ENSC 385 Objectives

Statics and Strength of Materials
Chapter 8
Stress-Strain Relationship and Solution of
Simple Statically Indeterminate Problems
• This chapter deals with the Learning Outcome 4 and 5
• The concept of strain is introduced by considering axial and shear
deformations.
• Stress-strain diagrams are introduced and different material
behavior is discussed.
• Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are introduced
and calculation of axial and shear deformations is discussed.
• Principle of superposition is introduced and the solution of
statically indeterminate axial loading problems are discussed,
including thermal strains and stresses.

Instructor: Dr. Nimal Rajapakse, P. Eng.

Stress-Strain Relationship Types of Strains

Types of Strains Stresses Forces • Normal

Testing of Material Properties • Shear
Stress-Strain Diagram and Material Behaviour • Bending
Strains Deformations • Torsion
Hooke’s Law and Poisson’s Ratio
Principle of Superposition
Deformations of Axially-Loaded Members Basic types of strains
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Axially-Loaded Members
• Normal strain
Thermal Stress and Strain
• Shear strain

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Normal Strain Shear Strain
• Definition: • Shear stresses acting on an
element of material are γ
Normal strain is defined as the τ
L accompanied by shear strains
elongation (or contraction) per unit
length • The shear stresses have no τ
δ tendency to elongate or shorten
Normal strain
A τ
L
the element in the x and y
P directions—in other words, the
P
lengths of the sides of the τ
• Sign convention: + for Elongation
element do not change.
- for Contraction
• Instead, the shear stresses Shear stress
• Unit: strain is a dimensionless quantity
P produce a change in the shape Shearstrain
(as it is the ratio of length/length) Average normal stress
A of the element.
Normal strain
L
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Testing of Material Properties Stress-Strain Diagram

Ultimate stress
u
Fracture
Proportional limit
f
stress
Yield stress
Y
pl

Elastic Yielding Strain hardening Necking

region
Elastic Plastic behavior
behavior
Tension Test Equipment
(Universal Testing Machine, UTM) Conventional stress-strain diagram of structural steel in tension
(not to scale)
Video demonstration 2-7 2-8
Stress-Strain Diagram Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
• If the strain disappears when the
stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically (permanent
deformations are seen after
Arbitrary yield stress determined by the offset method removal of loads)

2-9 2-10

Brittle vs. Ductile Materials Hooke’s Law

• Ductile materials
Extensive plastic Brittle material
Ultimate stress
deformation and energy Ductile material Below the yield stress, stress- u
Fracture
Proportional limit
absorption (“toughness”) Strain relation is linear. Then, f
stress
Stress

Yield stress
before fracture E Y

• Brittle materials E Youngs Modulus or pl

Modulus of Elasticity
Little plastic deformation G
and low energy G Shear modulus of elasticity Elastic Yielding Strain hardening Necking
absorption before Strain or modulus of rigidity region

fracture Elastic Plastic behavior

behavior
Stress-strain diagrams of ductile and
brittle materials (not to scale)

2-11 2-12
Poisson’s Ratio Generalized Hooke’s Law
• When a deformable body is • For an element subjected to multi-axial loading, the normal strain
components resulting from the stress components may be
subjected to an axial tensile
determined from the principle of superposition. This requires:
force, not only does it elongate 1) strain is linearly related to stress
but it also contracts laterally 2) deformations are small
• Strain in the longitudinal or axial 3) material is isotropic and homogeneous
direction and in the lateral or y
radial direction can be y
• With these restrictions: 1+
expressed, respectively, as z x x

x y z
Normal (axial) strain x
E E E 1+ y
/L x y z
y
lateral strain E E E
Lateral strain Poisson's ratio = z
x
axial strain x y z
/d z 1+
E E E z

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Principle of Superposition Principle of Superposition

The following two conditions must be satisfied:
P P1 P2

• The material is linear elastic δ = δ1 +

δ2
d d1 d2

• Deformations are small

P1 + P2 = P
= 1 + 2

The principle of superposition is valid for a linear-elastic

material (Hooke’s law) with small deflection.

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Axially-Loaded Members Example
• From Hooke’s Law: The compound bar carries the axial forces as shown in the figure. Given
P
E Aluminum Steel
E AE L
Modulus of elasticity Eal = 73.1 GPa Est = 200 GPa
• From the definition of strain: Cross sectional areas Aal = 20 cm2 Ast = 5 cm2
A δ
L Determine the total change in length deformation of the bar (mm).
P
• Equating and solving for the deformation, P
PL Aluminium Steel
AE Axially-loaded member
A B C D

• With variations in loading, cross-section or material properties,

P1 = 150 kN P2 = 100 kN P3 = 50 kN
250 mm 250 mm 250 mm
Pi Li
i Ai Ei
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# Internal forces in sections AB, BC and CD

Solution:
# Support reaction at A Aluminium Steel
A B C D
Aluminium Steel x
B D FBD – Entire structure
A C
x RA P1 = 150 kN P2 = 100 kN P3 = 50 kN
RA P1 = 150 kN P2 = 100 kN P3 = 50 kN A PAB PAB B C D
x
250 mm 250 mm 250 mm FBD – AB
RA P1 = 150 kN P2 = 100 kN P3 = 50 kN
A B PBC PBC C D
Free-body diagram (FBD) x
FBD – BC
RA P1 = 150 kN P2 = 100 kN P3 = 50 kN
A B C PCD PCD D
x
FBD – CD
RA P1 = 150 kN P2 = 100 kN P3 = 50 kN

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 Total change in length deformation of the bar (mm)
# Internal forces in sections AB, BC and CD
From FBD – AB (Left):
total AD AB BC CD

PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD

AAB EAB ABC EBC ACD ECD
From FBD – BC (Left):
( 100 103 )(250 10 3 ) ( 50 103 )(250 10 3 ) ( 50 103 )(250 10 3 )
(20 10 4 )(73.1 109 ) (20 10 4 )(73.1 109 ) (5 10 4 )(200 109 )

( 1.71 10 4 ) ( 8.55 10 5 ) ( 1.25 10 4 ) m

From FBD – CD (Right):

2.10 10 4 m = 21.0mm = 21.0mm (elongation) Answer

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Statically Indeterminate Axially-Loaded Members

Procedure for solving statically indeterminate problems
• Structures are called statically determinate if the equilibrium
equations are sufficient to determine all the forces (including
support reactions) in its members.
A
• Structures for which internal forces and reactions cannot be Draw the required free-body diagrams and formulate the equations of
determined from statics alone (using only equilibrium equilibrium
equations) are known as statically indeterminate structures Establish the compatibility equations by considering the constraints on
deformation
• A structure is statically indeterminate whenever it is held by P
more supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium Express the deformations (strains) in the compatibility equations in terms
B of forces (or stresses) by using load–displacement relations, such as =
• Statically indeterminate structures always have geometric PL/AE,
restrictions imposed on its deformation (or strain) Statically indeterminate
Relate the internal forces to the unknown reactions by considering the
system
• The mathematical expressions of these geometric restrictions, internal forces and FBD
known as the compatibility equations, provide us with the Solve the equilibrium and compatibility equations for the unknown
additional equations needed to solve the problem reactions
• The equations of equilibrium and compatibility can be
employed to solve for the unknown forces of statically
indeterminate structures
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Example
x
The prismatic bar AB is attached to rigid supports at both ends and is axially Solution: Statically indeterminate structure with RA
loaded by a force P at an intermediate point C. The bar has a constant modulus unknown reactions RA and RB
of elasticity E = 200 GPa and cross-sectional area of AAC = 500 mm2 and ABC = A
1,250 mm2. Determine the support reactions at A and B. Equilibrium equation:

200 mm
P = 20 kN
A
(1) C

200 mm

300 mm
P = 20 kN
Compatibility condition:
C The displacement of one end of the bar with respect
to the other end to be equal to zero, since the end
supports are fixed.

300 mm
B
0 RB
Compatibility equation A/ B
FBD
0 (2)
B AC CB

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Relate the internal forces PAC and PCB to the unknown reactions RA
# Force-displacement relation: and RB:
For a linear elastic material, the changes in lengths of the bar can be obtained x x
from the general equation = PL/EA. Therefore, Equation (2) becomes x
RA RA
PAC LAC PCB LCB RA
0 (3) A
AAC E AC ACB ECB A

200 mm
A
# Relate the internal forces PAC and PCB to the unknown reactions RA P = 20 kN
and RB: C PAC P2 = 20 kN
The internal forces PAC and PCB can be expressed in terms of unknown C

300 mm
reactions RA and RB by considering the FBD at each section
PCB

FBD – AC FBD – CB
B
RB
2-27 FBD – Entire structure 2-28
Relate the internal forces PAC and PCB to the unknown reactions RA Relate the internal forces PAC and PCB to the unknown reactions RA
and RB: and RB:
From FBD – AC: Substitute Equations (4) and (5) into Equation (3):

( RA ) LAC ( RA 20) LCB

(4) 0 (6)
AAC E AC ACB ECB

From FBD –CB: The equilibrium equation (1) and compatibility condition (6) can then be
used to solve for the unknown reactions RA and RB

Solve Equation (6) for RA :

(5)
( RA )(2) ( RA 20)(3)
0
(500 10 6 )(200 109 ) (1, 250 10 6 )(200 109 )

Answer
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Example
Relate the internal forces PAC and PCB to the unknown reactions RA A 3.50 m long column (AB) is made of a circular steel tube that is filled with
and RB: concrete and topped with a rigid cap. It is designed to carry an axial compression
x load of 350 kN. The material and geometric properties are:
RA = +7.5kN Steel Concrete
Substitution of RA into Equation (1) :
Modulus of elasticity Est = 200 GPa Econc = 14 GPa
A
Cross sectional areas Ast = 2,800 mm2 Aconc = 16,000 mm2
200 mm

P = 20 kN Determine:
a) Axial forces (kN) carried by the steel tube and the concrete.
C
b) Average normal stresses (MPa) developed in the steel tube and concrete.
Answer
c) The change in the length (mm) of the column under the 350 kN axial load.
300 mm

B
RB = +12.5kN
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 Solution: Statically indeterminate structure with 350 kN
350 kN unknown forces Fconc and Fst

}
Rigid cap # Equilibrium equation:
B
(1)
Steel tube
Concrete
3.50 m # Compatibility condition:
Steel tube Ast = 2,800 mm2
Due to the rigid cap, both steel and concrete have
Concrete Aconc = 16,000 mm2 the same amount of displacement at the top:

A Cross-section conc st
Fconc
Fconc L FL

}
Fst
Composite column = st (2)
Aconc E conc Ast Est FBD
The equilibrium equation (1) and compatibility condition (2) can then be
used to solve for the unknown forces Fconc and Fst
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Thermal Stress and Strain Thermal Stress and Strain

• Changes in temperature results in a change in length associated with • If the temperature change is uniform throughout the body, the thermal
thermal strain. strain is also uniform. Consequently, the change in any dimension L of
the body is given by
• An increase in temperature results in expansion, whereas a temperature
decrease produces contraction L ( T )L
T T

• The amount of thermal strain is given by,

• There is no stress associated with the thermal strain unless the elongation
T ( T) is restrained at end supports. In a statically determinate structure, no
thermal stresses are produced due to change in temperature.
= the coefficient of thermal expansion
• If thermal deformation is permitted to occur freely (by using expansion
joints, roller supports, for example), no internal forces will be induced in
T = the temperature change (positive when the body—there will be strain, but no stress
the temperature increases)
• If the deformation of a body is restricted, internal forces will develop
that oppose the thermal expansion or contraction. The stresses caused by
these internal forces are known as thermal stresses
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Procedure for deriving compatibility conditions due to
changes in temperature Example
A B
ΔT A steel bar is constrained between two fixed supports at A and B. Determine the
If there is no constrain at B, the rod is free to average normal thermal stress developed in the bar if the temperature is raised
expand due to ΔT and no stresses are induced. from 20 to 50 C. Given the modulus of elasticity, EAB = 200 GPa, cross
L
If it is constrained, remove the constraints that sectional area, A = 1,200 mm2 and thermal expansion coefficient, AB =
prevent the thermal deformation to occur A B 12.0×10-6 / C.
freely and sketch the thermal deformations
Apply the forces that are necessary to restore
A
the specified conditions of constraint. Add the
deformations caused by these forces to the δT
sketch that was drawn in the previous step ΔT

300 mm
By inspection, write the relationships between
B ΔT
the thermal deformations and the A
deformations due to the constraint forces
δP
P
B
A B

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Solution: Statically indeterminate structure with unknown Superposition of two systems:

reactions RA and RB
x F
Equilibrium equation: RA δF δF
A A A
(1) A
300 mm

Compatibility condition:

300 mm
ΔT
ΔT = ΔT +
The displacement of one end of the bar with respect
to the other end to be equal to zero, since the end B
supports are fixed.
RB
B B B
A/ B 0 (2)

FBD

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 Compatibility condition: The average stress developed in the bar can be obtained from,

Assuming that the bar is disconnected from the fixed support A, so that the F
ave (5)
deformation due to change of temperature T can occur freely. The thermal A
displacement at A must be counteracted by a force F that pushes the bar back to Therefore, from Equation (4) and (5)
its original position. Therefore,
L
( T)L ave 0
E
A/ B T F 0 or T F (3)
ave ( T)E
Applying the thermal and load–displacement relationships:

FL ave (12 10 6 )(50 30)(200 109 )

( T)L 0 (4)
AE
7.20 107 N/m2 72MPa (Compressive) Answer

2-41 2-42

References
Beer FP, Johnston ER, Dewolf JT and Mazurek DF, Mechanics of
Materials, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012.
Hibberler RC, Mechanics of Materials, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall,
2011.
Gere JM and Goodno BJ, Mechanics of Materials, 7th Edition,
Cengage Learning, 2009.
Singer FL and Pytel A, Strength of Materials, 4th Edition, Harper
and Row, 1980.
Pytel A and Kiusalaas J, Mechanics of Materials, 2nd edition,
Cengage Learning, 2012.

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