TR3 2

TECHNICAL REPORT NO.
3: PRELIMINARY
NAME: ORIAS, EDELMOR C.
SIZING AND THREE VIEWS
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 1 of 16
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. GILBERT ALCANTARA
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
I. INTRODUCTION
The task of developing an aircraft is difficult since it takes time and effort to execute. Complete
data and in-depth research must be supplied. Data analysis must be done critically. The
designer must also present his work so that readers may comprehend all of the criteria,
including sizes and other details.
Based on the data from the reference aircrafts, the designer will at the very least have an
estimate of the sizes of the Mor10-2000 in this report. This provides estimated gross weights for
the mission segments' weight fractions, lift-to-drag ratios, specific fuel consumption, estimated
take-off gross weights, and fuel weight. The geometry size of the wings, fuselage, and horizontal
and vertical tails will also be covered. Additionally, the designer must calculate the sizes of all
the control surfaces, including the elevators, rudder, and flaps in addition to the aileron and
flaps. The designer should complete this report completely with all the necessary information for
better visualization, which is required for the subsequent reports, using the average value of the
three separate reference aircrafts.
II. REFERENCE AIRCRAFT VALUE
Performance
Cessna 400 Nal/Taal Robin DR 400 Average
and Corvalis Hansa-3 Dauphin
Characteristics
3,600 lb 1,069 lb 2,204.62 lb 2,291lb
Gross Weight
1,633 kg 485 kg 580kg 899.33kg
312.245 fps 132.35 fps 215.6 fps 220.068 fps
Cruising Speed
342.620 kph 145.225 kph 236.573 kph 241.467 kph
151.391 fps 71.89 fps 123.929 fps 1156.470 fps
Loiter Speed
168.532 kph 78.905 kph 136.961 kph 127.804 kph
6,203,713.911 ft 276,176 ft 391,961 ft 2,290,616.970 ft
Range
1,890.892 km 842 km 1,195 km 1,309.297 km
21,300 sec 14,400 sec 364,236 sec 16,700 sec
Endurance
5.917 hr 4 hr 4 hr 4.639 hr
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 3: PRELIMINARY
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 2 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
III. GROSS WEIGHT ESTIMATION

A. LIFT-TO-DRAG RATIO, (L/D)
For Propeller Aircraft – Fixed Gear
𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑇 /𝑆𝑅𝐸𝐹 = 3.8
(𝐿/𝐷)𝑀𝐴𝑋 = 12.8
a. Cruise Segment, (𝐿/𝐷)𝐶
(𝐿/𝐷)𝐶 = (𝐿/𝐷)𝑀𝐴𝑋
(𝑳/𝑫)𝑪 = 12.8 L
b. Loiter Segment, (𝐿/𝐷)𝐿
(𝐿/𝐷)𝐿 = 0.866 (𝐿/𝐷)𝑀𝐴𝑋
(𝐿/𝐷)𝐿 = 0.866(12.8)
(𝑳/𝑫)𝑳 = 11.085 L
B. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION, SFC

a. Cruise Segment, 𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐶
For Piston-prop – Variable Pitch
𝐶𝑏ℎ𝑝 = 0.4
ƞ𝑝 = 0.8
𝐶𝑏ℎ𝑝 𝑉𝐶
𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐶 =
550 ƞ𝑝
0.4 (220.068)
𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐶 =
550 (0.8)
𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑪 = 0.200 L/hr
𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑪 = 0.0000556 L/s

DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 3 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
b. Loiter Segment, 𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐿

For Piston-prop – Variable Pitch
𝐶𝑏ℎ𝑝 = 0.5
ƞ𝑝 = 0.8
𝐶𝑏ℎ𝑝 𝑉𝐿
𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐿 =
550 ƞ𝑝
0.5 (116.470)
𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐿 =
550 (0.8)
𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑳 = 0.132 L/hr
𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑳 = 0.0000468 L/s
C. MISSION SEGMENT WEIGHT FRACTION

For simple cruise mission segment
W1/W0 (Warm-up and Take-off) = 0.970
W2/W1 (Climb) = 0.985
W5/W4 (Landing) = 0.995
a. Cruise Segment Weight Fraction, W3/W2
−𝑅 𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐶
𝑊3 /𝑊2 = 𝑒 𝑉𝐶 (𝐿/𝐷)𝐶
(−2,290,616.970) (0.0000556)
𝑊3 /𝑊2 = 𝑒 220.068 (12.8)
𝑾𝟑 /𝑾𝟐 = 0.956
b. Loiter Segment Weight Fraction, W4/W3
−𝐸 𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐿
𝑊4 /𝑊3 = 𝑒 (𝐿/𝐷)𝐿
(−16,700) (0.0000468)
𝑊4 /𝑊3 = 𝑒 11.085
𝑾𝟒 /𝑾𝟑 = 0.932
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 4 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
c. Empty Weight Fraction, We/W0

For General Aviation – Single Engine
A = 2. 36
C = − 0.18
𝑲𝑽𝑺 = 1.00
𝑊𝑒 /𝑊0 = 𝐴𝑊0𝐶 𝐾𝑉𝑆
𝑊𝑒 /𝑊0 = 2.36 (2,291)−0.18 (1.00)
𝑾𝒆 /𝑾𝟎 = 0.586
d. Total Weight Fraction, W5/W0
𝑊5 /𝑊0 = (𝑊1 /𝑊0 ) (𝑊2 /𝑊1 ) (𝑊3 /𝑊2 ) (𝑊4 /𝑊3 ) (𝑊5 /𝑊4 )
𝑊5 /𝑊0 = (0.970) (0.985) (0.956) (0.956) (0.995)
𝑾𝟓 /𝑾𝟎 = 0.847
e. Fuel Weight Fraction, Wf/W0
𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 = 1.06 [1 – (𝑊5 /𝑊0 )]
𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 = 1.06 [1 – 0.847]
𝑾𝒇 /𝑾𝟎 = 0.162
D. GUESS TAKE-OFF GROSS WEIGHT, WGuess
𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤&𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 + 𝑊𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑊𝐺𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑆 =
1−(𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 ) − (𝑊𝑒 /𝑊0 )
560 + 60
𝑊𝐺𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑆 =
1−(0.162)−(0.586)
𝑾𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑺 = 2,460.317 lbs

𝑾𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑺 = 1,115.981 kgs
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 5 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
E. FUEL WEIGHT, Wf
𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝐺𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑆 (𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 )
𝑊𝑓 = 2,460.317 (0.21)
𝑾𝒇 = 516.667 lbs
𝑾𝒇 = 234.356 lbs
IV. GEOMETRY SIZING

A. WING
a. Wing Area, SW
𝑊⁄ = 17 𝑙𝑏⁄
𝑆 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑊𝐺𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑊 =
(𝑊/𝑆)
2,460.317
𝑆𝑊 =
17
𝑺𝑾 = 144.725 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝑺𝑾 = 13.445 𝒇𝒕𝟐
b. Wingspan, bW
𝐴𝑅𝑊 = 7.6
𝑏𝑤 2
𝐴𝑅𝑊 =
𝑆𝑊
𝑏𝑤 = √𝐴𝑅𝑊 𝑆𝑊
𝑏𝑤 = √7.6 (144.725)
𝒃𝒘 = 33.165 ft
𝒃𝒘 = 10.109 m
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 6 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
c. Wing Root Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝑊

Taper ratios much lower than 0.2 should be avoided for all but delta wings,
as a very low taper ratio tends to promote tip stall.
𝜆𝑊 = 0.45
2𝑆𝑊
𝐶𝑅𝑊 =
𝑏𝑤 (1+ 𝜆𝑤 )
2(144.725)
𝐶𝑅𝑊 =
33.165 (1+0.45)
𝑪𝑹𝑾 = 6.019 ft
𝑪𝑹𝑾 = 1.835 m
d. Wing Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑇𝑊

𝐶𝑇𝑊 = 𝜆𝑊 𝐶𝑅𝑊
𝐶𝑇𝑊 = 0.45 (6.019)
𝑪𝑻𝑾 = 2.709 ft
𝑪𝑻𝑾 = 0.826 ft
e. Wing Mean Aerodynamic Chord, MACW
2 𝜆𝑤2 + 𝜆𝑤 +1
𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑊 = 𝐶𝑅𝑊 ( )
3 𝜆𝑤 +1
2 0.452 +0.45+1
𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑊 = (6.019) ( )
3 0.45+1
𝑴𝑨𝑪𝑾 = 4.573 ft
𝑴𝑨𝑪𝑾 = 1.394 ft
f. Wing Aspect Ratio, 𝐴𝑅𝑊
𝑨𝑹𝑾 = 7.6
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 7 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
B. FUSELAGE
a. Fuselage Length, 𝐿𝐹
a = 4.37
C = 0.23
𝐿𝐹 = 𝑎𝑊𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝐶
𝐿𝐹 = (4.37) (2,460.3170.23 )
𝑳𝑭 = 26.327 ft
𝑳𝑭 = 8.024 ft
b. Tail Arm Length, 𝐿 𝑇𝐴

For an aircraft with a front-mounted propeller engine, the tail arm is about
60% of the fuselage length.
𝐿 𝑇𝐴 = 0.60 (𝐿𝐹 )
𝐿 𝑇𝐴 = 0.60 (26.327)
𝑳𝑻𝑨 = 15.796 ft
𝑳𝑻𝑨 = 4.815 ft
C. HORIZONTAL TAIL
a. Horizontal Tail Area, 𝑆𝐻𝑇
𝑪𝑯𝑻 = 0.70
𝐶𝐻𝑇 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑊 𝑆𝑊
𝑆𝐻𝑇 =
𝐿𝑇𝐴
0.70 (4.573) (144.725)

𝑆𝐻𝑇 =
15.796
𝑺𝑯𝑻 = 29.329 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝑺𝑯𝑻 = 2.724 𝒎𝟐
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 8 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
b. Horizontal Tail Span, 𝑏𝐻𝑇

For General Aviation, Single Engine – Conventional tail
𝐴𝑅𝐻𝑇 = 4.7
𝑏𝐻𝑇 = √𝐴𝑅𝐻𝑇 𝑆𝐻𝑇
𝑏𝐻𝑇 = √4.7 (29.329)
𝒃𝑯𝑻 = 11.741 ft
𝒃𝑯𝑻 = 3.579 m
c. Horizontal Tail Root Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇
𝜆𝐻𝑇 = 0.50
2 𝑆𝐻𝑇
𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇 =
𝑏𝐻𝑇 (1+ 𝜆𝐻𝑇 )
2 (29.329)
𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇 =
11.741 (1+0.50)
𝑪𝑹𝑯𝑻 = 3.331 ft
𝑪𝑹𝑯𝑻 = 1.015 m
d. Horizontal Tail Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇
𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇 = 𝜆𝐻𝑇 𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇
𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇 = 0.50 (3.331)
𝑪𝑻𝑯𝑻 = 1.665 ft
𝑪𝑻𝑯𝑻 = 0.507 m
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 9 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
D. VERTICAL TAIL
a. Vertical Tail Area, 𝑆𝑉𝑇
𝑪𝑽𝑻 = 0.04
𝐶𝑉𝑇 𝑏𝑤 𝑆𝑊
𝑆𝑉𝑇 =
𝐿𝑇𝐴
0.04 (33.165) (144.725)

𝑆𝑉𝑇 =
15.796
𝐒𝐕𝐓 = 12.154 𝐟𝐭 𝟐
𝐒𝐕𝐓 = 1.129 𝐦𝟐
b. Vertical Tail Span, 𝑏𝑉𝑇

𝑨𝑹𝑽𝑻 = 1.7
𝑏𝑉𝑇 = √𝐴𝑅𝑉𝑇 𝑆𝑉𝑇
𝑏𝑉𝑇 = √1.7 (12.154)
𝒃𝑽𝑻 = 4.546 ft
𝒃𝑽𝑻 = 1.376 m
c. Vertical Tail Root Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇

𝝀𝑽𝑻 = 0.40
2 𝑆𝑉𝑇
𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇 =
𝑏𝑉𝑇 (1+ 𝜆𝑉𝑇 )
2 (12.154)
𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇 =
4.546 (1+0.40)
𝑪𝑹𝑽𝑻 = 3.819 ft
𝑪𝑹𝑽𝑻 = 1.819 m
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 10 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
d. Vertical Tail Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇
𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 𝜆𝑉𝑇 𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇
𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 0.40 (3.819)
𝑪𝑻𝑽𝑻 = 1.528 ft
𝑪𝑻𝑽𝑻 = 0.466 m
V. CONTROL SURFACE SIZING

A. AILERON AND FLAPS
a. Aileron Semi-Span, 𝑏𝐴/2
The ailerons are typically extended from about 50% to about 90% of the
span.
(𝑏/2)𝐴 = 0.20 (from 70% to 90%)
(𝑏/2)𝐴 𝑏𝑤
(𝑏/2)𝐴 =
2
0.20 (33.165)
(𝑏/2)𝐴 =
2
(𝒃/𝟐)𝑨 = 3.317 ft
(𝒃/𝟐)𝑨 = 1.011 m
b. Flap Semi-Span, 𝑏𝐹/2

Wing flaps occupy the part of the wing span inboard of the ailerons. If a large
maximum lift coefficient is required, the flap span should be as large as
possible.
(𝑏/2)𝐹 = 0.40 (from 20% to 60%)
(𝑏/2)𝐹 𝑏𝑤
𝑏𝐹/2 =
2
0.40 (33.165)
𝑏𝐹/2 =
2
𝒃𝑭/𝟐 = 6.633 ft
𝒃𝑭/𝟐 = 2.022 m
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 11 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
c. Ailerons and Flaps Chord, 𝐶𝐴𝐹

Ailerons and flaps are typically 15% to 25% of the wing chord.
𝐶𝐴𝐹 /𝐶 = 0.16
𝐶𝐴𝐹 = (𝐶𝐴𝐹 /𝐶) 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑊
𝐶𝐴𝐹 = 0.16 (4.573)
𝑪𝑨𝑭 = 0.732 ft
𝑪𝑨𝑭 = 0.223 m
B. ELEVATORS AND RUDDER

a. Elevator Semi-Span, 𝑏𝐸/2
Elevators and rudder generally begin at side of the fuselage and extended to
the tip of the tail or about 90% of the tail span.
(𝑏/2)𝐸 = 0.75 (from 15% to 90%)
(𝑏/2)𝐸 𝑏𝐻𝑇
𝑏𝐸/2 =
2
0.75 (11.741)
𝑏𝐸/2 =
2
𝒃𝑬/𝟐 = 4.403 ft
𝒃𝑬/𝟐 = 1.342 m
b. Elevator Root and Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝐸 & 𝐶𝑇𝐸

Elevators and rudder are typically 25% to 50% of the tail chord.
𝐶𝐸 /𝐶 = 0.40
𝐶𝑅𝐸 = (𝐶𝐸 /𝐶) 𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇 𝐶𝑇𝐸 = (𝐶𝐸 /𝐶) 𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇
𝐶𝑅𝐸 = 0.40 (3.331) 𝐶𝑇𝐸 = 0.40 (1.665)
𝑪𝑹𝑬 = 1.332 ft 𝑪𝑻𝑬 = 0.666 ft
𝑪𝑹𝑬 = 0.406 m 𝑪𝑻𝑬 = 0.203 m

DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 12 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
c. Rudder Span, 𝑏𝑅
Elevators and rudder generally begin at side of the fuselage and extended to
the tip of the tail or about 90% of the tail span.
(𝑏/2)𝑅 = 0.75 (from 15% to 90%)
𝑏𝑅 = (𝑏/2)𝑅 𝑏𝑉𝑇
𝑏𝑅 = 0.75 (4.546)
𝒃𝑹 = 3.410 ft
𝒃𝑹 = 1.039 m
d. Rudder Root and Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝑅 & 𝐶𝑇𝑅

Elevators and rudder are typically 25% to 50% of the tail chord.
𝐶𝑅 /𝐶 = 0.40
𝐶𝑅𝑅 = (𝐶𝑅 /𝐶) 𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇 𝐶𝑇𝑅 = (𝐶𝑅 /𝐶) 𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇
𝐶𝑅𝑅 = 0.40 (3.819) 𝐶𝑇𝑅 = 0.40 (1.528)
𝑪𝑹𝑹 = 1.528 ft 𝑪𝑻𝑹 = 0.611 ft
𝑪𝑹𝑹 = 0.466 m 𝑪𝑻𝑹 = 0.186 m

DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 14 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
VII. AIRPLANE DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS
PARTS
feet, ft meter, m scale, in
WING
Span 33.165 ft 10. 109 m 6.633 in
Root Chord 6.019 ft 1.835 m 1.204 in
Tip Chord 2.709 ft 0.826 m 0.542 in
FUSELAGE
Length 26.327ft 8.024m 5.265 in
Tail Arm Length 15.796 ft 4.815 m 3.159 in
HORIZONTAL TAIL
Span 11.749 ft 3.581 m 2.350 in
Root Chord 3.331 ft 1.015 m 0.666 in
Tip Chord 1.665 ft 0.507 m 0.333 in
VERTICAL TAIL
Span 4.546 ft 1.386 m 0.909 in
Root Chord 3.819 ft 1.164 m 0.764 in
Tip Chord 1.528 ft 0.466m 0.306 in
AILERON
Semi-Span 3.317 ft 1.011 m 0.663 in
Chord 0.732 Ft 0.223 m 0.146 in
FLAPS
Semi-Span 6.633 ft 2.021 m 1.327 in
Chord 0.732 ft 0.223m 0.146 in
ELEVATOR
Semi-Span 4.403 ft 1.342 m 0.881 in
Root Chord 1.332 ft 0.406 m 0.266 in
Tip Chord 0.666 ft 0.203 m 0.133 in
RUDDER
Span 3.410 ft 1.039 m 0.682 in
Root Chord 1.528 ft 0.466 m 0.306 in
`Tip Chord 0.611 ft 0.186 m 0.122 in
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 15 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
END NOTES:
Edelmor C. Orias. Technical Report No. 1- Preliminary Design Specifications
Daniel P. Raymer. Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Edition. AIAA Education Series. 2006.
Page 21. Fig. 3.5
Page 22. Fig. 3.6
Page 22
Page 19. Table 3.4
Page 16. Table 3.2
Page 17. Eqn. 3.6
Page 17. Eqn. 3.8
Page 13. Table 3.1
Page 23. Eqn. 3.11
Page 12. Eqn. 3.4
Page 84. Table 5.5
Page 51. Table 4.1
Page 57
Page 48
Page 49
Page 110 Table 6.3
Page 112
Page 112 Table 6.4
Page 112. Eqn. 6.29
Page 112 Eqn. 6.28
DATE: 10/09/23 PAGE: 16 of 16
GRADE: ISSUE NO: 1
Page 113-114
Page 114
Page 115

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TECHNICAL REPORT NO.

II. REFERENCE AIRCRAFT VALUE

III. GROSS WEIGHT ESTIMATION

𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑇 /𝑆𝑅𝐸𝐹 = 3.8

a. Cruise Segment, (𝐿/𝐷)𝐶

b. Loiter Segment, (𝐿/𝐷)𝐿

(𝐿/𝐷)𝐿 = 0.866 (𝐿/𝐷)𝑀𝐴𝑋

B. SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION, SFC

𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑪 = 0.200 L/hr

𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑪 = 0.0000556 L/s

b. Loiter Segment, 𝑆𝐹𝐶𝐿

𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑳 = 0.132 L/hr

𝑺𝑭𝑪𝑳 = 0.0000468 L/s

C. MISSION SEGMENT WEIGHT FRACTION

a. Cruise Segment Weight Fraction, W3/W2

b. Loiter Segment Weight Fraction, W4/W3

c. Empty Weight Fraction, We/W0

𝑊𝑒 /𝑊0 = 𝐴𝑊0𝐶 𝐾𝑉𝑆

𝑊𝑒 /𝑊0 = 2.36 (2,291)−0.18 (1.00)

d. Total Weight Fraction, W5/W0

𝑊5 /𝑊0 = (0.970) (0.985) (0.956) (0.956) (0.995)

e. Fuel Weight Fraction, Wf/W0

𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 = 1.06 [1 – (𝑊5 /𝑊0 )]

𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 = 1.06 [1 – 0.847]

D. GUESS TAKE-OFF GROSS WEIGHT, WGuess

𝑾𝑮𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑺 = 2,460.317 lbs

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝐺𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑆 (𝑊𝑓 /𝑊0 )

IV. GEOMETRY SIZING

c. Wing Root Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝑊

d. Wing Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑇𝑊

𝐶𝑇𝑊 = 0.45 (6.019)

e. Wing Mean Aerodynamic Chord, MACW

f. Wing Aspect Ratio, 𝐴𝑅𝑊

b. Tail Arm Length, 𝐿 𝑇𝐴

0.70 (4.573) (144.725)

𝑺𝑯𝑻 = 29.329 𝒇𝒕𝟐

b. Horizontal Tail Span, 𝑏𝐻𝑇

𝑏𝐻𝑇 = √𝐴𝑅𝐻𝑇 𝑆𝐻𝑇

𝑏𝐻𝑇 = √4.7 (29.329)

d. Horizontal Tail Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇

𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇 = 𝜆𝐻𝑇 𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇

𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇 = 0.50 (3.331)

0.04 (33.165) (144.725)

b. Vertical Tail Span, 𝑏𝑉𝑇

𝑏𝑉𝑇 = √𝐴𝑅𝑉𝑇 𝑆𝑉𝑇

𝑏𝑉𝑇 = √1.7 (12.154)

c. Vertical Tail Root Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇

d. Vertical Tail Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇

𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 𝜆𝑉𝑇 𝐶𝑅𝑉𝑇

𝐶𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 0.40 (3.819)

V. CONTROL SURFACE SIZING

(𝑏/2)𝐴 = 0.20 (from 70% to 90%)

b. Flap Semi-Span, 𝑏𝐹/2

(𝑏/2)𝐹 = 0.40 (from 20% to 60%)

c. Ailerons and Flaps Chord, 𝐶𝐴𝐹

𝐶𝐴𝐹 = (𝐶𝐴𝐹 /𝐶) 𝑀𝐴𝐶𝑊

𝐶𝐴𝐹 = 0.16 (4.573)

B. ELEVATORS AND RUDDER

(𝑏/2)𝐸 = 0.75 (from 15% to 90%)

b. Elevator Root and Tip Chord, 𝐶𝑅𝐸 & 𝐶𝑇𝐸

𝐶𝑅𝐸 = (𝐶𝐸 /𝐶) 𝐶𝑅𝐻𝑇 𝐶𝑇𝐸 = (𝐶𝐸 /𝐶) 𝐶𝑇𝐻𝑇

𝐶𝑅𝐸 = 0.40 (3.331) 𝐶𝑇𝐸 = 0.40 (1.665)