Final Manuscript

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – QUEZON CITY CAMPUS
Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact to Cognitive Performance of SHS Students

at Quezon City
Mr. Marck Danielle J. Alberto

Our Lady of Fatima University
Pacleb, Jian Paulo D.

Atchico, Denise
Babista, Christine
Calvo, James
Morfe, Kim
Oloroso, Andrew
Unating, Rauna
Villarejo, Arizza
STEM 12 Y1 - P1
October 2020
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The thesis entitled “Sleep Deprivation and its Impact to Cognitive Performance of SHS
Students towards Online Classes at Quezon City” prepared and submitted by Jian Paulo
D. Pacleb, Denise Atchico, Christine Babista, James Calvo, Kim Morfe, Andrew
Oloroso, Rauna Unating, Arizza Villarejo, and Marck Danielle J. Alberto in partial
fulfilment in the Practical Research 2 subject is hereby approved.
Marck Danielle J. Alberto
Thesis Adviser
________________________________________________________________
Panel of Examiners
APPROVED and ACCEPTED by the committee on Practical Research 2 with a grade of
___________________ on ___________________.
Panelist
Panelist Panelist
Date Signed:____________________
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE 1
APPROVAL SHEET 2
ABSTRACT 5
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 9
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 10
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 10
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION 11
DEFINITION OF TERMS 12
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
FOREIGN LITERATURE 13
LOCAL LITERATURE 23
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN 26
RESEARCH LOCALE 26
RESEARCH SUBJECT 26
RESEARCH ETHICS 27
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RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 27
VALIDATION 28
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 28
STATISTICAL TREATMENT 29
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
TABLE 1: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 32
TABLE 2: SEX 33
TABLE 3: STRAND 33
SLEEP DEPRIVATION & COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

TABLE 4: SLEEP DEPRIVATION 34
TABLE 5: COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 39
TABLE 4: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 43
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 45
CONCLUSIONS 48
RECOMMENDATIONS 48
REFERRENCES 50
APPENDICES 54
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ABSTRACT
This thesis talks about Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance of SHS
students and how are they related to each other. In order to gather data, the researchers
conducted an online survey to SHS students around Quezon City. The researchers choose
Senior High School students as the target respondents. This thesis used formula such as
Pearson R Correlation Formula, Percentage Formula, and Weighted Mean to treat the
data statistically. As the result of this, the operational hypothesis (There is a significant
relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance) is accepted. The
related studies and collected data also proved that there is an existing relationship
between the given variables.
Key Words: Sleep Deprived, Deprivation, Cognitive Performance, Senior High School
Students.
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Introduction
The research is all about the sleep deprivation and its effect to Cognitive
Performance of students. Sleeping is the condition of the body and mind which typically
our nervous system is inactive and our muscles are relaxed. Sleeping is a vital, often
neglected component of every person‟s health and it enables the body to repair, be fit and
prepare the body for another day.
Based on CHED (2020), since we are under pandemic, new teaching method was
proposed and it was the Online Class and Modular Class and with this setup, the student
is more flexible and has more control over time. Since students have more control on
their own time, some students tend to downplay their schedules and results to longer
hours for studying and creating outputs.
According to Velasco (2015), it stated that Philippines is one of the sleep-deprived nation
where in people are sleeping less than 8 Hours which is not acceptable for proper
sleeping routine. Study also shown that children and even adults that have been sleeping
less and less are prone to dangers, health risks and premature death.
Insufficient sleep drains mental abilities which greatly expanded our understanding of the
effects of it. Research has shown that cognitive performance in a variety of functional
domains gets worse as sleep deprivation increases such as decision making, judgment and
poor memorization skills that can be a bit problematic to students and might increase the
risk of academic failure. (Dinges, Baynard, & Rogers, 2005)
According to Nacino & Serafines (2019), Out of 50 respondents who are students in
Senior High School, 78% of the respondents said they are sleeping at night and 80% are
having inadequate hours of sleep and its cause is school works. 79% of total respondents
said they experience the effects of being sleep deprived.
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As the country is under pandemic, new learning methods are used and some of the
students are not in favourable side and this may result to some student exceeding to the
limits of Online Class just to comply the necessary academic works (Mateo, 2020). The
stated articles are just few of the issues where in sleep deprivation may affect the
performance of people especially students.
The main objective of the study is to determine the effects of sleep deprivation to the
Cognitive Performance of students just like Attention and Information Processing of the
student. It aims to identify the number of students that are affected by Sleep Deprivation.
It also aims to determine the major reason of sleep deprivation among students. If the said
objectives are determined, the researchers may conclude tips and advises that may help
other students to be aware of sleep deprivation and its sacrifices.
This paper hopes to benefit those students who are suffering from sleep deprivation. If
the objectives are successfully met, it may serve as an eye opener for every one as it
shows the factors that causes sleep deprivation. The study may be also a wake-up call for
various government bodies to help in preventing the cases of sleep deprivation because if
the government will successfully lessen the students who are sleep deprived, this will
make the students to be more productive and efficient in the new normal education
system.
Significance of the Study

The result of this study will useful to the following and will bear significance to
everyone on may what be the effect of sleep duration on the Cognitive Performance of
Grade 12 students. Grade 12 Students was asked a few questions about their sleep
duration and on how it has affected their Cognitive Performance. This study is also
significant to the following:
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I. To the Students. The knowledge that will be attained in this study will allow the
students to be aware on how does sleeplessness affect their behavior in terms of
academic excellence. This will have awareness on the importance of sleep and
how it plays a role in their life most especially on their health and education.
II. To the Teachers. This serves as an eye – opener to teachers who are unaware of
the extent of sleep duration among students and also to the teachers. This will also
help them to create essential conditions to help them remind their students how
absolutely necessary sleep is.
III. To the future researchers. This study will help the future researchers to have a
significant understanding on how important proper sleep is especially to those
students who attend online classes. Also, this can help in providing concrete
information and related literature that could contribute in the future studies.
IV. The Researcher. The researcher can also gain significance in this study. They
would improve their skill, strategy, and knowledge in engaging research. This
enables them to look for strong evidence and responses from the respondents. It
improves their research skills little by little.
V. To the Parents. This study would support parents by understanding to their

children that they should be more patient and that they should be given
responsibility and good moral values. Through this study, parents would be aware
that the lack of sleep can affect their children, especially their studies.
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Theoretical Framework
Figure 1.Theoretical Framework of the Study

A restoration theory claims that sleep is used to repair the body including the brain
and if not enough sleep the perception quality is low. According to the study conducted by
Chrissutianto and Gladstone (2018) the restoration theory by Oswald has a relationship
with sleep deprivation and the cognitive performance and lack of sleep to be causing
daydreams, restlessness in the body, having difficulty with memory. The study conducted
by Chrissutianto and Gladstone replace the sleep deprivation to the sleep habits and the
cognitive performance to the multi-cultural community. The figure represents the impact
of sleep deprive students. Sleep deprive students will reduce the cognitive performance
and having enough sleep result to the increase of cognitive performance. So, the
restoration theory will be used in this study because it can represent the flow of the study,
which determining the relationship between sleep deprivation to the cognitive
performance.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.Conceptual Framework of the Study

The Conceptual framework for this study is to determine if Sleep Deprivation
affects Cognitive Performance of the students. The study will also classify the main
causes of sleep deprivation. As mentioned, the researchers will first study about Sleep
Deprivation and Cognitive Performance to compare and contrast the factors that may
affect each other. Once the study about the two variables are done, researchers will
conduct an online survey to be answered by SHS students to prove the major causes and
after the interpretation of data, the researchers will able to give this time some possible
solutions to prevent Sleep Deprivation.
Statement of the Problem

Sleep Deprivation is a very important matter nowadays because sleep is related to
the health of individual. This study seeks to find the answers if there is a relationship
between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive performance among SHS students. In order to
find out the answers, the participants will answer the following questions and
questionnaires.
1. What are the profile of respondents be described in terms of:

a. Age:
b. Sex:
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c. Strand:
2. How may the Sleep Deprivation among respondents be described in terms of:
a. Sleep Satisfaction
3. How may the Cognitive Performance among respondents be described in terms of:
a. Attentiveness
b. Decision Making
4. Is there a significant relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive
Performance among SHS students?
Hypothesis
Ho: Sleep deprivation and Cognitive Performance have no relation with each
other.
Scope and Delimitation

The intent of the study is to know the effects of Sleep Deprivation to Cognitive
skills of Senior High School Students in Quezon City The study will mainly identify and
assess different factors that affect Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance. The
respondents of the study will be composed of 50 randomly selected students of senior
high school students. The researchers aim to conclude the students‟ cognitive
performance that is measured by the Likert scale as the main point of the online survey.
Also, this study will attempt to identify on how the researchers help the Senior High
School Students to be self – aware on consequences of being Sleep Deprived, dealing and
intervening with Sleep Disturbances measures that Senior High School Students currently
facing and the problem that may come into the future.
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Definition of Terms
 Adequate sleep - a person having a 7- 8 hours of sleep regularly.
 Cognitive Performance - a mental behaviour or the process of learning and understanding
through thought, experience and senses.
 Duration - it is how long something lasts, from the beginning to the end.
 Likert scale - a type of rating scale that the researcher will use to measure the opinion and
the answer of the respondents from the survey.
 Modular Class - a course that is shorter than a full term and can start and end on any
week during term.
 Online Class - a new normal education that is conducted over the internet.
 Pandemic - a disease that occurs globally or in a very wide area crosses international
borders and typically affects a large number of individuals.
 Sleep Deprivation - a common condition of not having enough sleep, particularly among
young people and students, including senior high school students.
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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-
depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the current issues of sleep
deprivation and its impact to cognitive performance.
Foreign Literature
In the opinion of Dorrian et al. (2005), research has shown that cognitive
performance in a variety of functional domains gets worse as sleep deprivation increases.
With increasing degrees of sleep loss, experimental participants exhibit marked decreases
in vigilant attention.
The effects of sleep deprivation are well known that researchers discovers that there‟s a
detrimental effect to our brain, therefore this related study identifies the effects of sleep
deprivation can reduce cognitive ability that students cannot learn efficiently such as
errors in performing mathematical operations and impaired memory; affecting the
academic performances of students that are learning online.
Keenan L., Van Gundy K. (2020) Stated that Sleeping less than 7 hours a night is
associated with more chronic diseases and higher mortality, yet at least a third of
American adults report chronic restriction. Acute sleep deprivation alters performance
similar to blood alcohol levels above the legal limit.
This related study shows that acute sleep deprivation develop and have higher chance of
chronic Diseases and higher mortality because of sleeping less than 7 hours a night.
Prolonged shift schedules for residents have been correlated with more serious medical
errors, as well as more driving accidents. Working memory capacity declines with sleep
deprivation, showing similar effects as aging.
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According to Lo et. al. (2016), also in high-performing high school adolescents, a

week of partial sleep deprivation impairs a large range of cognitive functions, subjective
alertness, and mood. Even after 2 nights of restorative sleep, certain interventions do not
recover completely. In recent times, in this age category, increasing use of digital
devices, greater school work load, and decreasing maternal regulation have led to even
more sleep restriction. In addition, research studies have also shown that the Multiple
Sleep Latency Test, only 1 night of 4- to 5-h sleep potential decreases sleep quality and
improves subjective sleepiness rate. Increased levels of subjective sleepiness have been
verified by parental evaluation at 6.5 h of sleep onset. Although multiple observational
studies have shown that in children and adolescents that indicate lesser sleep, speed of
response, sustained attention, learning and memory, and executive function are weaker.
This related study shows to the researchers that students with sleep deprivation have an
impact on the cognitive performance of the students that makes them more unproductive.
The researchers found out that the cause for them to be sleep deprived are the
disturbances that lead the students to poor cognitive performance. The researchers also
conclude that the short time of sleep leads the students to be less productive, attention,
and learning ability. This study will help the researchers to provide concrete evidence and
results.
As stated by William D. S. Killgore & Mareen Weber (2014), insufficient sleep is

a hallmark of our modern busy society, but burning the candle at both ends does not
come without a cost. The major effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
include its effects on alertness and vigilance, sensory perception, emotion, learning and
memory, and executive functioning. Established research suggests that, without sufficient
sleep, simple reaction time is slowed, attention lapses become longer and more frequent,
and in general, behavior becomes increasingly inconsistent and unstable.
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The goal of this related study is to analyze the major effects of sleep deprivation on
cognitive. There are notable individual differences in the ability to resist sleep loss, for
which biological or psychological markers have yet to be unequivocally identified. Sleep
deprivation can impair some sensory-perceptual processes, particularly visual processing.
On the authority of Jane F. Gaultney PhD (2010), Many college students are at
risk for sleep disorders, and may also be at risk for academic failures.To examine the
prevalence of risk for sleep disorders among college students by gender and age. The
participants were college students surveyed about sleep data during the 2007–2008
academic years.
This related study aims to signify that college students are experiencing sleep disorders
.Sleep disorders are at risk for many college students, and those at risk may also be at
high risk of suicide. College students experience a number of sleep problems, which may
impact academic performance, health, and mood. A common sleep problem among
college students is sleep deprivation and resulting excessive daytime sleepiness. Both
biological and social factors contribute to deprivation. Many college students are older
adolescents and are still dealing with adolescent physiology such as a biologically driven
delayed sleep phase.
According to Patrick et al. (2017), sleep deprivation is common among

university students and has been linked to low academic performance and physical
dysfunction. The effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance has also been
previously reported in first-year university students, with a connection between sleep
quality and grade point average.
The purpose of this related study is to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on
cognitive and physical performance in students. While several studies have studied the
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effects of acute sleep deprivation, few concentrate on university students, considering the
prevalence and influence of sleep deprivation in this population.
Sleep deprivation among university students is becoming more and more

widespread as years go by and it is beginning to show. College students are among the
country's most sleep-deprived individuals. A lack of sleep can lead to several issues, such
as energy loss, weight loss or weight gain, and even clumsiness. Someone may want to
consider doing more soothing things before bed, such as stretching, yoga, or reading a
book, to avoid sleep deprivation. Try to lay off any electronic gadgets that could trick the
brain into believing it's morning, too (Binczak, 2016).
This related study shows that for a long period of time, college students who have missed
sleep could not remain focused on what they do. For anything they do day by day, college
students must have their time management for them to have time to take a rest and we all
know that today's lack of sleep is more prevalent than ever because of the busy lives and
schedules of students.
Adequate sleep has a crucial role in enhancing cognitive skills especially memory
retention. Poor night time sleep quality and the consequent daytime sleepiness affect
physical and cognitive health of students and their academic performance. (A, Costa,
2019)
The aim of this study is to find whether or not poor academic performance is a
consequence of poor sleep quality among Pakistani medical students. For the reason that
some medical students who are experiencing lack of sleep are prone to have illness or the
bodies are weakened.
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According to Jacques (1970) that the performance of the students having a

deprived sleep or having acute sleep loss can also affect their attitudes and mood, lack of
sleep can be prone to fail their routines in their duties having a full work load and sleep
lost can also affect their mental health it also affect their attitudes and mood in their work
somehow of this implication is the dexterity of their reaction in times of having a short
term of sleeping or resting in can also cause of sleep deprived or over fatigue.
This study showed that sleep deprivation affects not only cognitive performance of the
students but also their emotional capabilities making them unstable for studying. This is
useful to the study because with this, the researchers can determine the effects of sleep
deprivation.
According to Knopf (2018), stating that looking at the issue on a state-by-state

basis, more than half of middle school students and almost three-quarters of high school
students don't get enough sleep.
The impact of sleep deprivation on all high school students is that research indicates that
many individuals get much less sleep than they need, which means this related study
shows that the more things they need to do on that day will influence the students' mental
health and cognitive performance.
In conformity of the this researcher by Valdez et al. (2010), it was discussed that
most of the students worked or was engaged in other activity with a fixed schedule and
also got their long time of sleep every weekend because that was their free time to take a
rest from workdays.
Taking a long time of sleep is good in their part some of student is athletes and other is
working student that need to woke up in early that‟s why they need also rest on time so
that they can woke up and prepare early, therefor this is related study that researcher can
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influence the student‟s that not just the athlete‟s and working student can benefit this but
all of them can assure that this is valuable to be more attentive in their mental health and
cognitive performances.
According to the statement of Chada et al. (2011), the study has shown that
usually those high school students who sleep after 12 AM are individuals who have a lot
of school work or they sleep in the morning so that the students will still be awake until
after 12 AM.
Having a lack of sleep is not good for everyone for the reason that it can bring someone
into a risky situation, like having a bad effects to their mental health, making bad
decisions, and poor cognitive performance, therefore this related study wants the
researchers to spread that the lighter someone slept really late at night could make them
groggy and blunt-minded the next day.
In the opinion of Monma et al. (2018), it was reported that the individuals who
sleep early before midnight arrives are those athlete students, high school students, and
those who have early part-time jobs on the other day.
The higher the quality of sleep you get, the less likely you feel significant sleepiness
during the day, so it is best to go to bed earlier in the night and wake up early for a
productive day ahead. Therefore, this related study shows the importance of enhancing
these lifestyle habits, mental health, and competition activities.
According of Ahmad (2015) addressed in their study that your mind should be
free from anxiety and worries of various kinds before sleeping. When possible, deep
sleep will hasten the process, and repair work will make you fresh in the morning.
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Taking a various and proper way of sleeping is also a good by taking of yourself there‟s a
significant and productivity way of sleeping therefor this related study researcher can also
adopt the importance of sleeping with a meaningful mind and enhancing the process of
deep sleep that can make their mind take away from anxiety and in this way of life style
can help them to motivate there mental health and progress their cognitive performance
and make them fresh in the morning.
In the opinion of Robinson (2020), skipping meals can also cause

your metabolism to slow down, which can cause weight gain or make it harder to lose
weight. When skipping a meal or go a long time without eating, the body goes into
survival mode. This causes the cells and body to crave food which causes to eat a lot. We
usually tend to crave unhealthy foods and all attempts at eating healthy go out the door
and lastly when you are that hungry, anything goes.
The effects of not get enough quality sleep can affect their health, well-being, and ability
to do everyday activities. Therefore this related study aim to identify that skipping a meal
can also affects the sleep of a person. Sleep is one of the most important needs in life. All
creatures need it to function. Without it, we break down mentally and physically. Lack of
sleep can cause moodiness, lack of concentration, and sluggishness.
As stated by Ergo Flex (2013), After waking up feeling lethargic and still half
asleep, many people put their sluggishness down to lack of sleep or perhaps overworking
themselves the previous day. However, their condition could be identified as sleep
inertia. Sleep inertia is the result of a sudden awakening from a sleep stage that is
unsuitable to be woken up during. Our sleep operates in 90 minute cycles; ideally we
should wake up close to the end of a sleep cycle when a person‟s body and brain are
already close to wakefulness.
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This related study give facts about sleep inertia that happens when you wake up suddenly
and feel disoriented and groggy. This is because your brain activity and heart rate have
slowed down considerably. One of the reasons of having sleep inertia is because of the
sleep deprived means you‟re not getting enough sleep that is why you feel disoriented
and groggy.
As stated by Health care Business Today Team (2020), sleep cycle helps you feel
rested, rejuvenated, and energized, ready to tackle a new day of challenges. Completing
your entire sleep cycle and understanding how this impacts your ability to create
beneficial sleep habits can have you sleeping better than ever. Sleep cycle is often
referred to as the „body clock‟ that lives within us. Don‟t take that literally. When you
hear the term „body clock‟, it means the mind and body‟s ability to recognize when it is
the right time to wake up and go to sleep.
This related analysis is known by the researchers and discovers that it is important to get
enough sleep and be satisfied with our sleep. Getting enough sleep and the right type of
sleep, is vital for our overall health and wellbeing. While you sleep, your body works to
support healthy brain function and maintain your physical health. And for children and
young people, sleep is how their bodies and minds grow and develop.
When you do not get enough sleep, you feel tired, you find it hard to concentrate and
remember things and you may be grumpy. Lack of sleep can also impair your judgement
and impact your physical coordination. So not getting enough sleep affects the way you
feel, think, work, learn and get along with other people.
In the opinion of Halperin (2014) Environmental noise, especially that caused by

transportation means, is viewed as a significant cause of sleep disturbances. Poor sleep
causes endocrine and metabolic measurable perturbations and is associated with a
number of cardio metabolic, psychiatric and social negative outcomes both in adults and
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children. Nocturnal environmental noise also provokes measurable biological changes in

the form of a stress response.
This related study gives facts about that sleep noise is disturbing especially if it is too
loud, and this is because maybe your neighbor‟s house is noisy or you are close to the
transportations. Sleep noise can also provoke stressful because you cannot focus on sleep
due to noise.
As reported by Boyless (2010) Not getting enough sleep or having poor sleep
habits can trigger migraines or cause occasional migraines to become frequent. Now new
research may help explain the biological links between sleep and headache pain.
Study shows that the majority of the senior high-school students are experiencing
headaches when they are lack of sleep, and it was proven by Boyles, by explaining that
not getting enough sleep can trigger migraines or experience headaches. This related
study gives facts about lack of sleep can trigger a migraine or headache, and this is
because due to excessive use of gadgets especially when the light is off, when you are
awake while on the phone it can trigger headaches due to cell phone radiation.
According to Matricciani et al., (2012), Amount of sleep obtained by students has

been shown to directly influence attentiveness and memory function, however, there is
limited research showing how the amount of sleep affects children‟s attention and
retention of information in the school setting specifically.
Sleep is known to be important in the development of children and their cognitive

function. This study worked to establish correlation between amount of sleep and
attentiveness in school aged children. As stated, attentiveness in school works during
class hours are obtained when you get full hours of sleep because your memory functions
well when you are awake.
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This study proves that the nerve connections that make our memories are
strengthened during sleep. “Sleep embeds the things that we have learned and
experienced over the course of the day into our short-term memory. (Peri, 2010)
This related study shows that Sleep deprivation affects your ability to learn in two ways.
Because you can‟t focus as well, it‟s more difficult to pick up information, so you can‟t
learn efficiently. It also affects memory, which is essential to learning. In children,
sleepiness can lead to hyperactivity, also hampering learning. Lack of sleep can alter your
mood significantly. It causes irritability and anger and may lessen your ability to cope
with stress.
Whitney et al. (2015) stated that Sleep deprivation is particularly problematic for
decision making involving uncertainty and unexpected change which means being sleep
deprived may change the person‟s mood, behavior and cognitive performance. It also
showed the catastrophic effects of sleep deprivation.
According to this study, the common or usual signs if the person is experiencing sleep
deprived are having difficulties in memory. They find it more difficult to make their
decision when they lacking of sleep particular in sudden change in events or in situation
than they have enough sleep and this proves their study of what was the result of being
sleep deprived.
Based on Legg (2019), decision fatigue is one of the most common disturbances
when an individual is making a decision, it also shows that one of its causes is lack of
sleep or being sleep deprived. The study also suggests that people who experience this
must change their sleep routine immediately, change their meal plan or else they will
sacrifice their own health.
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According to this study, anyone who experience decision fatigue must change their sleep
routine as they may get bad side effects that may affect the brain and their cognitive
performance. This study may help because it shows one of the effects of being sleep
deprived.
According to Ruijter (2015), the key to being innovative is not sleep deprivation,
he stated in his study that many famous creative ideas were found their origin in a curious
dream so how can someone think something innovative if his sleep is not enough.
This study shows that sleep has connection when it comes to people‟s level of innovation
and creativity; he also stated that most of ideas came from dream which can only be
achieved by comfortable sleep. This study also provides information that can be used by
the researchers.
Local Literature
Hysing, et al., (2015) stated that, sleep may also impact upon academic
performance indirectly through tardiness or school absence, which often accompanies
sleep problems in the age group of adolescence.
According to this study, the age groups of adolescents nowadays are usually affected by
the effects of sleep deprivation. Youth in the present time are typically staying up late
either doing their own thing or for school homework, seeing those actions are the reason
why students are affected by sleep deprivation that brings up tardiness or school
absenteeism in their online classes.
Gerber et. al. (2014) stated that, excessive daytime sleepiness, inattention, and
frequent school performance tardiness and absenteeism are clear indicators of sleep
deprivation in students. More subtle signs include trouble waking up in the morning,
irritability, impatience and difficulties with doing activities. Distractions like late night
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use of devices can also adversely affect the sleep of children. Sleep time duration is also
diminished by the high degree of visual and cognitive activation from Internet browsing,
texting, and late-night TV viewing. Other preventive measures to restorative sleep
include too much light in the nighttime, high usage caffeine, late evening meals, and
household noises or outside noise emissions, and uncomfortable bedroom temperatures
which leads to poor sleep and decrease of cognitive performance.
This related study aims to identify the indicators that are faced by sleep deprived
students. This includes signs and distractions that are encountered by sleep deprived
students. This related study will help the researchers to know the things that can prevent
or hinder students from having adequate sleep and good cognitive performance. This
related study also provides the researchers to find better conclusions to determine the
impact of sleep deprived students to their cognitive performance.
Caber (2017) stated that children at this age need to sleep earlier than toddlers, as
they do not sleep much in the afternoon. For those in school-age children 6 to 13 years
old the National Sleep recommends 9 to 11 hours of sleep for school-age-children every
night .These are the times when children dream of evil, such as being afraid of the dark,
according to Caber. Younger school-age children have a wider imagination, he said.
According to this study, Children should sleep early because at this age they need to sleep
early than teenagers, as they do not sleep much in the afternoon. Teenagers often fail to
follow 8 to 10 hours of sleep every night. In fact only half of teenagers get enough sleep.
Children at this age have a lot of work, such as school activities and homework, reason to
spend the night they are asleep a (Gaultney, 2010; Killgore, 2014)nd still need to wake up
early for going to school.
Velasco (2015) stated that lack of sleep is one of the big phenomena that have
been steadily eroding the health of the Philippines. Millions of Filipinos, with harmful
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results, are choosing to sleep less and less. We seem to think that it is the lesser evil to
remain awake to finish work. It has been found that adults whose parents followed strict
bedtime rules work more effectively at work and sleep longer than those who grew up
without rules about when to sleep.
According to this related study, it is not only one Filipino who prefers to stay awake, but
a million Filipinos. We all know that all Filipinos are hard-working in everything they do
to support their families, but they didn't realize that they were only ruining their lives if
they forced themselves to stay awake. Most of them would wake up early in the morning
and then if they have free time, they will sleep.
Toyong (2020) stated that being sleepy in class can have a vital impact on the
academic performance of a student. Lack of sufficient and adequate sleep can be harmful
and even deadly. It is a basic necessity of life and an important part of learning. Two of
the reasons for sleeping late were using Facebook and Messenger accounts and playing
mobile games. The third reason was making assignments and homework.
According to this study, students who fell asleep during class time can't focus much on
the learning and the reason why they fell asleep during class time is not sleeping early at
night because of prolonged use of gadgets. Lack of sleep can be harmful because it can
make our body weak and because of this we can be susceptible to any disease and we still
have a high chances of high blood pressure or heart attack
25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is described. The
geographical area where the study was conducted, the population, the instrument used to
collect the data and sample are defined. Specifically, this research will cover the
Research Method, Research Sample, Research Instrument, and Data Processing Method.
Research Design
The study conducted by the researchers used Descriptive Method which presents
and shows the existing data such as the demographic profile of the respondents. The
researchers chose this method because of it is very convenient to use. (McCombes, 2019)
The researchers also used Correlational Method to find the relation between the
two variables which is Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance among SHS
students. (McCombes, 2019)
This method will help the researchers to find the strength of the relation of two variables
and gives consistency to the data, and contributes reasonable predictions after the
conducted research.
Research Locale
In identifying the relation of the variables, the researchers choose to conduct the
survey around Quezon City. The researchers choose the setting because this is where the
researchers live and it will be very convenient for the researchers to provide survey
questionnaires to nearby SHS Students.
Research Subject
The population of the study included all the Senior High School Students strands
in Quezon City. The respondents consist of fifty (50) participants in total and are
26
randomly selected. The researchers chose Simple Random Sampling because this is the
most basic and most easy technique in gathering respondents and also each member of
population has equal chance of being selected as sample so there will be no biases as the
respondents are chosen randomly.
Research Ethics
In order to keep the formality and avoid any problems, the researchers include the
citations properly according to the articles where the source came from. The practice of
paraphrasing was highly observed to avoid plagiarism. In engaging the respondents, the
primary concern is to keep the respondents informed that the surveys are not mandatory
especially in their cases; the researchers will not force anyone to answer the surveys.
In order to avoid these incidents, the researchers will provide consent forms and
waivers about their permission on the survey. For the security and privacy of the
respondents, their names will be anonymous to avoid identification.
Research Instrument
To be able to successfully collect information, the test questionnaire will be used.
The test questionnaire provided us a multitude of data which we used to reach
conclusions for this study. The researchers designed self-administered questionnaires for
the data gathering process to get the quantitative information.
The test questionnaire is composed of situational question that is related to the

relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive performance among SHS students
such as [1] hours of sleep [2] sleep satisfaction [3] attentiveness and [4] decision making. This is
to rate the respondents‟ preferences in each situation depending on the demographic
profile. The response of the respondents will enable the researchers to respond to the
statement of the problem of this study as well to make definite conclusions.
27
Validation
Consultation with the expert was sought. Their comments and suggestions further
helped the researcher in polishing the questionnaire. Before the distribution of the
instruments, the questionnaire was checked by experts for revision and administering it to
the Senior High School students who were part of the respondents.
Moreover, since the subjects in this research are students, it is important to take into consideration
into their situations. Hence, the researchers have come up with the idea of presenting the test
using English as a medium. The test were examined and validated by Research Professor of the
Psychology Department of Our Lady of Fatima University to ensure reliability. In this way,
objective and consistent results have inarguably gathered by the researchers from the subject‟s
responses.
Data Gathering Procedure

This research will be conducted within Quezon City, with Senior High school
students as the respondents. First, the researchers will inform the teacher regarding the
outcome of the survey questionnaire.
After getting the approval, the researchers will conduct and administer through online
survey to Senior High school students. The researchers will present a survey that will
involve fifty (50) students that are randomly selected in the chosen locale and to represent
the Academic tracks: ABM, GAS, HUMSS and STEM.
The respondents will be given a time to read and answer the situational survey prepared
by the researchers. After the data has been collected, the researchers will compile,
analyse and interpret the gathered data into relations with respect to the demographic
profile of the respondents. With all the information and data collected, the researchers
will now be able to make a conclusion on what are the impacts of sleep deprivation to
cognitive performance of senior high school students.
28
Statistical Treatment
The following statistical formulas were used to process the data to get the answers
to the research questions:
 Frequency and Percentage Distribution
This treatment was use in this study to describe the demographic profiles of the
respondents pertaining to age, sex and strand of the students.
Percentage (P) = x 100%

Whereas:
P= percentage
f= number of respondent‟s answers
N= Total number of respondents
 Weighted Mean
It is use to determine the indicators under sleep deprivation of Senior High School
students.
Mean ( ) =
Wherein:
= sample (read as “X bar”)
X = the value of any particular observations
∑X = sum of the quantitative variables
N = total sample size
29
 Likert Scale
Respondents were given a chance to rate each statement in the questionnaire. Their
answers were given a corresponding number as follows:
5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Neither Agree nor Disagree
2 Disagree
1 Strongly Disagree
The responses coming from the respondents were tabulated and mean score of
each item was computed using descriptive statistics. After the computation of mean score
in each item, researchers come up to the final 5-point scale. The researchers used Likert
Scale to measure respondents‟ attitudes to a particular question or statement. A Likert
Scale is composed of a series of four or more Likert-type items that represent similar
questions combined into a single composite score/variable.
 Point Likert Scale

Mean Scale Value Verbal Interpretation
4.21-5.00 5 Strongly Agree
3.41-4.20 4 Agree
2.61-3.40 3 Neither Agree nor Disagree
1.81-2.60 2 Disagree
1.00-1.80 1 Strongly Disagree
30
 Pearson r Correlation Coefficient
Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of the

linear relationship between two variables (David Lane, 2020). This treatment used to
determine if there was degree of relationship or correlation pertaining to the topic. Where
the formula of Pearson r is:
∑ ̅ ̅
√∑ ̅ ∑ ̅
Whereas:
N= Number of respondents
∑XY= sum of the products of paired scores
∑X= sum of the x scores
∑Y= sum of y scores
∑ 2= sum of squared x scores
∑y2= sum of squared y scores
 Interpretation of the Correlations Coefficient

±1 Perfect Correlation
± 0.90 to ± 0.99 Very High Correlation
± 0.70 to ± 0.90 High Correlation
± 0.50 to ± 0.70 Moderate Correlation
± 0.30 to ± 0.50 Low Correlation
± 0.10 to ± 0.30 Very Low Correlation
± 0.00 to ± 0.10 Negligible Correlation
31
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

In this chapter, the researcher presented statistical data and pieces of evidences to
prove the said study. This part of the manuscript presents the inputs and outputs of the
research. Also, this chapter includes all the necessary tables and corresponding
tabulations whose analysis and interpretation may either prove or reject the given
hypothesis.
I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
In this part of chapter IV, personal information like age, sex, and strand are
presented.
Table 1: Age
Age Frequency Percentage
16 1 2%
17 20 40%
18 27 54%
19 2 4%
20 0 0
TOTAL 50 100%
Table 1 above shows the information of the age of respondents, the age was only
limited to 16 – 20 years old because this is the most common ages for Senior High
School Students. In the table, there are (1) 16 years of age and it is equivalent to 2%, (20)
17 of age that is equivalent to 40%, (27) 18 years of age and it is equivalent to 54%, (2)
19 years of age and that is equivalent to 4%, and there are no respondents aged 20. This
brings to total of 50 respondents and equivalent to 100%. This shows that most of the
respondents are within the age of 17 and 18.
32
Table 2: Sex
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 20 40%
Female 30 60%
Total 50 100%
Table 2 present the gender of the respondents were in Males are (20) which is
equivalent to 40%, and Females are (30) which is equivalent to 60%, this brings a total
count of 50 respondents equivalent to 100%. The table shows that there are more Female
respondents than Male.
Table 3: Strand
Age Frequency Percentage
STEM 34 68.6%
ABM 4 7.8%
HUMMS 6 11.8%
GAS 6 11.8%
TOTAL 50 100%
Table 3 presents the most common strand in the Senior High School which is
STEM, ABM, HUMMS, and GAS. Students under STEM is (34) and equivalent to
68.6%, students under ABM is only (4) which is 7.8% only, HUMMS and GAS have the
same which is 6 students and equivalent to 11.8%. The total respondents bring up to50
which is equivalent to 100%. This shows that most of the respondents are under the
STEM strand.
II. SLEEP DEPRIVATION & COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

This part of Chapter 4 will present the data and information of the respondents
that is related to the study. We can also see the reactions or response of the respondents
whether they are agreeing or disagreeing to some situations regarding sleep deprivation
and cognitive performance.
33
Table 4: Sleep Deprivation

Statements SA fX A fX N fX D fX SD fX T WM VI
1. I have enough hours of
4 20 9 36 10 30 10 20 17 17 123 2.46 D
sleep.
2. I sleep for a long time. 4 20 9 36 12 36 12 24 13 13 129 2.58 D
3. I usually sleep after 12
18 90 16 64 7 21 4 8 5 5 188 3.76 Agree
AM.
4. I sleep before 12 AM. 3 15 14 56 10 30 5 10 18 18 129 2.58 D
5. I feel relaxed after sleep. 23 115 14 56 9 27 4 8 0 0 206 4.12 Agree
6. Skipping my meal
19 95 13 52 11 33 6 12 1 1 193 3.86 Agree
affects my sleep.
7. I would like to sleep
more after waking up
21 105 14 56 9 27 5 10 1 1 199 3.98 Agree
because I still feel
disoriented/groggy.
8. I am satisfied with my
16 80 16 64 8 24 8 16 2 2 186 3.72 Agree
sleep.
9. My sleep was always
18 90 12 48 10 30 8 16 2 2 186 3.72 Agree
easily disturbed by noises
10. I experience headache
23 115 12 48 8 24 5 10 2 2 199 3.98 Agree
when I lacked of sleep.
Table 4 represents the answer of the respondents regarding sleep deprivation, it

shows the counts of individuals who voted from the strongly agree to strongly disagree, it
also shows the total frequency of the answers, the weighted mean and its verbal
interpretation. It also shows the total number of frequency and it‟s Average Weighted
Mean.
ANALYSIS
The 1st statement shows that (4) student or the respondent prefers to answer
strongly agreed, it shows that he or she has enough hours of sleep, (9) respondents picked
agree, while the other (10) respondents answered that neither they have enough sleep,
then (10) of them answered disagree which means their hours of sleep is infrequently,
and the last (17) participant choose strongly disagree, meaning they never had enough
time of sleep.
34
The 2nd item showed that (4) of the respondents strongly agreed that they had slept for a
long period of time and (9) of them respondents picked agree. On the other hand, (12)
respondents answered neither and (12) of the participants chose to disagree, and lastly,
(13) respondents chose to strongly agree, which means they didn‟t sleep for a long time.
The 3rd statement proves that (18) of the participants strongly agreed and (16)
respondents chose to agree, meaning most of the respondents that the researchers gather
are those who slept after 12 AM. However, (7) of them answered neither then (4) picked
disagree, and the rest (5) participants were those who strongly agreed because they didn‟t
sleep before 12 AM.
In the 4th statement shows (3) students who answered strongly agreed that they were
sleeping before 12 AM and (14) of them answered agree, while there are (10)
respondents choose neither, meaning they sleep before midnight rather than after
midnight, but (5) of them choose disagree, which means they were sleeping before 12
AM rarely and lastly, (18) of the participants who strongly agree that they never sleep
before 12 AM.
For the 5th item, (23) of the respondents strongly agreed, meaning the majority of the
respondents felt relaxed after they fell asleep and (14) chose to answer agree. On the
other hand, (10) participants answered neither, and (5) of them chose disagree then, there
are (18) respondents answered strongly agree that they did not feel relaxed after they
sleep.
In the 6th item indicates that there are (19) of the respondents strongly agreed that
skipping meals affects their sleep however, (13) respondents picked Agree and (11)
respondents answered that sometimes skipping meals affects their sleep, (6) respondents
answered Disagree which means they experienced it rarely, and also the last which is
only (1) participant choose never.
35
The 7th item specify that (21) respondents approved that they prefer to sleep more after
waking up because they still feel disoriented and groggy; (14) respondents answered
Agree and (9) respondents responds that they experienced it sometimes; (5) respondents
answered seldom which implies that they experienced it frequently and only (1)
participant that answered never.
Regarding the question 8th statement, there are only (16) participants or respondents who
answered Strongly Agree, it means that only few people who sleep well. (16) respondents
answered Agree, while the other (8) respondents who answered Never only slept well
once, and (8) respondents answered Disagree, which means they rarely sleep well, and
the last (2) respondents answered Strongly Disagree, it just means that some people still
have a hard time sleeping.
In the 9th question it shows that there are (18) respondents answered that they were
Strongly Agree that they are easily disturb in noises, and the other (12) respondents
answer Agree, it simply means that the most of respondents who answered this questions
are easily disturb by the noises, and (10) respondents answered Never. However, the
other (10) respondents answered Disagree, and the last (2) respondents answered
Strongly Disagree, meaning there are still most people who do not easily wake up by the
noise of surroundings.
The last statement shows that (23) respondents answered that there are Strongly Agree
and (12) respondents answered Agree, which means that most of them experience
headaches when they do not have enough sleep. And the other (8) respondents answered
Never, while the other (5) respondents answered Disagree, meaning that they rarely feel a
headache when they lack of sleep, and lastly (2) participants answered Strongly Disagree
that they do not feel even a headache when sleep deprived.
36
INTERPRETATION
The 1st item shows that the majority of the respondents don't have enough hours
of sleep which is proven by Alison Knopf (2018). She said that more than half of middle
school students and almost three‐quarters of high school students do not get enough sleep
on school nights, according to the first national study that looked at the problem on a
state‐by‐state basis.
The 2nd Item proves that the majority of the respondents sleep for a very long time, which
is similar to the research conducted by Valdez et al. (2009), it was discussed that most of
them got their long time of sleep every weekend because that was their free time to take a
rest from workdays.
The 3rd Item shows that most of the respondents usually sleep after 12 AM are prone to
health risks even mental imbalances according to Chada et al. (2007). Though stating that
many participants typically have sleeping hours after 12 AM and because of that it can
lead to poor academic results.
The 4th Item proves that those students in a level of respondents were sleeping before 12
AM, as stated by Monma (2017), by explaining that every individual who sleeps before
12 AM were those high school student that needs to wake-up early in the morning for
early schedules in school and late-night part-time job.
The 5th Item showed that the majority of the respondents felt comfortable after sleep,
according to Ahmad (2015), by addressing in their study that you should wake up relaxed
if you sleep very well if you keep your mind from anxiety and worries. When you sleep
comfortable, your body will hasten the process and repair work will make you fresh in
the morning.
37
The 6th item shows that the majority of respondents feel irritable, confused and fatigued
whenever they skip meals. When you skip a meal or go a long time without eating, your
body goes into survival mode, as stated in Piedmont healthcare (2020). Skipping meals
can affect our sleep or make it harder to lose weight.
The 7th item affirms that more than half of respondents longing to sleep more after
waking up because they still feel disoriented and groggy. After waking up feeling
lethargic and still half asleep, many people put their sluggishness down to lack of sleep or
perhaps overworking themselves the previous day. However, their condition could be
identified as sleep inertia, as stated in ergo flex (2013). The feeling of grogginess and not
feeling completely awake after being abruptly woken up, most commonly by an alarm
clock.
The 8th item shows that the majority of the respondents are satisfied with their sleep. As
stated by Healthcare Business Today Team (2020). Completing your entire sleep cycle
helps you to feel rested, rejuvenated, and energized.
In the 9th item proves that most of the students are easily disturbed by the environmental
noise with their sleep, similar to the research gathered by Halperin (2014). He said that,
environmental noises affect sleep especially to those students who are near roads.
In the 10th item shows that the majority of the senior high-school students are
experiencing headaches when they are lack of sleep, and it was proven by Salynn Boyles
(2010), by explaining that not getting enough sleep can trigger migraines or experience
headaches.
38
Table 5: Cognitive Performance

Statements SA fX A fX N fX D fX SD fX T WM VI
1. I am attentive in my class. 5 25 7 28 10 30 13 26 15 15 124 2.48 D
2. I can focus and concentrate on my
3 15 13 52 7 21 10 20 17 17 125 2.5 D
studies.
3. I do not forgot things that I
2 10 12 48 10 30 13 26 13 13 127 2.54 D
thought in few minutes.
4. Finding my way around familiar
20 100 13 52 10 30 6 12 1 1 195 3.9 Agree
environments is difficult for me.
5. I do not experience apathy in
28 140 8 32 8 24 3 6 3 3 205 4.1 Agree
studying and habits.
6. I can easily decide. 9 45 1 4 12 36 13 26 15 15 126 2.52 D
7. I do not feel overwhelmed when
2 10 13 52 9 27 13 26 13 13 128 2.56 D
making decisions.
8. I decide faster when I have
21 105 15 60 10 30 4 8 0 0 203 4.06 Agree
adequate amount of sleep.
9. When I have enough sleep, it
24 120 15 60 11 33 0 0 0 0 213 4.26 SA
makes me more innovative
10. When I have enough sleep, I am
23 115 10 40 10 30 6 12 1 1 198 3.96 SA
not easily distracted
Table 5 represents the answer of the respondents regarding Cognitive

Performance, it shows the counts of individuals who voted from the strongly agree to
strongly disagree, it also shows the total frequency of the answers, the weighted mean
and its verbal interpretation. It also shows the total number of frequency and it‟s Average
Weighted Mean.
ANALYSIS
The 1st Statement shows that eight (8) respondents prefer to say strongly agree
for being attentive in their classes while seventeen (17) students choose to answer agree,
while other twenty five students say sometimes they are attentive in their classes while
seven (7) responds seldom and the last two (2) respondents say never.
The 2nd Statement proves that six (6) respondents say strongly agree it shows that it
affects him/her because in the lack of sleep that they cannot focus on their studies, while
sixteen (16) responds agree and the other sixteen (16) says sometimes, and the rest
choose to answer seldom and lastly the three (3) respondents say never which means the
39
majority of respondents are disturbed during their studies because of the lack of sleep
majority of the respondents cannot give lots of attention on their studies.
The 3rd Statement shows only four (4) respondents strongly agree while seven (7)
respondents choose to say agree to the other respondents. twenty (20) of the respondents
say sometimes while twelve respondents say often and the seven (7) respondents prefer to
say never which means that most respondents didn‟t forget their tasks for their work in
school.
In the 4th statement, this indicates that there are (20) students strongly agreed that they
find it difficult to find their way around familiar environments and (13) of the
respondents agreed with this statement. However, there are (10) respondents who
answered that neither of the students have experienced finding it difficult to find their
ways. While (6) of the students have responded that they disagree with the statement,
there is (1) student who strongly disagree; meaning that they never find it difficult to find
their way around familiar environments for them.
In the 5th item, this statement shows that there are (28) students that responded that
strongly agree that they don‟t experience apathy in studying habits, meaning that they do
not lack motivation in studying at all, and while (8) of the respondents answered with
agree, (8) students have responded that neither of them have become familiar with
experiencing apathy towards studying and habits. Lastly, (3) students disagree on this
statement and another (3) of the respondents have answered that they strongly disagree
with the statement, these last respondents appear to be that there‟s truly an unavailability
of motivation for them. In other words, they experience apathy in studying.
The 6th statement shows that, there are (9) respondents answered strongly agree and (1)
answered agree. However, there are (28) total of respondents who prove that they cannot
40
decide easily, since (13) respondents answered disagree and (15) answered strongly
disagree while the (12) respondents answered neither agree nor disagree.
In the 7th item, (2) respondents answered strongly agree and (13) respondents answered
agree. On the other hand, (13) respondents answered disagree and (13) respondents
answered strongly disagree, showing that they feel overwhelmed when they are making
their decisions while (9) respondents are neither agree or disagree about the statement
given.
The 8th statement, as shown, there are (21) respondents who answered strongly agree and
(15) respondents who agree, meaning they can decide faster when they have an adequate
amount of sleep. (10) Respondents answered neither agree nor disagree that they decide
faster when they have adequate sleep and (4) respondents answered disagree, which
means they still can‟t decide faster even though they have adequate sleep.
In the 9th item, there are (39) totals of respondents who prove that they feel more
innovative when they have enough sleep, since there are (29) respondents who strongly
agree and (10) respondents who agreed in the statement. On the other hand, (11)
respondents answered neither agree nor disagree if they feel more innovative if they have
enough sleep.
The last statement shows that (28) respondents answered strongly agree and (15) agree,
which means they are not easily distracted when they are awake while (1) respondents
answered disagree and (1) respondent answered strongly disagree. Lastly, (5) respondents
answered neither agree nor disagree about the statement given.
41
INTERPRETATION
The 1st statement proves that majority of the respondents are not attentive during
class if they do not have enough sleep. According to the study of Matricciani et al.,(2012)
amount of sleep obtained by the students shows direct influence on attentiveness and
memory function.
The 2nd item showed that most students say they can‟t focus sometimes because they
didn‟t get enough sleep. This statement proves that the nerve connections that make our
memories are strengthened during sleep. “Sleep embeds the things that we have learned
and experienced over the course of the day into our short-term memory. (Peri, 2010)
In the 3rd item, this statement shows that the majority of the students have forgotten
things that they thought in a few minutes. Therefore, it has been proven that lack of sleep
or sleep deprivation adversely affects many cognitive functions including decision
making, attention, and especially memory as affirmed by Lim and Dinges (2010)
In the 4th item, this statement affirms that most of the students have found it difficult to
find their way in familiar environments which is also proven that poor quality of sleep
causes memories to stay stitch in the hippocampus which results in forgetfulness and
difficulty remembering the names as stated by Joseph Nordqvist (2013)
In the 5th item shows that majority of the respondents do not experience apathy or lack
any motivation at all in studying and habits, this statement is proven that frequent school
performances of tardiness and absenteeism are clear symptoms of sleep deprivation of the
students as reported by Gerber et. al. (2014)
The 6th item proves that the majority of the senior high school students can‟t easily decide
when they don‟t have enough sleep, which is proven by Whitney et al. (2015), sleep
deprivation is commonly experienced difficulties such as decision making.
42
The 7th item shows that most of the students feel overwhelmed after making decisions
because of lack of sleep and this was proven by Legg (2019) by explaining that without
having enough sleep, an individual may suffer decision fatigue that makes the individual
exhausted after making decisions.
The 8th item shows that the senior high school students decide faster when they have
enough sleep which means most of the senior high school students can‟t decide faster
when they lack sleep. Sleep deprivation reduces the brain to make a judgement and also
for decision making (Engle-Friedman et al. 2014)
The 9th statement shows that almost all of the respondents agree that when they have
enough sleep, they can think more ideas and make them more innovative and this claim
was proven by Ruijter (2015), it is stated that when a person is sleep deprived, his/her
creativity is low and sleep deprivation is not the key to creativity.
The last item proves that senior high school students are not easily distracted when they
are awake and have adequate amount of sleep which results in optimum cognitive
performance. Killgore et al. (2014) discussed in their study that sleep deprivation has the
ability to reduce the alertness and attention for most people therefore if the people will
have enough sleep, there will be improvement of their cognitive abilities.
Table 6: Relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance
No. of Scores in Sleep Scores in Cognitive ∑x² ∑y² ∑xy R

respondents Deprivation Test Performance Test
(x) (y)
50 1738 1669 311834 295697 294116 0.31
This table presents the data according to the relationship of Sleep Deprivation and
Cognitive Performance, included in the table are the Number of respondents which is 50,
scores in SD test with the total of 1738, scores in CP test which is 1644, the summation
of variable x which is 311834, the summation of variable y which is 285222, the
43
summation of product of both x and y variables which is 289206, and lastly is the
pearson‟s r which is equal to 0.29. This r which is 0.29 shows that variables have low
correlation, this means they have related to each other but not that perfect.
Analysis:
 Ho= There is no significant relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive
Performance
 Ha= There is a significant relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive

Performance
 df= n-2 ; 50 – 2 = 48
 cv= 0.31
 Decision Rule: Reject Ho if /r/ > 0.273
 /0.31/ > 0.273
 Decision: Reject Ho; Accept Ha
Interpretation:
There is a significant relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive

Performance.
44
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
As what the Chapter 3 stated, the researcher conducted a survey among
the Senior High School students. The data gathered was computed and it proves that the
null hypothesis is incorrect. In the previous chapter (Chapter 4), the treatment of the data
is presented and analyzed carefully. Since the main goal of this study is to answer the
problems stated in Chapter 1, the results of the data are hereby presented:
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The researcher applied the descriptive approach survey. Also, the
researcher used a survey questionnaire consisted of three types of test for the research
instrument: The first one is about the demographic profile of the respondents containing
the thirteen-item test about age, sex, and strand of the respondents. The second one is a
ten-item test about sleep deprivation. Lastly, a ten-item test about the cognitive
performance of the respondents. The second and third type of survey questionnaire is
needed to provide the numerical data to be used for the Pearson‟s r formula to compute
the relationship of the two variables. All of the three types of survey questionnaire are
being conducted through the internet using Google Forms. There are 50 totals of
respondents from senior high school students and they are obtained through a survey
manage by the researcher.
1.) What is the profile of respondents be described in terms of age, sex, and
strand?
Depends on the tables show in the demographic profile, the
researcher found out that the majority of the respondents are at the ages of
17 to 18 years old with the total of 94% and the remaining percent are at
the ages of 16, 2% and 19, 4% with the total of 100%. In terms of sex, the
45
male respondents are (20) with a tantamount of 40% and female are (30)
with a tantamount of 60%. Lastly the strand, majority of the respondents is
from STEM strand with a total of (34) respondent with a percentage of
68.6%. The remaining are from the HUMMS and GAS with the same data
with a total respondent of (6) and a percentage of 11.8% and ABM with a
total respondent of (4) and a percentage of 7.8%.
2.) How may the Sleep Deprivation among respondents be described in terms of
hours of sleep and sleep satisfaction?
Based on the results of the data and treated in the previous chapter,
the researchers found out the following results about the sleep deprivation
of the respondents. The majority of the senior high school students are not
having enough hours to sleep. The researchers also find that the students
are sleeping for only short period of time since most of the students
usually sleep after 12 AM onwards. Lo et al. (2016) stated that, only (1)
night of (4) to (5) hours of sleep the sleep quality decrease and improves
the sleepiness rate resulting the person to be sleep deprived. The students
also always easily disturbed by noises and experiencing headache after
having a short time of sleep. However, the students still feel relaxed and
satisfied after they sleep even though they only sleep for short period of
time. The researcher also found out that most of the students that skipping
their meal may affect their sleep and they feel more disoriented or groggy
and likely to have more sleep after waking up. According to the article in
ergo flex (2013), having a short time of sleep and having not enough rest
may result to feel disoriented and groggy and longing to sleep more after
waking up.
46
3.) How may the Cognitive Performance among respondents be described in

terms of attentiveness and decision making?
According to the results of the data gathered in the previous
chapter, the senior high school students are not attentive in class, can‟t
focus and concentrate to their studies and easily forget things in just a few
minutes. In the study conducted by Matricciani et al. (2012), Frenda and
Feen (2018), and sleep foundation (2020), the amount of sleep of the
students has directly influence the attentiveness, attention and memory
function. If the students sleep for a short period of time the attentiveness
and the focus to their class will decreased and also may easily forget
things. The senior high school students are also felt overwhelmed and
having difficulties in making decisions and they feel faster to decide if
they have adequate amount of sleep which is proven according to the
study of Whitney et al. (2015) and Legg (2019). However, senior high
school students make more innovative and not easily distracted when they
have enough sleep. Therefore, the creativity and attentiveness are not the
key to sleep deprivation (Ruijter, 2015 and Killgore et al. 2014).
Is sleep deprivation related to the cognitive performance of the senior high school
students?
Based on the previous chapter, the null hypothesis is rejected,
which means that the two variables are related to each other. The formula
for the Pearson‟s r was applied in calculating the relationship of the two
variables. Sleep deprivation is related to the cognitive performance if the
students are having a short time of sleep. According to a study conducted
by Michigan State University‟s Sleep and Learning Lab (2020), sleep
deprivation appears to affect cognition far more than previously thought.
The longer a person stay awake and the shorter period of time spend in
sleep resulting to a poor cognitive performance. It is also supported of the
47
study of Lo et al. (2016), lesser sleep resulting to weaker response,

attention, learning, and memory.
CONCLUSION
To sum everything up, all the processes done lead to one answer: There is a
relationship between class reporting and recalling skills. The related studies and literature
and the data gathered proves this.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After lot of researches and data gathering made by the researcher, here are some
recommendations that might help the future researchers and beneficiaries of this study:
I. Students are suggested to get enough sleep so that their health and
cognitive performance must not be compromised. Research shown that
sleeping late or not getting enough sleep will impact the function of the
brain especially in terms of thinking and attentiveness and this may affect
their performances not only in academic but also in their daily lives.
Students must always be very careful in terms of symptoms and must have
in depth knowledge about sleep because being sleep deprived for too long
may cause very big damage to their body and even death. Students must
also consult to medical professionals if they are having hard time sleeping
to deescalate the effects of sleep deprivation.
II. The Teachers can experience sleep deprivation and they should also learn
how to sleep at the right time. It should also be the teachers who would
inform their students to sleep early. Teachers should try to offer some tips
or the best way to complete all the tasks they gave to their students and
may also share some words of wisdom, guidelines, and experiences to
48
encourage their students to finish their requirements so that the students

can sleep at the earliest time without worrying about their tasks for the
other day. In that manner, they will help the students and themselves as
well to avoid lack of sleep.
III. The parents are recommended to be responsible for their children in

sleeping. They should give importance and attention that sleeping at the
wrong time is bad for their body. They can give advice on how and what is
the best time to sleep. Parents must help their children to be aware of their
sleeping habit and its consequences. Many students are unaware that their
academic difficulties may be related to their sleep habits and the parents
must able to see and monitor their child in this case.
49
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migraine-proteins
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Academic.oup: https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/39/3/687/2454041
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https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.12.1698
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ing#:~:text=Sleep%20Inertia%2D%20The%20feeling%20of%20grogginess%20a
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53
APPENDIX A: Test Questionnaire

To our respondents,
Good day our respondents! I am Jian Paulo D. Pacleb and on behalf of my team,
we are from STEM 12 Y1 – 1P. We are conducting a survey regarding our thesis entitled
“Sleep Deprivation and its Impact to Cognitive Performance of SHS Students at Quezon
City”
I, the researcher, sincerely chose you to become my respondent for my study. The
researcher wishes for you to answer this survey with honesty. Rest assured that all the
data gathered will be used for this study only and will be treated with full respect and
confidentiality. Thank you very much.
Jian Paulo D. Pacleb Marck Danielle J. Alberto

Researcher Thesis Adviser
I. Demographic Profile
Kindly fill in the information needed.
Name (Optional): Sex:
Age: Strand:
II. Sleep Deprivation Test

Please put (✓) to box that suits your choice.
Statements SA A N D SD
1. I have enough hours of sleep.
2. I sleep for a long time.
3. I usually sleep after 12 AM.
4. I sleep before 12 AM.
5. I feel relaxed after sleep.
6. Skipping my meal affects my sleep.
7. I would like to sleep more after waking up because I

still feel disoriented/groggy.
8. I am satisfied with my sleep.
9. My sleep was always easily disturbed by noises
10. I experience headache when I lacked of sleep.
54
III. Cognitive Performance

Please put (✓) to box that suits your choice.
Statements SA A N D SD
1. I am attentive in my class.
2. I can focus and concentrate on my studies.
3. I do not forgot things that I thought in few minutes.
4. Finding my way around familiar environments is difficult for me.
5. I do not experience apathy in studying and habits.
6. I can easily decide.
7. I do not feel overwhelmed when making decisions.
8. I decide faster when I have adequate amount of sleep.
9. When I have enough sleep, it makes me more innovative
10. When I have enough sleep, I am not easily distracted
55
APPENDIX B: Validation Letter for Sleep Deprivation Test
November 21, 2020

Thesis Adviser
Dear Sir,
Good day!
I, Jian Paulo D. Pacleb, a student from Grade 12 – Our Lady of Fatima University, am
currently conducting a thesis entitled “Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact to Cognitive
Performance of SHS Students at Quezon City”. In connection to this, I would like to seek
your expertise in by validating my research questionnaire.
Your comments and suggestion would be highly appreciated. Attached is the copy of my
survey questionnaire.
I am hoping for your positive response.

Thank you very much and God bless.
Sincerely,
Jian Paulo D. Pacleb
Researcher
56
APPENDIX C: Validation Letter for Cognitive Performance Test
November 21, 2020

Thesis Adviser
Dear Sir,
Good day!
I, Jian Paulo D. Pacleb, a student from Grade 12 – Our Lady of Fatima University, am
currently conducting a thesis entitled “Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact to Cognitive
Performance of SHS Students at Quezon City”. In connection to this, I would like to seek
your expertise in by validating my research questionnaire.
Your comments and suggestion would be highly appreciated. Attached is the copy of my
survey questionnaire.
I am hoping for your positive response.

Thank you very much and God bless.
Sincerely,
Jian Paulo D. Pacleb
Researcher
57
APPENDIX D: Pearson’s Correlation
X Y X² Y² XY
123 124 15129 15376 15252
129 125 16641 15625 16125
188 127 35344 16129 23876
129 195 16641 38025 25155
206 205 42436 42025 42230
193 126 37249 15876 24318
199 128 39601 16384 25472
186 203 34596 41209 37758
186 218 34596 47524 40548
199 218 39601 47524 43382
1738 1669 311834 295697 294116
Pearson: 0.312489
58
CURRICULUM VITAE
PACLEB, JIAN PAULO D.

655 Martan st., Brgy. Commonwealth, Quezon City
paclebjian05@gmail.com
0996 976 7061
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: October 5, 2002
Place of Birth: Quezon City
Age: 18
Gender: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civic Status: Single
Father‟s Name: Peter C. Pacleb
Mother‟s Name: Jennifer D. Pacleb
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary: Dakila School Foundation
Don Fabian Ext., Brgy. Commonwealth, Quezon City
SY 2013 – 2014
Secondary: National College of Business and Arts
Commonwealth Ave., Regalado, Fairview, Quezon City
SY 2018 – 2019
AWARDS | ACHIEVEMENT
 With Honors Award (2015)
 Philippine Red Cross Youth Officer Certificate (2016)
 Philippine Red Cross Participation Certificates (2016 - 2020)
 SSG Leadership Certificate (2019)
 Subject Excellence Award (2019)
HOBBIES
 Photography
 Red Cross Volunteer
 Rescue Volunteer
 Cooking
 Gaming
59
CURRICULUM VITAE
ATCHICO, DENISE ERIEL G.

177 Moses St., Cielito Homes, Caloocan City
deniseeriel1218@gmail.com
0906 046 0774
Date of Birth: December 18, 2001
Place of Birth: Caloocan City
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Religion: Born - Again
Father‟s Name: Danilo V. Atchico
Mother‟s Name: Eloise G. Atchico
Elementary: St. Theresa‟s School of Novaliches
7 Kingfisher St., Zabarte Subd. Novaliches, Quezon City
SY 2014 – 2015
Secondary: St. Theresa‟s School of Novaliches
7 Kingfisher St., Zabarte Subd. Novaliches, Quezon City
SY 2018 – 2019
 3rd Honor Award (2019)
HOBBIES
 Gaming
 Drawing / Animating
 Writing
60
CURRICULUM VITAE
BABISTA, CHRISTINE MARIELLE V.
#157 Bicoleyte st., Brgy. Commonwealth, Quezon City
christinemarielleb@gmail.com
09155884053
Date of Birth: July 2, 2003
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Religion: Iglesia Ni Cristo
Father‟s Name: Marlon N. Babista
Mother‟s Name: Gemma Celeste V. Babista
Elementary: Tagumpay Elementary School
Tagumpay Housing Rodriguez Rizal
SY 2014 – 2015
Secondary: Commonwealth High School
Ecols st, Brgy. Commonwealth Quezon City
SY 2018 – 2019
 5 Honorable Mention (2015)
th
 Best in Filipino (2015)

 Champion in Badminton District Category (2015)
 1st Place in Badminton Municipal Category (2015)
 1st Place in Badminton Provincial Category (2016)
 Best Pitcher Awardee in Softball (2016)
 Most Responsible Scout of the year (2016-2017)
 Champion in Flag Identification (2016-2019)
 Top 3 in Science (2017-2018)
 With High Honor (2019-2020)
 Subject Excellence Award (2019-2020)
 1st Place in Doodle Art Contest Math and Physics (2020)
HOBBIES
 Cooking
 Painting and Drawing
 Playing Badminton and Softball
 Gaming
61
CURRICULUM VITAE
CALVO, JAMES I.
Phase 5-A Package 2 Lot 27 Block 3 Bagong Silang Caloocan City
Jcalvs13@gmail.com
0945 788 9754
Date of Birth: December 13, 2002
Age: 18
Gender: Male
Father‟s Name: Jonathan F. Calvo
Mother‟s Name: Evelyn I. Calvo
Elementary: Star Elementary School
P3 Pkg3 B65 L2, Bagong Silang Tatak Kubo, 176,
Caloocan
SY 2014 – 2015
Secondary: Holy Rosary College Foundation
Father Hofstee Street, 188 Concepcion, Caloocan, 1427
SY 2018 – 2019
 Model of Humility (2018)
 Musician of the year (2018-2019)
HOBBIES
 Photography
 Listening to Music
 Dancing
 Cooking
 Playing Guitar
 Watching Movies
 Singing
 Gaming
 Hairstyling
 Doing House Cleaning
62
CURRICULUM VITAE
MORFE, KIM BYAN F.

203 Everlasting Street, Payatas A. Quezon City
kmorfe09@gmail.com
09491166048
Date of Birth: July 09, 2002
Age: 18
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Father‟s Name: Edison M. Morfe Jr.
Mother‟s Name: Maylin F. Morfe
EDUCATION BACKGROUND
Elementary: St. Mark International Academy 085 Kaunlaran, Quezon City,
1121 Metro Manila
SY 2008 - 2015
Secondary: St. Mark International Academy 085 Kaunlaran, Quezon City,
1121 Metro Manila
SY 2018 – 2019
________________________________________________________________________
• With Honors Award (2018)
• With Honors Award (2019)
HOBBIES
• Gaming
• Basketball
• Drawing
63
CURRICULUM VITAE
OLOROSO, ANDREW R.
4222 Brgy 171 Lot 581 Zone 15 Bagumbong Caloocan City
aroloroso@gmail.com
0956 950 2984
Date of Birth: March 17, 2003
Place of Birth: Manila
Age: 17
Gender: Male
Father‟s Name: Ilumelandro M. Oloroso.
Mother‟s Name: Amparo R. Oloroso.
Elementary: Kalayaan Elementary School
Phase 10A, Parking 3, Block 6, Barangay 176, Caloocan
City
SY 2014 – 2015
Secondary: Sampaguita High School
11 Paraiso Street, Lilles Ville Subdivision, Caloocan City
SY 2018 – 2019
 Principal‟s List Award (2019)
________________________________________________________________________
HOBBIES
 Videography
 Editing
 Film Making
 Anime Streaming
 Gaming
64
CURRICULUM VITAE
UNATING, RAUNA REGINE M.
26 waling waling street Brgy Payatas A Q.C

raunaregine@gmail.com
4609915
Date of Birth: November 8, 2002
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Father‟s Name: Raul D. Unating
Mother‟s Name: Relina M. Unating
Elementary: St. Anthony Learning Institute of Q.C
San Juan Bautista, Street Brgy Payatas A.
SY 2013 – 2014
Secondary: St. Mark International Academy
085 Kaunlaran, Quezon City, 1121 Metro Manila
SY 2018 – 2019
________________________________________________________________________
HOBBIES
 Photography
 Gaming
 Singing
65
CURRICULUM VITAE
VILLAREJO, ARIZZA G.
1176 Cattleya St. San Jose Tala, Caloocan City.
ichavillarejo@gmail.com
0945 832 9893
Date of Birth: March 19, 2002
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Father‟s Name: Arvin P. Villarejo
Mother‟s Name: Mary Grace G. Villarejo
Elementary: Apolinario Mabini Elementary School
Father Hofstee Street, 188 Concepcion, Caloocan City.
SY 2013 – 2014
Secondary: Holy Rosary College Foundation
Father Hofstee Street, 188 Concepcion, Caloocan
SY 2018 – 2019
 Philippine Red Cross Youth Participation Certificate (2016)
 Model of Simplicity Certificate (2018)
 NPSAC Badminton Competition Single Player Participation (2018)
 NPSAC Cheerdance Competition Participation Certificate (2019)
________________________________________________________________________
HOBBIES
 Playing Badminton
 Playing Guitar
 Red Cross Volunteer
 Singing
 Dancing
66

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OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – QUEZON CITY CAMPUS

Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact to Cognitive Performance of SHS Students

Mr. Marck Danielle J. Alberto

Pacleb, Jian Paulo D.

Marck Danielle J. Alberto

APPROVED and ACCEPTED by the committee on Practical Research 2 with a grade of

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 10

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION 11

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 28

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

SLEEP DEPRIVATION & COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance) is accepted. The

between the given variables.

Significance of the Study

V. To the Parents. This study would support parents by understanding to their

Figure 1.Theoretical Framework of the Study

Figure 1.Conceptual Framework of the Study

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the profile of respondents be described in terms of:

Scope and Delimitation

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Lo et. al. (2016), also in high-performing high school adolescents, a

As stated by William D. S. Killgore & Mareen Weber (2014), insufficient sleep is

According to Patrick et al. (2017), sleep deprivation is common among

Sleep deprivation among university students is becoming more and more

According to Jacques (1970) that the performance of the students having a

According to Knopf (2018), stating that looking at the issue on a state-by-state

In the opinion of Robinson (2020), skipping meals can also cause

In the opinion of Halperin (2014) Environmental noise, especially that caused by

children. Nocturnal environmental noise also provokes measurable biological changes in

According to Matricciani et al., (2012), Amount of sleep obtained by students has

Sleep is known to be important in the development of children and their cognitive

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The test questionnaire is composed of situational question that is related to the

Data Gathering Procedure

 Frequency and Percentage Distribution

Percentage (P) = x 100%

 Point Likert Scale

 Pearson r Correlation Coefficient

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of the

 Interpretation of the Correlations Coefficient

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

II. SLEEP DEPRIVATION & COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE

Table 4: Sleep Deprivation

Table 4 represents the answer of the respondents regarding sleep deprivation, it

Table 5: Cognitive Performance

Table 5 represents the answer of the respondents regarding Cognitive

Table 6: Relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance

No. of Scores in Sleep Scores in Cognitive ∑x² ∑y² ∑xy R

 Ha= There is a significant relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive

There is a significant relationship between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

As what the Chapter 3 stated, the researcher conducted a survey among

3.) How may the Cognitive Performance among respondents be described in

study of Lo et al. (2016), lesser sleep resulting to weaker response,

encourage their students to finish their requirements so that the students

III. The parents are recommended to be responsible for their children in

 C. June. (2016). Academic.oup. Retrieved November 28, 2020, from

 Chada. (2011). DOI. Retrieved 11 20, 2020, from DOI: