation of a large amount of ex-
when the cathode radius is small and the anode radius is
perimental data.
large 共ā Ⰶ 1兲, regardless of the diode voltage and the phase
Since an overwhelming majority of magnetrons are cy-
velocity of the wave.
lindrical, a large fraction7 with aspect ratio b / a ⬃ 2, and
For easy reference, we shall recapitulate Davidson’s
some with b / a ⬃ 5, it is interesting that the Brillouin flow
proof11 that the BH condition is indeed the same for the fluid
description and the single particle description give such
model and for the single particle model in the planar limit. In
vastly different BH conditions. Arguably, magnetrons must
the planar limit, a → ⬁, b → ⬁, r̄b = 1 − 共b − rb兲 / b → 1, and ¯
start with emission of single particles that execute cycloidal
= pa / c → ⬁, while the quantities 共b − a兲, 共b − rb兲, , and ¯
orbits at the very early stage and presumably that was the
remain finite. The leading terms of Eqs. 共7兲 and 共8兲 give
physical basis in the original derivation of synchronism by
Buneman and Hartree. However, simulations and theoretical
V̄ = cosh ¯ − 1 + 共sinh ¯兲¯共b − rb兲/b, 共20兲
analysis invariably show that the Brillouin flow is the pre-
ferred state,21–23,25,26 and that this state is fully developed
B̄ = sinh ¯ + 共cosh ¯兲¯共b − rb兲/b. 共21兲 long before the spokes are formed. Indeed, Slater repeatedly
emphasized that the electron cycloidal orbits that now bear
We next multiply Eq. 共20兲 by cosh ¯, Eq. 共21兲 by sinh ¯, and his name are not accessible, and that the Brillouin flow
subtract to obtain a relation between B̄ and V̄. This relation is would be the preferred state 共see pp. 341, 342, 350, 355, and
readily shown to be Eq. 共3兲 upon using tanh ¯ =  which is 356 of Ref. 1兲. This would seem to settle in favor of the
Eq. 共13兲 in the planar limit. Brillouin flow model. However, one needs to be very bold to
Finally, we present in Fig. 8 the experimental data on the abandon the venerable BH condition Eq. 共3兲 which was
University of Michigan/L-3 relativistic magnetron which has based on single particle orbit consideration whenever b / a
been described elsewhere.7 This magnetron has a b/a ratio of ⬎ O共1兲.
5,  = 0.2261 for the -mode, and  = 0.3258 for the From a description of the guiding center orbits,
2 / 3-mode. The maximum values for the voltage and mag- Riyopoulos39 suggested that the correct synchronism condi-
netic field values are extracted from each pulse. In addition, tion is between the phase velocity of the wave and the guid-
the values of the voltage and magnetic field are averaged ing center velocity of the electron, rather than the electron
over the pulse. Both of these values are shown in Fig. 8 velocity itself. Since Riyopoulos’ treatments employed a
along with the theoretical models for both the single particle Cartesian geometry, they cannot explain the differences in
and Brillouin flow BH condition. The data show that all the synchronism condition due to the cylindrical geometry
of the 2 / 3 and many of the mode pulses are beneath the according to the single particle model and the fluid model.
single particle theoretical BH curve. Since oscillations Once more, in the derivation of BH condition, Eq. 共3兲,
only occur between the Hull cutoff and the BH curves, the we only compare the end states of a single electron’s cycloi-
033102-8 Lau et al. Phys. Plasmas 17, 033102 共2010兲
dal orbit 共i.e., on the cathode and on the anode surfaces兲. It P = ␥mrv − erA = constant, 共A1兲
demands conservation of energy, but not conservation of ca-
nonical angular momentum, as illustrated in Appendix A. On where v is the electron’s azimuthal velocity and A is the
the other hand, in the Brillouin flow solution, both energy azimuthal component of the vector potential A, which is re-
and canonical angular momentum are conserved everywhere lated to the magnetic field B by ⵜ ⫻ A = B. Thus, the total
within the Brillouin hub. In the Brillouin flow model, an magnetic flux, ⌽, within the magnetron is
electron next to the cathode surface is not the same electron
at the top of the Brillouin hub, while the single particle orbit
theory follows the motion of the same electron.
⌽= 冕冕 magnetron
B · ds = 冕冕magnetron
ⵜ ⫻ A · ds
a re-examination of the experimental evidence on the appli- Next recall that v = 0 at r = a and that v = vph = c at r = b, for
cability of Eq. 共3兲, especially for the typical cases with b / a the electron that satisfies both the Hull cutoff and BH condi-
⬃ 2. tion. For this electron, we evaluate Eq. 共A1兲 at r = b, and then
Finally, we should remark that in the relativistic, cylin- at r = a, and subtract. This gives, upon using Eq. 共A2兲
drical Brillouin flow solution, the BH condition 共3兲 is indeed
⌽ ⌽
satisfied at the top of the Brillouin hub, r = rb, if V̄, B̄, and  = ⬅ B̄ = ␥ , 共A3兲
in Eq. 共3兲 are taken to be, respectively, the normalized elec- ⌽s 2bmc/e
trostatic potential, the normalized magnetic flux, and the nor- where we have used the magnetic flux scale ⌽s = 2bmc/ e
malized Brillouin flow velocity, all evaluated at r = rb. How- that is introduced in the paragraph after Eq. 共2兲 in the main
ever, the latter quantities are not measurable and are of little text. Equation 共A3兲 proves the abscissa at the point of tan-
use to experiments. Other interesting but hitherto little- gency shown in Fig. 2.
explored properties of the relativistic, cylindrical Brillouin Finally, we provide a simple derivation of the BH con-
flow solution are beyond the scope of the present paper and dition, Eq. 共5⬘兲, in the planar, nonrelativistic limit. This
will be given elsewhere. serves to illustrate some subtlety from the single particle pic-
ture. Consider energy conservation in the frame moving at
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the phase velocity of the wave vph. This wave is assumed to
have an infinitesimally small amplitude so that it can create a
We wish to thank the referee, whose multiple reviews
共small兲 torque that brings the electron to the anode, but with-
helped improve our manuscript. This work was supported by
out altering the total energy of the electron.1 In this moving
AFOSR Grant No. FA9550-09-1-0086, Air Force Research
frame, the initial energy of electron, at the cathode, is
Laboratory, Office of Naval Research, L-3 Communications
mvph2
/ 2, and its potential energy is zero. Thus, the total initial
Electron Device Division, and Northrop Grumman Corpora-
energy of the electron in the moving frame is
tion.
Einitial = 21 mvph
2
. 共A4兲
APPENDIX A: POINT OF TANGENCY When this electron just grazes the anode, in the moving
ON THE HULL CUTOFF AND BH CURVES frame, its kinetic energy is zero because this electron is
trapped by the wave at the anode.1 This electron suffers a
The physically appealing forms of the ordinate V̄ = ␥ − 1 potential energy drop −eV+ e共vph ⫻ B兲D in the moving
and of the abscissa B̄ = ␥ at the point of tangency shown in frame, when it reaches the anode. Here, the term ⫺eV ac-
Fig. 2 prompted their derivation from conservation of energy counts for the anode-cathode voltage drop, whereas the last
and conservation of canonical angular momentum, respec- term accounts for the constant, additional Lorentz force
tively. We use the single particle orbit model. On this point e共vph ⫻ B兲, that the electron experiences in the moving frame
of tangency, both the Hull cutoff condition and the BH con- throughout its journey to the anode. Thus, in the moving
dition are simultaneously satisfied. Some subtlety on the BH frame, the total energy of the electron at the anode is
condition1 is revisited in the last paragraph of this Appendix,
Efinal = − eV + evphBD. 共A5兲
using a simple case for illustration.
An electron emitted from the cathode with 0 initial ve- Equating Eq. 共A4兲 with Eq. 共A5兲, we obtain the nonrelativ-
locity obeys the energy conservation law, Eq. 共12兲, where istic BH condition, Eq. 共5⬘兲, in the planar limit. Thus, on the
␥b共r兲 now stands for the relativistic mass factor of the elec- BH curve 共Fig. 2兲, the electron energy is conserved, but the
tron when it reaches a radius r. Evaluation of Eq. 共12兲 at r electron canonical angular momentum is not 共except at the
= b immediately yields V̄ = ␥ − 1, remembering that this elec- point of tangency兲. This subtle point, together with the math-
tron has only a tangential velocity equal to the phase velocity ematical derivation of the BH condition, may be found in
vph at the anode, at the point of tangency in Fig. 2. Slater.1 Note also that Eqs. 共A4兲 and 共A5兲 remain valid if
This electron also satisfies conservation of canonical an- there is a space charge distribution that depends only on x,
gular momentum P. In the limit of zero rf electric fields, this where x is the coordinates orthogonal to the cathode
gives surface.10
033102-9 A re-examination of the Buneman-Hartree condition… Phys. Plasmas 17, 033102 共2010兲
APPENDIX B. PROCEDURES TO SOLVE tion of the BH condition toward the end of Appendix A illustrates this fact
EQUATIONS „7…–„9… and „13… AND THE BH CONDITION which was mentioned in Refs. 1 and 8.
11
ACCORDING TO THE BRILLUOIN FLOW MODEL R. C. Davidson, G. L. Johnston, K. T. Tsang, and A. T. Drobot, Proc. SPIE
1061, 186 共1989兲.
We assume that ā and  are specified. The four equa-
12
T. M. Antonsen and E. Ott, Phys. Fluids 19, 52 共1976兲.
13
E. Ott and R. V. Lovelace, Appl. Phys. Lett. 27, 378 共1975兲.
tions, 共7兲–共9兲 and 共13兲, may be solved simultaneously to 14
R. Kowalczyk, Y. Y. Lau, T. M. Antonsen, J. W. Luginsland, D. P. Cher-
yield the BH condition according to the Brillouin flow nin, C. B. Wilsen, W. Tang, and R. M. Gilgenbach, IEEE Trans. Electron
model, as follows: Devices 52, 2087 共2005兲.
15
Y. Y. Lau and D. P. Chernin, Phys. Fluids B4, 3473 共1992兲.
A. Assume a value of r̄b 共ā ⬍ r̄b ⬍ 1兲. 16
B. E. Carlsten, R. J. Faehl, M. V. Fazio, W. B. Haynes, R. D. Ryne, and R.
B. Calculate ¯ = tanh−1共r̄b兲 according to Eq. 共13兲. M. Stringfield, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 22, 730 共1994兲.
Find ¯ so that Eq. 共9兲 is satisfied.
17
C. D. Price, J. S. Levine, and J. N. Benford, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 256
共1998兲.
D. Use the values of r̄b, ¯, and ¯ in Eq. 共7兲 to obtain V̄ and 18
M. D. Haworth, K. L. Cartwright, J. W. Luginsland, D. A. Shiffler, and R.
in Eq. 共8兲 to obtain B̄. J. Umstattd, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 30, 992 共2002兲.
19
J. Benford, F. J. Agee, D. M. Goebel, F. Hegeler, K. J. Hendricks, R. M.
E. The value of 共V̄ , B̄兲 in Step D corresponds to the value Gilgenbach, C. Grabowski, H. Jory, and J. P. Verboncoeur, in High-Power
of r̄b assigned in Step A. Changing r̄b in Step A and Microwave Sources and Technologies, edited by R. J. Barker and E.
repeating Steps B–D then traces a curve in the V̄ − B̄ Schamiloglu 共IEEE, New York, 2001兲 Chap. 4; K. J. Hendricks, J. Ben-
plane. This curve is labeled in Figs. 3–6 as the BH ford, J. Eastwood, M. Friedman, M. Haworth, R. W. Lemke, J. Lugin-
sland, R. B. Miller, and J. Pasour, High-Power Microwave Sources and
synchronous condition according to the fluid model, for Technologies, 共IEEE, New York, 2001兲 Chap. 3; Also, F. J. Agee, IEEE
the values of ā and  specified at the beginning of this Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 235 共1998兲.
20
Appendix. Y. Y. Lau, J. W. Luginsland, K. L. Cartwright, and M. D. Haworth, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 98, 015002 共2007兲.
In Step C, there is only one real, positive value of ¯ that 21
O. Buneman, in Crossed-Field Microwave Devices, edited by E. Okress
satisfies Eq. 共9兲. This may be proved by differentiating the 22
共Academic, New York, 1961兲, p. 218.
RHS of Eq. 共9兲 with respect to ¯ under the integral sign. The A. Palevsky, Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA, 1980.
result is always negative. Therefore, the RHS of Eq. 共9兲 is a 23
T. J. Orzechowski and G. Bekefi, Phys. Fluids 22, 978 共1979兲.
monotonically decreasing function of ¯ and there is only one 24
A. Palevsky and G. Bekefi, Phys. Fluids 22, 986 共1979兲.
25
root of ¯ to Eq. 共9兲. Finally, Step E gives 共B̄ , V̄兲 = 共␥ , ␥ P. J. Christenson, D. Chernin, A. Gardner, and Y. Y. Lau, Phys. Plasmas 3,
4455 共1996兲.
− 1兲 for r̄b = 1, the point of tangency in Fig. 2. 26
P. J. Christenson and Y. Y. Lau, Phys. Plasmas 1, 3725 共1994兲; Phys. Rev.
1
Lett. 76, 3324 共1996兲.
J. C. Slater, Microwave Electronics 共Van Nostrand, New York, 1951兲, p. 27
P. Mardahl and J. Watrous, personal communication.
302. 28
G. D. Sims, in Crossed-Field Microwave Devices, edited by E. Okress
2
J. Benford, J. A. Swegle, and E. Schamiloglu, High Power Microwaves, 共Academic, New York, 1961兲, p. 180.
2nd ed. 共Taylor & Francis, New York, 2007兲. 29
V. B. Neculaes, R. M. Gilgenbach, and Y. Y. Lau, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83,
3
R. J. Barker, N. C. Luhmann, J. H. Booske, and G. S. Nusinovich, Modern 1938 共2003兲; U.S. Patent No. 6,872,929 共29 March 2005兲; U.S. Patent No.
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Power Electronics 共IEEE, Piscataway, 6,921,890 共26 July 2005兲.
NJ, 2004兲. 30
4 V. B. Neculaes, P. Pengvanich, Y. Hidaka, Y. Y. Lau, R. M. Gilgenbach,
V. L. Granatstein and I. Alexeff, High-Power Microwave Sources 共Artech
W. M. White, M. C. Jones, H. L. Bosman, and J. W. Luginsland, IEEE
House, Norwood, MA, 1987兲.
5 Trans. Plasma Sci. 33, 654 共2005兲.
R. C. Davidson, Physics of Nonneutral Plasmas 共Addison-Wesley, Red- 31
M. C. Jones, V. B. Neculaes, Y. Y. Lau, R. M. Gilgenbach, and W. White,
wood City, CA, 1990兲.
6 Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 6332 共2004兲.
Y. Y. Lau, in High-Power Microwave Sources, edited by V. L. Granatstein 32
and I. Alexeff 共Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1987兲, p. 309. M. C. Jones, V. B. Neculaes, Y. Y. Lau, R. M. Gilgenbach, W. M. White,
7
R. M. Gilgenbach, Y. Y. Lau, H. McDowell, K. L. Cartwright, and T. A. B. W. Hoff, and N. M. Jordan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 081501 共2005兲.
33
Spencer, in Modern Microwave and Millimeter Wave Power Electronics, M. Fuks and E. Schamiloglu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 205101 共2005兲.
34
edited by R. J. Barker, N. C. Luhmann, J. H. Booske, and G. S. Nusinov- J. I. Kim, J. H. Won, G. S. Park, H. J. Ha, and J. C. Shon, Appl. Phys. Lett.
ich, 共IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2004兲 Chap. 6. 88, 221501 共2006兲.
35
8
R. L. Walker, in Microwave Magnetrons, edited by G. B. Colloins P. Pengvanich, V. B. Neculaes, Y. Y. Lau, R. M. Gilgenbach, M. C. Jones,
共McGraw-Hill, New York, 1948兲, p. 227. W. M. White, and R. D. Kowalczyk, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 114903 共2005兲.
9 36
J. R. M. Vaughan, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 20, 818 共1973兲. P. Pengvanich, Y. Y. Lau, E. Cruz, R. M. Gilgenbach, B. Hoff, and J. W.
10
It is often forgotten that the orbital theory results, Eqs. 共3兲 and 共4兲, are also Luginsland, Phys. Plasmas 15, 103104 共2008兲.
37
valid even when there is an axisymmetric space charge distribution in a E. J. Cruz, B. W. Hoff, P. Pengvanich, Y. Y. Lau, R. M. Gilgenbach, and J.
cylindrical crossed-field gap. Since these two equations compare the en- W. Luginsland, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 191503 共2009兲.
38
ergy and canonical angular momentum of an electron at the anode and at K. D. Bergeron, Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 306 共1976兲; Phys. Fluids 20, 688
the cathode, an axisymmetric space charge distribution would not alter 共1977兲.
39
these quantities at the end points 共anode and cathode兲. The simple deriva- S. Riyopoulos, Phys. Rev. E 47, 2839 共1993兲.