MANAGEMENT IN THE

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

ASSIGNMENT 1
HEALTH & SAFETY IN THE MALAYSIAN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

DATE:
6TH SEPTEMBER 2013

LECTURER:
DR. DAVE MOORE

BY:
ANUSHYA RAMASEGAR

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 FACULTY OF DESIGN AND CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

TE WANANGA ARONUI O TAMAKI MAKAU RAU

School of Engineering

Master of Construction Management

Name ANUSHYA RAMASEGAR

ID Number 1380633

Paper Name MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Assignment HEALTH AND SAFETY IN NEW ZEALAND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................4

1.1 Health and Safety in the Malaysian Construction Industry .....................................................4

2.0 SURVEILLANCE .......................................................................................................................5

3.0 ANALYSIS OF INJURIES / DISEASES AND FATALITIES DATA ......................................6

4.0 DESIGN OF INTERVENTION AND REGULATIONS .........................................................10

5.0 KEY ISSUES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ..........................................................11

5.1 Communication Barriers between Migrant Workers and Employers....................................11

5.2 Type of Accidents: Falls from Height and Being Stuck by Falling Objects .........................13

5.3 Lack of Awareness on Importance of Health & Safety Amongst Workers and Employers .14

6.0 DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................15

7.0 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................16

8.0 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................17

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Malaysia as a developing nation has always enjoyed a robust growth in the

construction industry sector. Despite the global financial crisis in the recent years Malaysia
had an average growth rate of 5.9% in the construction industry between 2007 and 2011
(Italian Institute of Foreign Trade, 2012). There are generally two categories in the Malaysian
construction industry (henceforward referred to as “construction industry”). The first
category is general construction, which consists of residential construction, non-residential
construction and civil engineering construction. The second category is special trade
construction which encompasses metal works, plumbing and sewerage works, electrical
works, refrigeration and air-conditioning works, finishing works (i.e. painting works,
carpentry works, flooring and tiling works, and glass works).
The construction industry directly contributes almost 5% to the country’s GDP
(Italian Institute of Foreign Trade, 2012). However, it indirectly contributes vastly to the
Malaysian economy due to raw material processing and manufacturing such as basic metal
products. For example, in 1998, during the global financial crisis, the metal manufacturing
industry was hit by a 35.6% drop in output (Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health
in Construction Industry (MPOSHCI) 2005 – 2010, 2005). Hence it can be concurred that the
construction sector plays a vital role in the economic development of Malaysia.

1.1 Health and Safety in the Malaysian Construction Industry

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines occupational health and safety
as:
“Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations; the prevention amongst workers of departures from health
caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks
resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities; and, to
summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.” (ILO,1995).
The first Health and Safety Act in Malaysia was introduced in 1967. This was known
as the Factories and Machinery Act (Occupational Safety and Health Act, 1994). This was
subsequently replaced in 1994 with the Occupational Safety and Health Act which is
currently used in the law (OSHA, 1994).

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2.0 SURVEILLANCE

Surveillance of health can be defined in a number of ways. Traditionally, it has been

understood to encompass strategies and methods to detect and determine systematically the
undesirable effects of work on the health of workers. It has however also been used to include
methodical assessments of fitness for work, and/or of health status which is not directly
related to occupation.
Ultimately, there are a number of objectives of the health surveillance. These include
protection of health of the employee, detection (at an early stage) of any adverse health
effects and support the evaluation of control measures, detection of hazards and assessment
of risk. The need for health surveillance is there when there is an identifiable disease or an
identifiable health issue which causes an adverse health outcome.
The Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health defines health
surveillance as:
“A generic term which includes the identification and evaluation of environmental
factors that may affect employees’ health that covers assessments of sanitary and
occupational hygiene conditions, organisation of work, collective and personal protective
equipment, exposure of workers to hazardous agents, ergonomics, accident and disease
prevention, psychosocial factors and control systems designed to eliminate and reduce them”
(Occupational Health and Safety Management System, 2003).
In 2005, the Malaysian the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
collaborated with the Department of Occupational Health and Safety (DOSH) to produce a
five year framework (MPOSHCI, 2005) to address occupational safety and health issues
within the construction industry. There are six key areas identified for this Master Plan, by
the National Occupational Safety and Health Committee in the construction industry
(MPOSHCI, 2005).
Key Areas Identified for the Master Plan:
1. Enforcement and Legislation
2. Education and Training
3. Promotions
4. Incentives
5. Standard Development
6. Research and Developments and Technology

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 Under the Enforcement and Legislation area, the need for an increased number of
DOSH officers to be placed at a construction site was addressed. This is to ensure,
surveillance of the construction site is conducted by an independent officer on an individual,
team and company level. Prior to this framework, available data on injuries and fatalities
were considered unreliable to be used as solid evidence or statistically due to misreporting
and underreporting.
Another organisation which collects data on health and safety in Malaysia is SOCSO.
However, only 68% (Adinegara et al, 2013) of the workforce in Malaysia is represented in
this database. Furthermore, SOCSO’s data is employed for tracking and monitoring benefit
claims and hence is not considered surveillance data (Adinegara et al, 2013). Also, SOCSO
only accounts for Malaysian citizens and does not include information on foreign employees.
Since foreign employees make up a large number of labourers in the construction industry,
the information collected by SOCSO is not accurate in terms of reflecting the actual numbers
of injuries and fatalities in the construction sector.
Having said this, it can be seen that the Malaysian construction industry has no known
systematic approach to collecting surveillance data. The data collected by SOCSO cannot be
deemed accurate as it does not represent the entire Malaysian work force. Self-employed
workers for example are not part of the SOCSO organisation and therefore are unrepresented
statistically. Furthermore, only claimable accidents and injuries are recorded in the SOCSO
database.

3.0 ANALYSIS OF INJURIES / DISEASES AND FATALITIES DATA

The construction industry around the world is seen as a perilous industry. Given that
the dynamics of a construction site is constantly evolving throughout the duration of the
construction, a great deal of care is exercised to ensure the safety of all construction workers.
Unfortunately, accidents and fatalities still occur despite measures taken to prevent them.
According to statistics provided by the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO) of
Malaysia, between the year 1999 and 2003, the construction industry recorded the highest
number of fatalities amongst the high risk industries (i.e. agriculture, forestry, fishery and
manufacturing) (Adinegara et al, 2013). The construction industry recorded a fatality rate of
26 per 100,000 workers in 2003. In developed countries such as Japan, United States and
France, the fatalities recorded in the construction sector is below 20 per 100, 000 workers
(APAC Newsletter, 2004).

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 Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) conducted a study on the causes of accidents in the
United States and categorised them into two main factors which is human factors and
physical factors. Research shows that the primary cause of accidents is due to unsafe acts and
unsafe conditions. These can be caused by several reasons as pointed out by (Tam et al,
2004):
1. Poor safety awareness from top leaders
2. Lack of training
3. Lack of organisational commitment
4. Lack of technical guidance
5. Uncontrolled operations
6. Unwillingness to input resources for safety
7. Lack of certified skilled labour
8. Unsafe equipment
9. Lack of first aid measures
10. Lack of rigorous enforcement of safety regulation
11. Lack of personal protection equipment (PPE)
12. Lack of protection in material transportation and storage
13. Lack of teamwork spirit
14. Shortage of safety management manuals
15. Lack of innovative technology
16. Poor flow of information

A study on fatal occupational injuries amongst non – governmental employees from

2002 – 2006 show that the highest percentage of injuries occurs from fall from heights (30%)
and struck by falling objects (16%) (Adinegara et al, 2013). In Abdul Rahim, Zaimi and
Bachan’s (2008) findings out of 455 cases, they reported that the two highest types of
accidents in the construction industry are falls (22.2%) and being struck by falling objects
(17.1%).
According to DOSH statistics from 2007 – 2008 (Table 1), the severe and fatal
accidents recorded can be primarily be categorised into two types, falls from height and being
struck by falling objects. Thus it can be summarised that the two main types of accidents
occurring in the Malaysian construction industry are falls from height and being struck by
falling objects.

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 Further research into this subject indicated that there are two main causes for the
construction accidents in Malaysia. The highest contributor being management (29.2%)
followed by unsafe methods used (26.45%) (Abdul Rahim et al, 2008). The other factors
include, human elements (12.5%), job site conditions (11.1%), unique nature of industry
(11.1%) and unsafe equipment (9.7%) (Dayang et al, 2010).

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 Table 1: Accidents (Severe and Fatal) Recorded by DOSH from 2007 – 2008 (Dayang et al, 2010)

No. Date Year Case Fatal / Non – Fatal

1 25 Feb 2008 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
2 05 Apr 2008 Struck by falling object Fatal
3 14 Apr 2008 Struck by falling object Fatal
4 23 Apr 2008 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
5 05 May 2008 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
6 28 Jun 2008 Fall from height Non – Fatal
7 28 Jul 2008 Fall from height Non – Fatal
8 01 Aug 2008 Fall from height Fatal
9 23 Aug 2008 Fall from height Non – Fatal
10 25 Aug 2008 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
11 26 Aug 2008 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
12 28 Aug 2008 Fall from height Non – Fatal
13 02 Jan 2007 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
14 11 Jan 2007 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
15 21 Jan 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
16 31 Jan 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
17 27 Feb 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
18 06 Mar 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
19 06 Mar 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
20 07 Mar 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
21 12 Mar 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
22 02 Apr 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
23 04 Apr 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
24 14 Apr 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
25 01 Jun 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
26 19 Jul 2007 Explosion Non – Fatal
27 20 Aug 2007 Fall from height Non – Fatal
28 24 Sep 2007 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal
29 04 Dec 2007 Struck by falling object Non – Fatal

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4.0 DESIGN OF INTERVENTION AND REGULATIONS

The Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry 2005 –
2010 served as a catalyst to provide a guideline to increase awareness in health and safety in
the construction industry. Prior to that there were no specific guidelines for the
implementation of health and safety programmes in the construction industry. The designed
master plan outlined an Action Plan for enforcement and legislation which was implemented
systematically each year. Below is the list of recommended action plans which is currently
being implemented (MPOSHCI, 2005):

1. Enhancement of Capabilities of Enforcement Agencies

2. Review of Existing Regulations
3. Review of Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of
Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1996
4. Proposed New Construction (Design and Management) Regulation
5. Revision on the Provisions for Reporting of Accidents / Incidents and
Diseases
6. Circulars on Occupational Safety and Health Requirements
7. Proposed New Standard for Safety and Health Management System
8. Statutory Declaration by Contractors on Accidents and Fatalities

The Enforcement and Legislation action plan was implemented first so that
companies and stakeholders are given an opportunity to review their health and safety
policies to see if it is adequate or needs to be enhanced. Also the gradual implementation of
regulations and enforcement allows workers, companies, contractors and management to
develop a sense of accountability and take initiative in realising the importance and
significance of health and safety in the construction industry.
In 1994, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (1994) was introduced. This
superseded the Factories and Machinery Act (1967) (Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA), 1994). However the current Health and Safety Act (1994) does not cover details on
responsibilities of employee (e.g. use of PPE). Also there is no formal definition of the term
‘employer’ the act which could cause legal dispute in the event of a lawsuit.

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5.0 KEY ISSUES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Health and safety in the construction industry in no longer sidelined and treated
lightly. There has been significant development in the aspect of health and safety in the
construction industry as more and more people are aware of the cost benefits involved in the
development of health and safety in constructions sites. However, there is still a great deal of
effort to be done before we reach an acceptable margin of accidents and fatalities in the
construction industry. In this section three key issues have been identified as a liability to the
construction industry in Malaysia.

The three issues identified are:

5.1 Communication Barriers between Migrant Workers and Employers

The Malaysian construction industry has a high percentage of immigrant labour work
forces. Approximately 70% of the labour workforce is dominated by immigrants (Suresh and
Yew, 2005). It was estimated that out of 794, 600 workers in the construction sector, 556,
200 (70%) we believed to be immigrants (14). This figure only continued to climb higher. In
2010, Malaysia recorded a total of 187, 743 immigrant workers (Refer to Table 2) (Suresh
and Yew, 2005).
These numbers also represent the demand in the industry for foreign labourers.
Contractors and developers claim that foreign labourers are willing to accept cheaper wages
and work in poor site conditions (Suresh and Yew, 2005). Even though these workers have
little or no education and are inexperienced, employers are willing to hire them because of the
cost benefits. Subsequently, due to the large variety of nationalities working on a construction
site, communication is a widespread problem (Nurul Azita et al, 2012).
Trajkovski and Loosemore’s (2006) research in Australia have shown that the
language factor has in fact contributed to 85.7% of accidents in the construction industry. In
Singapore, the language problem presents itself to workers from Bangladesh, India and
Thailand because they do not understand work orders because of their inability to speak
English or Mandarin (Wah, 2000) (Wah Chin Yee, 2000).

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 Table 2: Statistics for Issuance of Foreign Workers Pass as of 31st December 2010 According
to Country in the Construction Industry in Malaysia (Nurul Azita et al, 2012)

NATIONALITY NO. OF PASSES ISSUED

Indonesia 151,333
Nepal 3,050
Myanmar 12,221
India 3,488
Vietnam 1,965
Bangladesh 3,036
Pakistan 6,217
Philippines 3,335
Cambodia 307
China 2,033
Thailand 463
Sri Lanka 77
Laos 30
Others 188
TOTAL 187,743

These workers who come in are generally unskilled and develop the necessary skills
through experience here. They are not given formal training or guidance and are expected to
pick up the skills through experience. Hence, the uninformed worker has generally little or no
knowledge or awareness on the subject of health and safety. This has led to numerous
accidents which can be ascribed to human error and negligence. More than 1/3 (38.9%) of
accidents is attributed to unsafe method and human elements according to DOSH reports
(Abdul Rahim et al, 2008).
These criteria can be further broken down into sub-categories as reflected below
(Abdul Rahim et al, 2008):

1.) Unsafe Methods

• Incorrect work procedure
• Level of knowledge
• Failure to obey work procedure

2.) Human Elements

• Negligence
• Body Effort
- Tiredness
- Pain
- Drug addiction

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 - Alcohol abuse
• Experience
- Total working hours
- Training
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Self-emotions
• Attitude
- Stubborn
- Lackadaisical attitude towards safety
- Tendency to give up easily

Poor communication during construction can cause substandard workmanship,

accidents, delays and misreporting. These in turn can cause extensive linkages in terms of lost
of cost and time.

5.2 Type of Accidents: Falls from Height and Being Stuck by Falling Objects

The most prevalent type of injuries in the Malaysian construction industry based on
research are falls from height and being struck down by falling objects (Dayang et al, 2010).
In the United Kingdom research by Martin G. Helander (1991), shows that falls from height
and being struck by falling objects presents itself as the highest type of injuries with 52% and
19.4% respectively (Martin G. Helander, 2000).
On the other hand, research done in Malaysia shows that accident in the construction
industry occurs due to unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, human elements, poor site management
and failure to use PPE (A.S. Ali et al, 2010). One of the most common causes of falls from
height is lack of commitment and failure to use personal protective equipment (PPE) (A.S.
Ali et al, 2010).
Although there are many researches and statistics on accidents and fatalities, very few
reports focus on the contributing factors that lead to these accidents. From the available
literature however, it is evident that accidents in the Malaysian construction industry occurs
due to lack of enforcement of health and safety measures.

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 5.3 Lack of Awareness on Importance of Health & Safety Amongst Workers and
Employers

Owing to the fact that most of the labour forces in the Malaysian construction industry
are migrant workers who come from least developed nations, there is generally a lack of
knowledge and understanding in the area of health and safety. There are many reasons for
this to occur. Firstly, immigrant workers lack previous experience in the construction industry
and are therefore impervious to the perils and risks involved in construction (Suresh and
Yew, 2005). This also contributes to other factors that cause accidents such as improper use
of tools and machinery and following incorrect work procedures.
However, the workers are not to be blamed entirely, by law the responsibility of
enforcing health and safety measures falls on the employers. The employers may be
contractors, developers, building owners and etc. Employer’s apathy results from various
reasons. Study by Ayman (2012) on the South African construction industry found that lack
of commitment by top management and poor leadership result in lack of enforcement at the
construction site which leads to accidents and fatalities. Similarly, the main causes of
construction accidents in Malaysia were found to be human element, poor site management,
failure to use PPE, and unsafe equipment (A.S. Ali et al, 2010).
Figure 1 below shows the impact on site accidents based on a survey conducted on
contractors in China. The figure shows that 68% of the contractors feel that reporting an
accident would damage their reputation thus, affecting their business (C.M. Tam et al, 2004).
This shows that the importance of image, cost and time is much higher than that of the
labourer’s lives. This would mean a large number of accidents and fatalities would go
unreported to this fact alone. The same would apply in the Malaysian construction industry
where the absence of a national surveillance system (Adinegara et al, 2013) allows accidents
to go unreported.

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 LEGEND
D
increase in cost
5
12

15 imposing psychological
burden on workers
68 interrupting
construction schedule
impairing reputation of
firms

Figure 1: Impact of site accidents (C.M. TAM, 2004)

6.0 DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

The lack of awareness in health and safety amongst people in the construction
industry is a problem that needs to be addressed. Lack of awareness is not just confined to
migrant workers; there is a widespread ignorance among developers, stakeholders,
contractors, building owners and civilians. Nevertheless, to address this problem the five year
master plan produced by CIDB and DOSH aims to progressively change the general
mentality of people on the importance of health and safety in the construction industry.
Concurrently, the Institution of Engineers Malaysia and the Malaysian Institute of Architects
should play a role in this effort and organise health and safety talks and seminar to amplify
the awareness of health and safety during the construction process as well.
However, the issue of lack of communication skills amongst migrant workers and
employers is an area that needs to be addressed as they represent a major portion of the
labour work force. Looking at statistics which show that most accidents occur due to unsafe
methods and human elements, there is a need for in depth research in this area and methods to
address the issue. In addition, the government should impose more stringent foreign
employment policies in order to control the quality of the construction labour force.
Though there are many supporting evidence with reference to the causation of
accidents and fatalities, there is still a need for literature to address specific factors that lead
to accidents during construction. Arguably the employers and legislation play a paramount
role in enforcing and implementing good health and safety ethics. Nevertheless, workers

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should be responsible for their own health and safety and must be held accountable for their
own welfare.
Generally the culture of health and safety needs to be inculcated within each and
every person involved in the construction a building. In this aspect, the promotion of a good
health and safety culture, the top management must take a proactive approach and implement
workable procedures and policies that can be exercised by their managers and employees.
Poor surveillance on the other hand is another important issue that should be address
in the legislation. Currently the 1994 Health and Safety Act do not place any importance on
surveillance. There is no systematic guideline on how to gather data or use them. Moreover
there are several bodies (DOSH, SOCSO and CIDB) that collect data on accident statistics,
annual health and safety reports and construction data on health and safety. However, there is
no consolidation of data between these bodies hence; accurate results cannot be produced for
analytical purposes. Subsequently, verifying the measures taken by the Master Plan for
Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry 2005 – 2010 would prove to be
inaccurate if not futile.
In the current situation of the Malaysian construction industry, there is no known form
of systematic surveillance data collection. The current method of surveillance by SOCSO is
ineffective as there are many gaps in the statistics. Foreign workers, self-employed workers
and part-time workers are not eligible to receive compensation from SOCSO hence are not
represented in their statistical data. Also, many cases of accidents and fatalities which occur
during construction are not reported thus affecting the validity of the figures collected.

7.0 CONCLUSION

Health and safety in the Malaysian Construction industry still has a long way to go in
many ways. However, the government with the assistance of CIDB and DOSH are moving
towards improving the health and safety standards of the construction industry. The five year
master plan which was implemented in 2005 is intended to complement the Safety and Health
Act 1994 while addressing the major problems prevalent in the Malaysian construction
industry.
However, it is hoped that through research and studies, a more detailed plan on
surveillance and data collection may be employed to further assess the health and safety
aspect of the Malaysian construction industry; due to the reason that only through reliable
statistics and data can policies be drafted, approve and subsequently enforced in the industry.

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8.0 REFERENCES

Italian Institute for Foreign Trade (Oct 2012), Practice guide: Overview of the Malaysian
construction sector,
http://www.ice.gov.it/paesi/asia/malaysia/upload/173/Overview%20Of%20Malaysian
%20Construction%20Sector%20%28October%202012%29.pdf
Malaysian-German Chamber of Commerce (2011), Market watch Malaysia 2011 – The
construction sector,
http://malaysia.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_malaysia/Bilder/Others/Market_Watch_Malaysi
a_Construction_Industry_2011.pdf
Master Plan for Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry 2005 – 2010
(2005), Retrieved from:
https://www.cidb.gov.my/cidbweb/images/pdf/OHSAS2006v2.pdf
Nurul Azita binti Salleh, Norazah binti Mohd Nordin and Abdul Khalim bin Abdul Rashid
(2012), The language problem issue among foreign workers in the Malaysian
construction industry, International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol 3, No
11; June 2012
C.M. TAM, S.X. Zeng, Z.M Deng, Safety Science 42 (2004), Identifying elements of poor
construction safety management in China, Safety Science 42 (2004) 569 – 586
International Labour Organisation, (1995) http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-
covered-by-international-labour-standards/occupational-safety-and-health/lang--
en/index.htm
Occupational Safety and Health Management System – Guideline (MS 1722:2003)
Asian-Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health Safety, Vol. 11, number 1, March 2004.
Abdelhamid, T.S. and Everett, J.G. (2000). Identifying of Root Causes of Construction
Accident, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 126 (1), Page
52 – 60
Adinegara Bin Lutfi Abas, Abdul Razzak Bin Mohd Said, Mohd. Azman Bin Aziz Mohd.
and Nalini Sathiakumar (2013), Fatal occupational injuries among non-governmental
employees in Malaysia, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol 56. 65 – 76
Dayang Nailul Munna Abang Abdullah and Gloria Chan Mei Wern (2010), An analysis of
accident statistics in Malaysian construction sector, 2010 International Conference on
E-business, Management and Economics, IPEDR Vol. 3, 2011
Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid, Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid, and Bachan Singh (2008), Causes of
accidents at construction sites, Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 20 (2), Pages
242 – 259
Suresh Narayanan and Yew-Wah Lai (2005), The causes and consequences of immigrant
labour in the construction sector in Malaysia, International Migration, Vol. 43 (5)
Wong. P (2003), Malaysian construction industry: review and outlook, Master Builders
Journal, 3rd quarter, Page 69 – 76
Trajkovski and Loosemore, (2006), Safety implications of low-English proficiency among
migrant construction site operatives, International Journal of Project Management, 24,
Page 446 – 452
Wah Chin Yee, (2000), Safety risk management in construction worksites, Risk Management
and Insurance Review, 3(2), Page 251 – 264
Martin G. Helander , (1991), Safety hazards and motivation for safe work in the construction
industry, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 8, Page 205 – 223
A.S. Ali, S.N. Kamaruzzaman and G.C. Sing, (2010), A study on causes of accidents and
prevention in Malaysian construction industry.
Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, (2012), A study on the causes and effects of contractors’ non-
compliance with the health and safety regulations in the South African construction
industry, Architectural Engineering and Design Management, Vol. 8, Page 180 – 191
Occupational Safety and Health Act Malaysia, 1994

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