Sewer Appurtenances

Sewer Appurtenances
• Sewer appurtenances are structures in the sewer systems to
ensure proper working of the system. These include manholes,
inlets, inverted siphons, regulators, and pumping stations.
MANHOLES
Objectives/Purpose
• To provide convenient access to the sewer for observation and
maintenance operations.
Requirements
• It should cause a minimum of interference with the hydraulics
of the sewer and be a durable structure.
Location
• Intersection of sewers (change in alignment / direction).
• Change in pipe size
• Considerable change in grade (slope).
• End of each sewer line.
• In straight reaches, the distance between the manhole
depends upon the cleaning method. Generally they are;
– 30 to 120 m for small sewers
– 150 m or more for large sewers.
• WASA-LDA
• Laterals and secondary sewers = 30 m (100 ft.)

• Sewers upto 375 mm dia.  100 m

• Sewers from 450 –750 mm dia  120 m

• Sewers > 900 mm dia  150 m

• Greater spacing may be given in very large sewers

 Spacing of Sewers (PPHED)
Size of sewer (mm) Spacing (m)

225 – 300 30 – 50
375 – 600 60
675 – 975 100
1050 – 1500 120
> 1500 150
600

1200

Slope 8%
Invert difference > 0.6m

Drop Manhole
STORM WATER INLETS

To introduce the surface runoff to the underground storm Sewer

The spacing is generally between 90 to 180m.
Curb Inlet
Foot path and
Manhole cover

Road

Storm
sewer
Gutter Inlet
Foot path
Grating
Road

Storm
sewer
Sewer Construction
Construction of Sewers
Important Points
• Construction should start from disposal station towards the laterals
• Infiltration can be drained.

Excavation
• Width of trench = (1- 1/2) D + 300 mm (min)
• Depth of the trench depends upon the grade (depth of sewer)

Sheeting and Bracing

• For deep sewer and depending upon soil conditions, it is needed to keep the
sides of the trench in place.
Sheeting and bracing for excavation Hook and chain for lowering
sewer in the trench
 Transfer of Grade

nail

Upright cleat

Grade rod
10-15 m

Batter board

Construction of sewers
 Cleat 2
Offset line

Peg Cleat 1 Nail

Batter board

Mark

Boning rod
Let I.L at Cleat 2=369.50
Let I.L at Cleat 1=369.30

Let nail mark on the cleat

be 3 m above I.L

Mark at Cleat 2= 372.50

Mark at Cleat 1=372.30
1.5D+300m
m Mark on the boning rod=3m
from the bottom end
 Sewer joints
• Bell-spigot joint
Employed for sewers from 225 mm to 600mm

• Tongue and groove joint

Employed for sewers from > 600mm diameter
Invert Level (Invert Elevation)

The inside bottom of the sewer is called invert and its

level (elevation) is called Invert Level .

Crown Level (Crown Elevation)

The top inside of the sewer is called crown and its

level (elevation) is called Crown Level.
 Depth to Invert

Depth of Crown
Ground Level

Cover
Crown

Invert
 Calculation of Invert Levels

• I.L for the starting sewer = Ground level – cover from the
crown – Dia of sewer

• I.L at D/S sewer = I.L u/s sewer – Drop

• Drop = Sewer slop x length of the sewer

Gradients in Pipes
 SEWER TESTING
Exfiltration Test

• Select a test length between manholes not more than 200m.

• Plug all the inlets and outlet to the manholes.
• Fill the sewer line with water
• Establish head at the u/s manhole at an minimum of 0.6m above crown of the
sewer and allow water absorption for at least 4 hours.
• Refill the pipe for an average head of 1m above the to be maintained for 1 to 24
hours.
• The exfiltration should be within the allowable limits.