NEW DISCOVERINGNEW DISCOVERING _MATHEMATICS Chow Wai Keung 10D Huo Da Ng Kok MinABOUT THIS BOOK New Discovering Mathematics is a series of textbooks written with a learner-centric approzch that builds upon the knowledge and skills learnt in primary school. Itis based on the latest O-Level Mathematics syllabus implemented from 2020 by the Ministry of Education of Singapore. The emphasis of this series is on empowering students to learn mathematics independently and effectively with focus on fostering interest in mathematics. New Discovering Mathematics is organised into three content strands: Numbers and Algebra, Geometry and Measurement, and Statistics and Probability to facilitate in the acquisition of concepts and skills. Activity-based learning in the form of class activities and exercises allows students to play an active role in the learning process, enhancing the learning experience. This enables the development of a deeper understanding and appreciation of mathematics through greater awareness of the connections between ideas within mathematics as well as between mathematics and other subjects. The content is structured to develop confidence in students by establishing strong mathematical fundamentals, The examples provided are clear and engaging with diagrams, where appropriate, to illustrate key concepts. Students are encouraged to self-reflect and contextualise what they have learnt, promoting metacognitive awareness. This encourages them to go beyond simply presenting a solution to a mathematical problem, which supports good learning habits. The series also aims to develop reasoning, communication, modelling and metacognitive skills through the activities and exercises, including problem-solving tasks and problems in real-world contexts, Students are provided with opportunities to apply mathematical skills and concepts to solve these problems. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills and coding tasks are included to develop students’ computational thinking. National Education (NE) values have been incorporated whenever appropriate. @ STAR PUBLISHING PTE LTD Star Publishing Pte Ltd 115A Commonwealth Drive #05-12 Tanglin Halt Industrial Estate Singapore 149596 Website: www.starpub.com.sg Email: contactus@starpub.com.sg ISBN 978-981-4658-86-7 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED. No partof this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording of otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, First published 2020, Printed by KHL Printing Co Pte Ltd, SingaporeChapters 81 8.2 8.3 Chapter 9 94 9.2 9.3 9.4 Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 Chapter 11 na m2 13 14 CONTENTS NUMBERS AND ALGEBRA Ratio, Rate and Speed Ratio Rate Speed Let’s Sum Up! Maths Journal Percentage Introduction to Percentage Percentage Change Reverse Percentage Problems Involving Percentages in Practical Situations Let’s Sum Up! Maths Journal Sequences and Number Patterns Sequences Number Patterns Involving Geometric Figures Let's Sum Up! Maths Journal Linear Functions and Graphs Cartesian Coordinates Concept of a Function Linear Functions and Linear Graphs Gradient of Linear Graphs Let’s Sum Up! Maths Journal Revision Exercise 3 u 16 24 26 27 28 37 43 aT 56 58 59 60 67 76 78 79 80 87 99 no 12 13 GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT Chapter 12 Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures 12.1 Perimeter and Area of Parallelograms 12.2 Perimeter and Area of Trapeziums 12.3 Perimeter and Area of Composite Plane Figures Let’s Sum Up! Problem-Solving Task Maths Journal Chapter 13 Volume and Surface Area of Prisms and Cylinders 13.1 Views and Nets of 3D Objects 13.2 Volume and Total Surface Area of Prisms 13.3. Volume and Total Surface Area of Cylinders 13.4 ~ Volume and Surface Area of Composite Solids Let’s Sum Up! Problem-Solving Task Maths Journal STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY Chapter 14 Data Handling 141 Collecting Data 14.2 Organising Data 14.3. Representing and Analysing Data 14.4 Statistics in Real Life Revision Exercise 4 Let's Sum Up! Maths Journal Problems in Real-world Contexts Answers us 6 126 134 “4 14 14 145 146 151 164 170 175 178 178 179 180 182 187 202 au 24vi CONTENTS NUMBERS A chapter 8 8a 82 83 chapter? 9a 92 93 4 Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 Chapter 11 m4 m2 13 14 IND ALGEBRA Ratio, Rate an Ratio rate speed Let's Sum UP! maths Journal d speed Percentage Introduction to PercentaBe Percentage Change Reverse Percentage problems Involving Perce! Let's Sum UP! Maths Journal sntages in Practical Situations sequences and Number Patterns ‘Sequences Number Patterns Involvi Let's Sum Up! Maths Journal ing Geometric Figures Linear Functions and Graphs Cartesian Coordinates Concept of a Function Linear Functions and Linear Graphs Gradient of Linear Graphs Let’s Sum Up! Maths Journal Revision Exercise 3GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT Chapter 12 124 12.2 12.3 pter 13, Ba 13.2 13.3 1B.4 wa 14.2 14.3 144 of Plane Perimeter and Area of Parallelograms Perimeter and Area of Trapeziums Perimeter and Area of Composite Plane Figures Let’s Sum Up! Problem-Solving Task Maths Journal Views and Nets of 3D Objects Volume and Total Surface Area of Prisms Volume and Total Surface Area of Cylinders Volume and Surface Area of Composite Solids Let's Sum Up! Problem-Solving Task Maths Journal ind Cylinders Collecting Data Organising Data Representing and Analysing Data, Statistics in Real Life Let’s Sum Up! Maths Journal Revision Exercise 4 Problems in Real-world Contexts Answers "5 16 126 134 1 44 144 145, 146 151 164 170 175 178 178 179, 180 182 187 202 an 24 215 219 227KEY FEATURES CHAPTER OPENER Introduces the chapter by providing real-world Context, focusing on the relevance of mathematics in our daily lives. Students can explore the subject further, fostering interest in mathematics, The learning objectives for each chapter are provided in this section, @mum Enhances students’ learning experiences through exploration and discovery by guiding them through relevant tasks, WORKED EXAMPLE Illustrates the steps in solving mathematical problems to help students understand a concept or skill. Analysis in difficult problems guides students in unpacking the information and making sense of it. TRY IT 3 YOURSELF Provides a similar mathematical problem to the Worked Example for students to practise and consolidate their understanding. PRACTICE © EXERCISE Provides exercises with differer (basic mastery, Practice. LET'S SUM UPI Highlights important concepts, formulae, properties and rules for quick revision. nt difficulty levels intermediate, advanced) for further (@) REVIEW [ EXERCISE Provides a further exercise to reinforce understanding and consolidate learning for each chapter. GIB MATHS JOURNAL Encourages students to reflect on and communicate about the learning experiences. REVISION EXERCISE Tests mastery of what has been learnt with problems that integrate concepts and skills taught across topics. Cae Asks questions that encourage reflection on learning to promote development of metacognitive skills. Ge) PROBLEMS SOLVING T Includes non-routine problems to develop students’ problem-solving skills with prompts to guide students using Polya’s 4-step approach. IN REAL-WORLD CONTEXTS Gives students opportunities to explore, model and solve problems in real-life situations, allowing them to realise the relevance and utility of mathematics in our daily lives. SIDE FEATURES Presents the connections to Big Ideas in mathematics and provides opportunities to explore how certain, concepts relate to and can be applied to other concepts. TE | sts town essential mathematical terms introduced in the chapter. (BI CODING | Provides codingopportunities to support development of computational thinking. ‘PDISCUSS, Poses questions to extend students’ learning and encourage communication of mathematical concepts and ideas. LIGHT, Highlights important information to take note of €2 EXTRAINFO, introduces scientific, historical or fun mathematical facts related to the topic RECALL. Prompts to reccllect concepts and definitions learnt previously.Acknowledgements The publisher would like to thank al the organisations and People who have given their kind permission to reproduce their materials in this book, Photo Credits {Oladim Sadovski/Shutterstock; 4 ©nnnnae/Shutterstock; § ©weniworks/Shutterstock; 11 © ulrich22/Shutterstock; 18 @broukoid/ Shutterstock; 22 Amanita Silvicora/Shutterstock; 27 ©NavinTat/Shutterstock; 81 Gmaxpro/Shutterstock; $9 @hanohik/Shutterstock; FP GMakinach- s/Shutterstock; 99 @peart/Shutterstock; 106 Golessya.g/Shutterstock; 15 @Roman Motizow/Shutterstock, ©MRAORAGR/ Shutterstock; 129 @Beyond Time/Shutterstock; 186 ©The Walls and Gates of Peking/Osvald Sirén, @arigato/Shutterstocle 140 @Hennadi b/Shutterstock; 145 ©Chaosamran_Studlo/Shutterstock;146 Orobuart/Shutterstock, ©Dotted etl/Shutterstock, andrewvect/ Sfuterstoci, @AlexAvch/Shutterstock, @SlayStorm/Shutterstock; 150 Cphive/Shutterstok; 151 @cherkas/ Shutterstock; 185 ©Powertp/ Shutterstock; 158 @Reekod/shutterstock; 164 OAlexElis/Shutterstock, Gtopseller/Shutterstock, OHelloRF Zcool/Shutterstock, 169 ©Lonely/Shutterstock, ©Unkas Photo/Shutterstock; 170 @MidNight SoLar/Shuaterstock, ©Ksenia_designer/Shutterstock; 379 ORich Carey/Shutterstock; 180 @Rainer Lesriewski/Shutterstock; 183 @HstrongART/Shutterstock; 198 OGreat. Kit/Shutterstock; 205 @openeyed/Shutterstock, ©Gines Valera Marin/Shutterstock, @alanadesign/Shutterstock, 6Morozova Olga/Shuttestock, 312 Gelozur'Shuterstock; 219 fre art/Shulterstock, ©Maksvil/Shutterstock, @MaraZe/Shutterstock; 221 Picsfive/Shutterstock; 322 OMaksym Drozd/Shutterstock, @atabik yusuf djufi/Shutterstock, ORealVector/Shutterstock; 223 ©Shebjehan/Shutterstack; 225 @Andrew Rybalko/Shutterstock; 226 © Somchai Som/Shutterstock; While every effort has been made to contact the owners of copyrighted materials, we have been unsuccessful in some cases, To these we offer our sincere apologies. We welcome any information which would enable us to contact the copyright owners concerned. We will be pleased to make the corrections in future editions ofthe book. Ratio, Rate and Speed Most satellites orbit around the Earth between 240 km ‘to 800km from the Earth’s surface, The average speed of these satellites is 27400 km/h or more. These satellites travel very fast so that they will notbe drawn back into the Earth’s atmosphere and fall from their orbii Go on the Internet and find the average speed at which the Moon orbits around the Earth. How much faster or slower does the Moon travel compared to a satellite? In this chapter, we will learn to: express ratios involving rational numbers in the simplest form; compare two different quantities of using rate; recognise the relationship between distance, time and speed; convert speed into different units; and solve problems involving ratio, rate and speed.2 NeW DISCOVERING MATHEMATICS 1B @ RATIO + ratio . nak + quantities © Ratios of Two Quantities + simplest form i, + equivalent ratios We have learnt to use a ratio to compare two similar quantities a and b. Aratio shows the relative size of two quantities and has no unit. The ratio of quantity a to quantity b is denoted by a: b. The ratio a:b can also be written as a fraction, a where a and bare positive, Doyou think a: bis the sane as b: a? Why? Let us consider the following example. N There are 16 girls and 20 boys in a class. Find the ratio of the number of boys to the ‘number of girls in the simplest form. Number of boys : Number of girls = 20 a 16 ‘ +4 +4 - Tae The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls is 5: 4 Now, let us look at cases where a and bare rational numbers, oo _—— ae 'fgiven that the ratio of the number of boys to the number of girlsis 5: 4, does this ratio tell us the exact number of boys is 5 and girls is 4? Explain your answer, In general, if and b represent two similar quantities, then © RECALL » the ratio a: bis in its simplest form, where a and b are integers with no ii re ea common factor greater than 1. » for the ratio a : b, we can multiply or divide a and b by the same constant to obtain equivalent ratios. expressed in the form$, where a and bare integers b That is,a:b=ma:mb=% integers, 0 and negative integers is called the set of integers. and +0. iti 1 collection of positive , where m and n are positive. J The collection of posit WORKED EXAMPLE Simplify the following ratios, (c) 0.280: 0.182 SOLUTION Can you recall other instances of equivalence? @:b=ma: mb, where mis positive, 20isthe LCM of 4 ands. Multiply by 20 to convert each quantity to an integer. 9s the HCF of a5 and 72. 2, where nis positive CHAPTER 8+ RATIO, RATE AND SPEED 3B. (c) 0.280: 0.182 0.280 (R100): 0.182 81600) = 280: 182 Multiply by 1000 to convert each quantity toan integer. za le 14 isthe HCF of 280 and 182. 414 =20:13 TRY IT YOURSELF 2 @poiscu 7 Can we express n:1 as ‘Simplify the following ratios. 1.44 f a:3, where aand bare (a) 15 (b) 15:45 (e) 0.360: 0.153 integers? Explain. WORKED EXAMPLE 4 tively. Aran ad bi tok seconds and 2 iusto anor a gare Find the ratio of Bobby's time taken to Aravin’s time taken to answer the quiz. NINES ran be expressed in the same Before evaluating a ratio, the two quantities must be exp unit of measurement. We express both times taken in minutes before finding the ratio. ey Aravin’s time taken = 90s 90 min Bobby's time taken : Aravin’s time taken = 1.3 “32 16-3 2 =2x6:3x6 GistheLcMofsand2 3X6:5%6 6 :9 4 GD - In genera.a:b4b:4, unless a= + Aratioshould be witten nthe same order asthe given quantities. InwWorked Example 2, Bobby's time taken: Aravin's ime ake avi’ time taken: Bobby'stime take =. —__ {a) Will the ratio be the same if we express both times in seconds? Show your workings. i (b) What does your answer in (a) tell us when we express the relationship between two quant 9and 9:14,4 Newoiscoverine marHewarics 18 TRY IT 6 YOURSELF = 3 of 2 bags of sugar, A and B, are 750g and 12kg respectivel (a) The masse: 8 kg respectively Find the ratio of the mass of B to the mass of A. (b) A blue whale grows up to 29.9m and a great white shark grows up to 490 cm. Find the ratio of the length of the blue whale to the length of the white shark. WORKED EXAMPLE Aster wrote down the recipe for two cakes but spilled chocolate syrup on the amount of flour Tequired. The ratio of the mass of sugar to the mass of flour for making the cakes is 2: 5. Recipe 300 ik @ ml mil e 200g sugar (a) Express the mass of sugaras a fraction of ? the mass of flour used in the recipe. (b) Find the mass of flour required to bake one cake (€)_ Does it make sense to write a ratio of milk to sugar for this re Ifyes, find the ratio. Ifnot, explain your answer, = (a) Asillustrated in the bar model, the ratio 2: 5 means that for every 2 units of sugar, there are 5 units of flour. _, Mass of suga Mass of flour "5 (b) Method 1 Since the mass of sugar required to bake 2 cakes is 200g, the mass of Sugar required to bake 1 cake is 100g. IF the mass of sugaris 100, the mass of flour required = 22x 5 = 250g The mass of flour required to bake one cake is 250g. Method 2 Refer to the bar model. Let the mass of sugar be 2xg, Thus the mass of flour is 5xg, To bake one cake, 2x=100 x=50 + 5x=5%50 = 250 The mass of flour required to bake one cake is 250 g (€)_ No, since volume and mass are not similar quantities. + we cannot write a ratio of milk to sugar for this recipe tis equivalent to say inassof sugor_ 2 "ross of Fou ‘mass of sugar:mass of flour 2:5 or mass of sugar is ofthe nae of flor. Can you say itn another way? Compare your conswers with your classmate, Cseorucur ln Method 2 of Worked Example 3(b), we let the mass of sugar be 2eg instead of xg, This will make iteasier to express the mass ‘of lourin terms of x CHAPTER 8+ RATIO, RATE AND SPEED TRY IT YOURSELF a Mandy has a recipe to make 10 shortcakes. "50g sugar She knows that the ratio of the mass of flour to the mass of butter required for making 10 shortcakes is 8: 7 {a) Express the mass of flour as a fraction of the mass of butter required for making 10 shortcakes. (b) Find the mass of butter required if Mandy wants to make 20 shortcakes. (c) Does it make sense to write a ratio of milk to flour for this recipe? If yes, find the ratio. If not, explain your answer. WORKED EXAMPLE The areas of room A and room B are in the ratio 3: 5. If the area of room Bis 8m? bigger than that of room, find the area of roomA. ey Method1 | Let 3cm? and 5xm?be the areas of room A and room B respectively. Then 5x-3 x4 = 12m? «area of roomA Method 2 Since the ratio of the area of room A to that of room Bis 3: 5, we know that the area of room Bis ofthe area of room A. Let ym? be the area of room A. 5 + the area of room B=Zym?. ly both sides by 3, * area of room Ais 12m? 3 3 ioe HP The ratio of to Bis 3:5 isthe same as'Ais 2 of 8 and ‘Bis $ of ANEW DISCOVERING MATHEMATICS 18, =. For Worked Example 4, if we let zm? be the area of room B, how will you solve the problem using another method? YOURSELF The capacities of cup Pand cup Qare in the ratio 2: 3. If cup Q can hold 120 cm? of water more than cup P, find the capacity of cup Q. © Ratios of Three Quantities We can also use ratio to represent a relationship involving more than two Quantities. A ratio involving three quantities cannot be written as.a fraction. We can simplify the ratio by multiplying or dividing each term by the same constant. For instance, if a=18, b=24 and c= 16, then the ratio of a to b to cin its simplest form is as follows: From the above ratio, we can also write a:b= 9 : Simplify the following ratios. LCM of 2, 3 and 4is 12. convert each quantity Multiply by 10 to convert each quantity HCF of 4,20 and 16 is 4 YOURSELF ‘Simplify the following ratios. (b) 1.8:5.4:0.9 CHAPTERS RATIO, RATEAND SPEED 7 WORKED EXAMPLE Ifa:b=5:6and 8:11,finda:b:c. Coes Note that b is common in both ratios but represents different values. To combine the two ratios asa single ratio, we need to find an equivalent ratio for each of a:band b: c where the new value of b is the same for each ratio. Ee { “SroTLiGHT Multiply each quantity by 4 We convert each ratio to an equivalent ratio where hey: @t-20cae the new value ofb, 24, is, = the LOM of and 8, the ee ‘original values of bin the Multiply each quantity by ‘wo ratios. ie, bt Hence a:b: c= 20:24:33. TRY IT YOURSELF a (a) ifa:b=7:10 and b:c=15:8, find a: bic, (b) Ifa: y=3:Mandz:y=4:7, find x:z. WORKED EXAMPLE Arlinda, Bernice and Cailing share a sum of $4720. The ratio of Arlinda’s share to Bernice’s share is 3 : 4. The ratio of Bernice’s share to Cailing’s share is 5 :6. How much money does each girl get? Ee Arlinda’s share : Bernice’s share = 3:4 Bernice’s share : Cailing’sshare = 5:6 + Arlinda’s share : LEM of 4and 51s 20, Bernice’s share : Cailing'sshare = 5x = 20 Arlinda's share : Bernice’s share : Cailing’s share = 15 : 20: 24 5 35420424 Arlinda’s share = $4720 x = $1200 Bernice’s share = $4720 x = $1600 Cailing’s share= $4720 x = $1920 20 15+ 20424 — 15+ 207248 Newoiscoverinc maTHEmaTics 18 ® fh TRY IT YOURSELF Hakim, Edmund and Paul share a bag of guppies. There are 132 guppies in the bag. The ratio of Hakim’s share to Edmund's share is 2: 3. The ratio of Edmund’s share to Paul’s share is 1:2. How many guppies does each boy get? WORKED EXAMPLE The number of $10 notes, the number of $5 notes and the number of $2 notes in a wallet are in the ratio 4:5 : 3. If two of the $10 notes are exchanged for the same value in $2 notes, the ratio of the number of $10 notes to the number of $2 notes becomes 3: 8. Find the total value of the dollar notes in the wallet, Let 4x, 5x and 3x be the number of $10 notes, $5 notes and $2 notes in the wallet respectively. Since two of the $10 notes can be exchanged for ten $2 notes, the number of $10 notes left after exchanging = 4x -2 and the number of $2 notes after exchanging = 3x + 10. Be+10 8 (4x - 2) = 3(3x+ 10) 324-16 23x = 46 x22 + the total value of the dollar notes in the wallet = $10(4 x 2) + $5(5 x 2) + $2(3 2) =$142 TRY IT YOURSELF a The number of $1 coins, the number of 50-cent coins and the number of 20-cent coinsin a purse are in the ratio 2 :1:1.5. three of the $1 coins are exchanged for an equal value in 50-cent coins, the ratio of the number of $1 coins to the number of ‘50-cent coins becomes 1:2. Find the total value of the coins in the purse. exercise 8.1 BASIC MASTERY, © Express each of the following ratios in the simplest form. (a) 18:27 (b) 144132 14! 2.41 (e) 15:45 (a) 23:15 (e) 0.250:0.375 (f) 0.48:22 (g) 1.6m:36em (h) 850g:3.4kg © Find a: bin each of the following. (a) 2a=3b (b) 2 5 © Simplify each of the following ratios. Vitigt 4 (a) aibic (b) x:y:2=2.7:6:1.8 © Given thata:b:c=20:35:15, (a) simplifya:b:c, —(b) finda:b, (e) finde: b. Given that: y:2= 53: 4.62 :33, (a) simplifyx:y:z, (b) find y:x, (e) find x:z. © fa=20and b=36, find a) a: (b) a? b. @ The ratio of the number of junior employees to the number of senior employees in a company is 5:2. (a) What fraction of the total number of employees are junior employees? (b) Ifthe total number of employees is. 28, how many of them are senior employees? © inthe 2016 olympics Games, the ratio of the number of gold medals won by China to that won by the United States was 13 : 23. The United States won 20 more gold medals than China, Find the number of gold medals won by China. CHAPTER 8 «RATIO, RATE AND SPEED © Ina glucose molecule, the atoms of carbon, & hydrogen and oxygen are bonded in the ratio1: 2:1. If the total number of atoms ina glucose molecule is 24, find the number of (a) carbon atoms, (b) hydrogen atoms in the molecule, INTERMEDIATE @ Givena:b an equation. :5, express a in terms of bin @ Finda: b:cin each case. (a) (b) () (a) Ifa: ® Ifx:y (a) simplifyx:yand y:2, (b) findx: y:2. .75:0.90 and y: z= @® Thesides of square A and square B are 15cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the ratio of (a) theirsides, (b) their perimeters, (c) their areas. 15cm 20cm © The perimeter of a rectangular TV screen is 150 cm. The ratio of the width to the height of the TV screen is 16 : 9.Find the area of the screen.10 new oiscoverinc MATHEMATICS 18 © A total of 165 students from schools P,Q and R participated in a National Day Parade. The number of participating students from schools P and Q are in the ratio 5: 6 and the number of participating students from schools Q and R are in the ratio 9:11. Find the number of participating students from (a) school P, (b) school Q. @ The prices of two food items, A and B, are in the ratio2 : 3. Ifthe price of A increases by $12 while the price of B decreases by $6, the ratio of their prices becomes 10:11. Find the original price of each item. [ADVANCED. g Find three integers a, b and csuch that 3:4:5andaz9. a:b:c= © Chocolate beans are packed in 250g and 750 g packages. The numbers of 250g packages and 750 g packages are in the ratio 1: 2. If two of the 750g packages are repacked into 250 g packages, then the ratio becomes 5 : 3. Find (a) the original number of 250g packages, (b) the total mass of the chocolate beans. ® The total number of English, Mathematics and Science books in a bookshop is 125. The ratio of the number of English books to that of Mathematics books is 3: 4. The number of Science books is 15 fewer than the number of English books. Find the number of English books. @ The ratio of Mary's mass to Peter’s mass is 5:7. Norman's mass is 13kg more than Mary's mass but 9 kg less than Peter’s mass. Find the mass of Mary. @ The ratio of the number of technicians to the number of apprentices in a factory is 7: 2. When + of the apprentices are promoted to technicians, there are 36 more technicians than apprentices. Find the original number of technicians. ® The lengths of rods A and B are 120 cm and 96 cm respectively. After a section of equal length is cut from each rod, the ratio of the length of Ato that of B becomes 10:7. Find the length of the section that was cut from each rod. @ Jason obtains two new shades of pink, A and B, using white and red paints. The amounts of white paint and red paint required to obtain paint A are in the ratio 1:3, and for paint Bin the ratio 2: 5, Jason obtains 4 litres of Aand 6 litres of B. (a) How much white paint does Jason use for each shade of pink paint? (b) IfAand B are mixed, find the ratio of white paint to red paint in the mixture. CHAPTER 8 RATIO, RATE AND SPEED IT @® RATE ® Average Rate and Constant Rate Let us look at how we can compare two different quantities. ‘Ata supermarket, two brands of laundry detergent a are available in two different sizes. Brand A detergent costs $8.70 for 3 litres. Brand B detergent costs $13.50 for litres. we want to know which brand of detergent ischeaperforthesamevolumeof detergent, wecan BranéA Brand 8 compare their prices per litre an pate Price of brand A detergent = $22 Price of brand 8 detergent =#252 =$2.90/1 = $2.70 “$2.90/I’ is called a rate. We read ‘$2.90/l’ as ‘$2.90 per litre’. By writing that brand A is $2.9/1 and brand B is $2.7/1, we can compare the cost of the two detergents. Thus, we can conclude brand Bis cheaper than brand A, Rate involves two quantities and it is usually expressed as one quantity per unit of another quantity. WORKED EXAMPLE {a) Mary typed 300 words in 5 minutes. Find her average rate of typing in words/min. (b) Acartravelled 450 km on 401 of petrol. Find the rate of petrol consumption in (i) kmperd, (ii) Eper 100km. SOLUTION 300 words ‘S minutes = 60 words/min {a) Rate of typing = 4s0km ) Rate of petrol consumption of the car=~ao7 511.25 km/l 40l a50km ete = «1001 per 100km (b) (ii) Rate of petrol consumption of the car= = 821 per 100km + rate + average rate + constant rate Observe that this rat such as $2.9/lis made up of two measures, the cost, andthe volume of the detergent. In addition, the units used, dollars ($) and litres (D, are derived from the two measures. { ‘por LIGHT, ‘Arate hasa unit and the unitshould be written inthe same order of the quantities. e.g. kn/l#/km @ RECALL Ratio compares quantities of the same kind. Tn Worked Example (6X), thecor travels 1125km with 11 of petro In Worked Example 9(bXii), cies oy or petrol totravel 100km Even though the values. andthe units ore diferent they both represent. thesome rate of petrol consumption,12 Uy NEW DISCOVERING MATHEMATICS 18, TRY IT 5 YOURSELF 7 Find the rate in each of the following. (a) Joe ran 100m in 12.5 seconds. Find his rate of running in m/s. (b) 375ml of apple juice costs $6. Find the price rate in $/ (€) Acarused 751 of petrol to travel a distance of 600km. Calculate the rate of petrol consumption, giving your answer in/ per 10km. Note that a rate, such as typing rate or petrol consumption rate in Worked Example 9, may not be constant throughout its course. Mary might type 60, 54, 55, 61 and 50 words (a total of 280 words) in successive minutes. The petrol consumption rate depends on the speed of the car and the terrain, which may vary during the journey. Strictly speaking, the rate calculated in this way is an average rate for a given duration or a journey. On the other hand, some rates are constant. For example, the price of the petrol ina petrol station is $2.25/, which is a constant rate. WORKED EXAMPLE 10 ‘On 13 June 2018, Cheryl exchanged 800 Euros (EUR) for 1256 Singapore dollars (scp). (a) Find the exchange rate, correct to 4 significant figures if itis not exact, between Euros and Singapore dollars in () sGDyeuR, (ii) EuR/scD. (b) Cheryl spent 80 EUR on some gifts for her family. Find the price of the gifts in SGD, Ema (a) (i) 800 EUR=1256 SGD 1288 1EUR= “300 SGD =1.570 SGD « the exchange rate is 1.57 SGD/EUR. =0.6369EUR (correct to 45.f) «the exchange rate is 0.6369 EUR/SGD. (b) Price of the gifts= 80 EUR =80*1.57SGD =125.60 SGD gyDIscuss What are some examples of average rates in our daily fe? € EXTRAINFO ‘An exchange rateis the ‘market price for which one ‘currency can be exchanged for another, CHAPTER 8 RATIO, RATE AND SPEED 13 ie TRY IT 10 YOURSELF On 13 June 2018, a Chinese tourist exchanged 2874.21 Renminbi (RMB) for 600 Singapore dollars (SGD). (a) Find the exchange rate between Renminbi and Singapore dollars in (i) SGD/RMB, (ii) RMB/SGD. (b) He spent $8.50 SGD ata food court. Find his expenditure in RMB Give your answers correct to 4 significant figures. examece 11 Atechnician completed a job in 3 hours. He charged $84 for his service. (a) Find his hourly rate. (b) Ifanother job required 4.5 hours to complete, how much did he charge for that job at the same hourly rate? : SOLUTION Forall the rates that we have learnt, we can sea ‘proportional relationship betweentwo quantities. Where else have you seen such proportional relctionships previously? Discuss with your classmates. (a) Hourly rate = = $28/h {b) Total charge = Hourly rate x Number of hours =$20%45 = $126 TRY IT Tl YOURSELF Aworker at a shipyard is paid $120 for 8 hours of work on weekdays. On weekends, the hourly rate is twice that on weekdays. (a) Find the hourly wage rate on weekdays. (b) Ifthe worker works for 5 hours on Sunday, find his wage for that day.14 newoiscoverine maTHEMATiCs 18 Examete 12 Ear Let x boxes/h be Ajit’s average packing rate. Then John’s average packing rate = 2x boxes/h. following equation. In hour, boxes packed by John and Ajit =x+ 2x +-Alit’s average packing rate is 9 boxes per hour. [Biker T2 John and Ajit are employed to pack boxes of goods in a factory. John’s average rate of packing is twice as fast as Ajit’s. John and Ajit can pack 108 boxes in 4 hours altogether. Find Ajit’s average packing rate in boxes per hour. Consider the total number of boxes packed in 4 hours and we have the —o Susan's average rate of reading.a storybookis three times as fast as that of Cai’s. Given that Susan can read 60 more Pages than Cai in 5 hours, find Cai’s average reading rate in pages per hour. © ceckcise 8.2 BASIC MASTERY @ Find the rate in each case. (a) A 2Hltre bottle of peanut oil costs $7. The price rate is ${_]/. (b) A company produces 360 vases in 5 days. The rate of production is{_ ]vases/day. (€) Huili typed 376 words in 8 minutes. Herrate of typingis(_}words/min. (d) A carpet of area 3m? costs $240. The price rate is ${_ }/m (e) The mass of a 2.5m metal baris 10kg. The rate of massis(_ }kg/m. © Rahman works 5 days a week and 8 hours a day. His daily wage is $184. {a) Find his hourly wage rate. (b) Find his weekly wage rate. © The cost of laying 12 m of floor tiles is $270. (a) Find the cost of laying floor tiles per m?. (b) Find the cost of laying 20m? of floor tiles. © Acartravelled 225km on 25 litres of petrol. ‘The amount spent on the petrol consumed was $30. {a) Find the rate of petrol consumption in km/litre, {b) What was the price of petrol per litre? INTERMEDIATE © There are 6 identical wooden cubes, each of side Scm. Their total mass is 525g, (a) Find the mass per cube (b) Find the mass per cm? of a cube. @ A5-kg pack of ‘Fragrant’ brand rice is sold > for $9.60 and a 10-kg pack of ‘Premium’ brand rice is sold for $18.60. (a) Find the price per kg of the (i) ‘Fragrant’ brand rice, i) ‘Premium’ brand rice. (b) Which pack of rice is more value for money if the quality of both brands of rice is the same? @ Ona certain day, 4000 Singapore dollars (SGD) > can be exchanged for 25300 Hong Kong dollars (HKD). (a) Find the exchange rate between Singapore dollars and Hong Kong dollars in (i) SGD/HKD, (ii) HKD/SGD. (b) Janet bought a necklace for 38 000 HKD when she visited Hong Kong. Find the price of the necklace in SGD. Give your answers correct to 4 significant figures. © Apipe delivers 91 of water in 20 seconds. (a) Find the amount of water it delivers per minute. (b) An empty aquarium tankis 60cm long, 45cm wide and 30cm high. How long does it take for the pipe to fill the empty tank completely with water? Note: 1 litre = 1000. cm? © Henry's resting heart rate is 26 beats per 20 seconds. A heart rate is usually expressed as the number of beats per minute (bpm). {a) Find Henry's heart rate in bpm. (b) Ann’s resting heart rate is 22 beats per 15 seconds, Whose heart beats at a faster rate? CHAPTERS -RATIO, RATE AND SPEED 15, @ Jansen packs 10 boxes of computer parts in 2.5 hours and Ben packs 12 boxes in 3 hours, How long will Jansen and Ben take to pack 100 boxes of computer parts together? [ADVANCED @ The price of a flat of floor area 1201m?is $504000. Jenny and her nother shared the cost of such a flat in the ratio 2: 3. (a) How much did Jenny pay? {b) Find the price per m' of the flat. © Apure gold cube of side 3cm has a mass of 521.1g. {a) Find the mass of pure gold percm’. (b) Another gold cube of side 2cm has a mass of 120g. Is this cube made of pure gold? Explain your answer. Note: The mass of a material per unit volume iscalled the density of the material. ©® inagear system, the drivingwheel has 16 teeth and the driven wheel has 8 teeth. (a) Find the gear ratio cf the system. (b) Ifthe driving wheel makes 108 rotations per minute, find the number of rotations the driven wheel makes per minute. Note: The ratio of the number of teeth on the driven wheel to that of the driving wheel is called the gear ratio. ‘driven, wheel driving wheel © Acompany rents an office and a warehouse with floor areas of 100m? and 300 m* respectively. The rentalrrate of the office in dollars per square metre ($/m?) is 23 times that of the warehouse. Ifthe total rent of the office and the warehouse is $4400 per month, find the monthly rental rate of the warehouse in $/m*.CHAPTER 8 +RATIO, RATEAND SPEED 17 16 new oiscoverING MATHEMATICS 18 ® Onacertain day, a bank had the following @ Cindy and Eddie work ina hotel. Cindy can (b) 7min 20s=(7%60+20)s _Statethe units on both sides. & exchange rates. clean 17 rooms in 5 hours and Eddie can 440s i 1 SGD = 0.8163USD and 1USD = 0.6977 EUR, clean 14 rooms in 4 hours. How long will it Walking speed = “Sanco eevee Mair ind the exchange rate between take for them to finish cleaning 100 rooms Singapore dollars (SGD) and Euros EUR) together? Give your answer in hours and in EUR/SGD, correct to 4 significant minutes, correct to the nearest minute. figures. (b) Awatch was sold for 430 EUR on a German website and 600 USD ona TRY IT 13 United States website. If shipping is free YOURSELF —o for both websites, which one offers a (a) Jerry cycles 30km in 2 hours. Find his speed in km/h, better deal? Show your working clearly. (b) A snail crawls 4cm in 10 seconds. Find its speed in cm/s. From Worked Example 13, we see that a speed can be expressed in different units ® SPEED such askm/h, m/min, m/s and cm/s. + speed ; . * distance ®) wore 1h © Distance, Time and Speed “time LU) EXAMPLE * unit is kt Speed isa special type of rate that measures how fast or stow an object moves. ® constant speed The road distance between Singapore and Kuala Lompar i askin m The formula for speed can be expressed as follows: + uniform speed At8.00 a.m., Jason starts to drive from Singapore to etait + average speed a speed of 71km/h. Find | Distatcetiavalied i ——— a (a) the distance he has travelled at 9.30a.m., | Speed =——— rer 2 {b) the time he will arrive in Kuala Lumpur. ime taken } Speed describes a proportional relationship between distance and time, Do you agree? Why? Emir 1 (a) 8.00a.m. to 9.30 a.m. —> 1h 30min or 15h Observe that speed is derived from two other quantities: distance, which measures how far the object travels, and time, which measures how long it takes. From the formula, we can also dei et Distance travelled = Speed x Time taken Distance travelled or Time taken = ime taken Speed For example, ifa car's travelling at a speed of 80 km per hour (80km/h), it means in Thour, it travels a distance of 80 km. In this case, km/h is the unit speed of the car. = ‘Th WORKED B uy EXAMPLE Alex and Jenny arrange to meet at an MRT station. Alex cycles to the station and Jenny walks to the station. (a) Alex takes 15 minutes to cycle 3km. Find his speed in km/min, (b) Jenny takes 7 minutes and 20 seconds to walk 600m. Find her speed in m/s. S hours from 8.00 a.m. is 1.00 p.m. Hence Jason will arrive in Kuala Lumpur at 1.00 p.m. Pilea 14 ely (a) Cycling speed = “stance wavelled 7 is The walking speed of Alii 0.8 m/s. Find “35min (@) the distance he can walk in one minute, (b) the time he takes to walk 20m.CHAPTER & RATIO, RATEAND SPEED 19 18 new DIscovERING MATHEMATICS 18 © Constant Speed and Average Speed When an object maintains the same speed throughout its course, we say that the object is moving at a constant speed, or uniform speed. WORKED 16 EXAMPLE Towns P and Q are 30km apart. Wenrong cycles at an average speed of 15km/h from P to Q. On the return journey from Q to P, he cycles at an average speed of T2km/h. Find his average speed for the whole journey. In reality, the speed of an object may vary during the course of its motion. For example, the speed of a bicycle may decrease when moving uphill and increase when moving downhill. When an aeroplane flies from one place to another, its speed may vary due to the altitude and to the speed and direction of the wind, Ea Strictly speaking, the speed we calculated in Worked Example 13 is an average speed, fotal distance travelled Total time taken } ey l Average speed = Average speed for the whole journey = () Work 615 EXAMPLE Kate and her friends are on a road trip. She drives the first 2 hours at an average speed of 60 km/h and the next 3 hours at an average speed of 70km/h. Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. 1 =135km/h TRY IT 1 6 YOURSELF : Towns X and Y are 108 km apart. Sulin drives at an average speed of 72km/h from X to Y. On the return journey, she drives at an average speed of 54km/h from Y to X. Find her average speed for the whole journey. WORKED 17 EXAMPLE Train A and train B leave a station at the same time and travel in opposite directions. Train A travels at 80km/h and train B travels at 100 km/h. Find the time taken for the two trains to be 135 km apart. We know the speed of each train and that they are 135km apart. Since they leave the station at the same time, the duration of travel is the same. Let ¢ hours represent the duration, Using the given information, we can form an equation that equates the distance travelled by trains A and & with 135 km. @e DISCUSS Jane works out the answer for Worked Example 15 as follows Average speed 60070 fe— Speed = 60 km/h Speed =70km/h zy Time=2h Time=3h ee SF oal|!.§H4 5 km/h A 8 c Isher working correct? If not, identity the error and correct her working, Ei Total distance travelled = 60x 2+70x3 330km Eatin Let hours be the time taken for both trains to be 135km apart. Distance travelled by train A in thours = 80tkm Distance travelled by train B in thours = 100¢km From the given information, 80t+ 100 =135 1*-—— 80tkm ——*+—— 100tkm ———4 4 Train Station TrainB $135 km —————1 [Bile 15 (a) Acar travelled for the first 13 hours at an average speed of 64km/h and the a next 2} hours at 72km/h. Calculate the average speed for the whole journey. (b) MrLee runs 5km in 40 minutes and then walks 2km at an average speed of 4km/h, Calculate (i) his running speed in km/h, (li) his average speed for the whole journey. * the trains will be 135 km apart after hour.20 NEW DISCOVERING MATHEMATICS 18 TRY IT YOURSELF 17 Cars and B leave the same place and travel in the same direction along a straight road. Car A travels at 60 km/h and car B travels at 72km/h. How long will it take for them to be 8km apart? Let us compare the speeds of different objects in the following activity. @um Objective: To compare the speeds of bicycles, cars, trains, aeroplanes and spaceships. @ intuitively, arrange the following in ascending order of their average speeds. (a) An aeroplane moving on the runway just before it takes off (b) Acar travelling on an expressway {c) An MRT train travelling from one station to the next station (d) Aspaceship travelling at a low Earth orbit (e) Abicycle moving in a park @ Jenny does some research and estimates the average speed of each of the objects in @. The values, in no particular order, are as follows: 20km/h, 80km/h, 240km/h, 42km/h, 58000 km/h. ‘Complete the table using the values provided by Jenny. Average speed (km/h) (a) | An aeroplane moving on the runway just beforeit takes off (b) | Acartravelling on an expressway (©) | An MRT train travelling from one station to the next station (d)_ | Aspaceship travelling at a low Earth orbit | Abicycle moving ina park In Activity 1, the comparison of the average speedsis straightforward as each speed is expressed in the same unit (km/h). From the given speeds, we can tell that in hour, the MRT train would have travelled 42 km while the cyclist would have moved 20km. ZEXTRAINFO The speed of land vehicle is generally less than 400 km/h. Aeroplanes can achieve a speed of more than twice that of land vehicles. Spaceships can achieve. speed of more than 20 times or even higher than the speed of aeroplanes. CHAPTER £ RATIO, RATEAND SPEED 21 | e Conversion of Units It is not easy to compare speeds measured in different units. Hence we convert the speeds to the same unit before comparing them. Let us consider the following examples and learn how to convert from one unit to another. WORKED EXAMPLE 18 Usain Bolt holds the world record in the 100m sprint at 9.58 seconds. A cheetah is able to run at an average speed of 110 km/h. By comparing their average speeds using the information given, determine whether the cheetah runs faster than Usain Bolt. Er 100 Usain Bolt’s average speed=3=5 =10.4m/s (correct to 3s.) Convert the speed of a cheetah to m/s. no km/h= 110 x 1000 m/h 1101000 =3e00 7S 110k ihand303n/s imams the sone peed =302m/s The cheetah runs faster than Usain Bolt. Use another method to compare the speed of Usain Bolt and the cheetah. TRY IT 6 YOURSELF 18 a Jane runs 1000 m in 3 minutes 20 seconds. Tracy runs 21 km at half of Jane’s average speed {a) Find Jane’s average speed in km/h. {b) Calculate the time taken for Tracy to run 21km. Give your answer in hours and minutes, correct to the nearest minute.22 New oiscoverING MATHEMATICS 18 WORKED 1 9 EXAMPLE ‘A 200-m long train enters a tunnel and passes through it completely in 1 minute 20 seconds at an average speed of 270 km/h. Find the length of the tunnel. We can draw a diagram to help us ‘visualise’ the given information. Total distance Diagram is not drawn to scale. The total distance covered when the train passes through the tunnel completely is the length of the train plus the length of the tunnel. EO 270 *1000 270km/h= SE m/s We write 270km/h inits . equivalent form 75im/s so 75m/s that itis easier for us to ‘Imin 20 seconds = 80 seconds calculate the length of the tunnel when we have the Total distance covered = Average speed Total time tte taken in seconds, , 5 x 80 cond the average speed in 000m jotal distance covered ~ Length of the train = 6000-200 800m metres per second, m/s. Length of the tunné 6 Wileer 19 YOURSELF Ahigh-speed train passes through a 5.4km long tunnel completely in 1 minute 7.68 seconds. The average speed of the train is 300 km/h. Calculate the length of the train. PRACTICE ® EXERCISE 8.3 [BASIC MASTERY @© Copy and complete the following table, © Convert the following speeds to m/s. Distance | Time | Average (a) 24km/s (b) 50m/h travelled | taken speed (€) 80km/min (a) 126km/h 64km 2h 20m ae SI © Convert the following speeds to km/h, a Sinise (a) 20000m/h ——(b) 0.7km/s 75km 50km/h (c) 9000m/min — (d) 40 m/s 39m 3m/s © Jimmy runs 1500 m in 3 minutes 45 seconds. Find his average speed in m/s. © The average speed of an MRT train between two stations is 65 km/h. Ifit takes 2 minutes and 30 seconds to travel from one station to the other, find the distance between the two stations, correct to 0.1 km. © When an F-16 jet fighter flew from its base to a city, ithhad an average speed of 2000 km/h If the distance between the base and the city is 500 km, find the time taken in minutes. INTERMEDIATE @ Mr Johnson took 40 minutes to drive from Town Ato Town B at an average speed of 60 km/h. {a) Find the distance between Town A and Town B. (b) Ifhe increased his average speed by 12km/h, how long would he take to travel the same distance? © Jack walks at an average speed of 4km/h for one hour and then cycles 6 km at 12 km/h. Find his average speed for the whole journey. © Mr Tan ran from his home to a provision shop 400m away at an average speed of 2m/s. He walked back to his home at an average speed of 1m/s. Find his average speed for the whole journey if {a) he did not stay in the shop, (b) he stayed in the shop for 5 minutes. Town A and Town Bare 100km apart. ‘At 0800, James departs for Town B from Town A, driving at a constant speed of 60 km/h. At 0830, Kumar departs for Town A from Town B, driving at a constant speed of 50km/h along the same route. What time Will James and Kumar pass each other? CHAPTER 8 » RATIO, RATEAND SPEED [ADVANCED| @ Sound travels at 340 m/s inair. & (a) Find the distance travelled by sound in air in 7 seconds, giving your answer correct to the nearest 0.1km. {b) A boy clapped his hands near the bottom of a cliff, He could hear the echo of his claps 3 seconds later. Find the distance between the boy and the bottom of the cliff. @® The time taken to travel from Changi Airport toa hotel is 1h 15 min by MRT train and 25 min by taxi. (a) Find the ratio of the time taken by MRT train to the time taken by taxi. (b) Given that the average speed of the MRT train is 45 km/h, can you find the average speed of the taxi? If yes, show your working. Ifnnot, explain your answer. ©® Atrain passes through a 360m long tunnel completely in 24 seconds. It passes through another tunnel 216m longcompletely in 16 seconds at the same average speed. Find the length of the train. Alonga road, spotX and spot Yare 1150m ig. apart. Ann walks along the road from Xto ¥ at m/s. Yohan walks along the same road from Yto Xat 1zm/s. Bothstart walking at the same time. (a) How many minutes later will they meet? (b) How faris their meeting point away from x? © Atrain travels from P to Qat an average speed of 80kin/h. It returns from Q to P along the same rail at an average speed of 90 km/h. Find the average speed of the train for the whole journey. ® Acar travels at an average speed of km/h for the first 2 hours and ykm/h for the next hours. Its average speed forthe whole journey is 40 km/h. Find two possible sets of values of x and y.24 new viscoverING MATHEMATICS 18 (a) Aratio isa comparison of two or more similar quantities. It has no unit. The ratio of a to bis a: b=, where a and b are positive. The terms in a ratio can be multiplied or di ided by the same number to form equivalent ratios. ab a:b=ma:mb=4:5, where m and n are positive. {b) Fora ratio involving 3 quantities, ifa:b=2:3 and b:c thena:b:c=2%x4:3x4:5x3 =8:12:15 Ifx:y=2:15andy Gn (a) Arate isa comparison of two different quantities. It is usually expressed as one quantity per unit of another quantity. (b) There are some constant rates such as the hourly wage of a worker. The average rate is used in calculation when the rate is not constant. Give an example of an average rate and a constant rate. 5, M1 find x: 2, (a) (b) (c) fa) PROPORTIONALITY (b) Ratios and rates describe a proportional relationship between quantities. ©) (a) (a) Speed is a special type of rate that measures how fast or slow an object moves. e (b) Aspeed that is unchanged during a period of time is called a uniform speed or a constant speed, (c)_ The average speed is used in calculations when the speed is not constant. Distance travelled Speed = b Pee = Time taken e eens ~ Total distance travelled iC) Tam RSpeed Total time taken Distance travelled = Speed x Time taken Conversion of Units {a) When two speeds are given in different units, to compare them, we express them in the same unit. {b) Convert (i) 10m/sto km/h, (ii) 36km/h to mys. 2m iwea (i) 10m/s=10%3600m/h (ii). 36km/h=36x1000m/h 103600 361000 km/h y 4 ooo Kmn/I 3600 7S 1Om/s = 36km/h =36km/h =10m/s t Convert 25 m/s to km/h and 96 km/h to Ametal bar of mass 3.6kgiis cut into two pieces in the ratio 3 shorter piece is 45cm. Find REVIEW © LET'S SUM UP! ® EXERCISE RATIO | @ There are two cubes of sides 6cm and 8cm respectively. Find the ratio of (a) their sides, (b) theirvolumes, (©) their surface areas. @ There is a total of 240 $5 and $10 notes. The number of $5 and $10 notes are in the ratio. 2. Find the number of $5 notes, the number of $10 notes, the ratio of the value of the $5 notes to that of the $10 notes. . The length of the the length of the longer piece, the length of the original metal bar, the mass per unit length of the bar in kg/m, the mass of the shorter piece. Simplify each of the following ratios. 105 :0.350 Hence find the ratio a: b:c. Alan, Bob and Cathy share $500 in the ratio a : b: cfound in (b). Find Alan’s share correct to the nearest cent, © The monthly salaries of Paula and Tom are in the ratio 5: 9. The monthly salary of Tom is $3200 more than that of Paula. Find the monthly salary of Paula. CHAPTER 8 «RATIO, RATE AND SPEED © onacertain day, the exchange rate &S between Singapore dollars (SGD) and Us dollars (USD) is 1 SGD = 0.74 USD. The exchange rate between Australian dollars (AUD) and US dollars (USD) is 1AUD=0.71USD. (a) Find the exchange rate, correct to 3 decimal places, between Singapore dollars and Australian dollars in AUD/SGD. (b) Mr Lim has to remit 25000 AUD to his son who is studying in a university in Sydney. What is the required amount in Singapore dollars, correct to the nearest dollar? @ A 2Alitre bottle of peanut oil is sold for $15. A24-itre bottle of olive oilis sold for $30, Let $x/I be the unit price of peanut oil and $y/L be the unit price of oive oil. (a) Find the values of x and y. (b) Find the ratio x: y. (c) If both types of oil are equally good for cooking, which one is a better buy? (d) The bottle of peanutoil can be used for 16 days. Find its consumption rate in Uday. (e) the consumption rate of the bottle of olive oils the same as that of the peanut oil, how many days can it last? ‘Aman took 43 hours to drive 360km from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur. He used 3755 litres of petrol for the journey. (a) Find his average speed. (b) Find the petrol consumption rate in ken/l. (€) Hedroveat an average speed of 10km/h on a highway for2 hours during his journey. Find his average speed for the remaining part of his journey.yd 26 Acar starts from rest. After travelling 125m in 10s, its speed picks up to 25 m/s. It travels at this speed for 20 seconds. Then brakes are applied. The car stopsin 6 seconds and the braking distance is 95m. {a) Express the speed 25m/sin km/h. (b) Find the average speed of the car during the period in which its speed increases. (c) Find the average speed of the car during the period after the brakes were applied. (d) Find the average speed of the car for the whole journey. Towns P and Q are 120km apart. MrTan drove from P to Q and was scheduled to reach Q after 2 hours. His average speed was 54km/h for the first 40 minutes. (a) What was his average speed for the remaining journey if he managed to arrive just on time? (b) The time taken for his return journey was 2 hours and 10 minutes. Find his average speed for (i) the return journey, (ii) the whole trip. Ina class, £ ofthe boys and 3 of the girls passed a mathematics test. What is the smallest number of students in the class if (a) there are as many boys as girls who passed the test? (b) there are twice as many girls as boys who passed the test? @ Define ‘ratio’ in your own words. What other con! © Whatis the relationship between rate and speed? CupA contains xml of tea and cup B contains xml of milk. Ken is able to pour half of the contents of cup A into cup B and mixes it thoroughly. He then pours half of the mixture in cup B into cup A. What is the resulting ratio of tea to milk in cup A? The flight distance between Singapore and Sydneyis about 6316km. A plane takes T hours and 20 minutes to fly from Singapore to Sydney. (a) Find the average speed of the plane from Singapore to Sydney, giving your answer correct to the nearest km/h. (b) The local time of Sydney is 2 hours ahead of that in Singapore. ifthe plane departs from Singapore at 0955, find its time of arrival in Sydney A train 800m long passes through two consecutive tunnels at an average speed of 60km/h. The train passes through the first tunnel completely in 2 minutes, passes through the second tunnel completely in 3 minutes, and passes through the two tunnels completely in 6 minutes. What is the distance between the two tunnels? ipts can you relate ‘ratio’ to? Percentage ry 3 ay — ©. 0:0: F ‘Singapore’s daily water consumption is approximately 430 million gallons, where 1 gallon = 3.785 litres. By 2060, this figure is expected to increase by 100%. Currently, Singapore’s three desalination plants can meet up to 30% of its water demand, with two new desalination plants to be ready by 2020. Desalinated water is expected to meet up to 30% of Singapore’s future water needs by 2060, Can you find other examples where percentages are used in our daily lives? In this chapter, we will learn to: ° express one quantity as a percentage of another; o compare two quantities by percentage; » recognise percentages greater than 100%; calculate percentage increase or decrease in quantities; and » solve problems involving reverse percentages and percentages.28 New DISCOVERING MATHEMATICS 1B @ INTRODUCTION TO PERCENTAGE @ Meaning of Percentage ‘Per cent’ means per hundred’ or ‘out of 100” The symbol for per cent is ‘%’. 35% is read as ‘35 per cent’, which means ‘35 out of 100 equal parts! >A recone ‘can be expressed asa fraction with 100 as the denominator. Thus, 35%= =. 100 100%. | Thus, » One whole equals 100%. Praesens + percent *» percentage * proportion + fraction + decimat 35% of the whole is shaded. In daily life, we often come across percentage figures in advertisements, magazines, newspaper reports and articles on the Internet. Let us look at some real-life examples of percentages. (a) Singapore’s unemployment rate (in the workforce) #1" in January 2018 was 2%. 1th This means that out of 100 people in the workforce, there were 2 people who did not have a job. (b) The crime statistics show that between 2016 and 2017, robberies decreased by 26% in Singapore. @um Objecti eeeennneney inh mini M IIT snnneeennnnanat i unemployed Year Robberies 2016 96 cases 2017 Ti cases V 26% To discuss the meaning of percentages in real-life examples. @ ingroups, collect some examples of percentages found in newspapers, magazines and on the Internet. Discuss the meaning of these percentages in your examples. @ This year, model X phone sales were 150% of last year's sales. What does this mean? Discuss and illustrate with an example. From Activity 1, we see that percentages are used in various contexts. In general, a percentage represents a proportion of the whole. However, a percentage can be greater than 100% or less than 1%. The symbol "isa notation used torepresent ‘per cent’ or ‘out of 100" Hence 2% means 2 out ‘oF 100' and 100% means “400 out oF 100°."%'is not unit. 6 Percentage, Fraction and Decimal We can express a percentage as a fraction or decimal and vice versa. WORKED (a) 50% Ei (a) (i) 50% (b) (i) 4%=4 a TRY IT YOURSELF (a) 25% WORKED UY) EXAMPLE (a) 2 Ear = 75% too “35 120 (e) (i) 120% = 100 323 x 1909 (a) {=7* 100% (b) 0.3% (b) 2=2 100% =T129 =712% EXAMPLE Convert each of the following to (i) a fraction in its simplest form, (ii) adecimal. sport icht (b) 4% (c) 120% 50% == (ii) 120%= 22 =12 Convert each of the following to (i) a fraction in its simplest form, (i (c) 230% Convert each of the following to a percentage. 5 (b) 5 () 1.07 ae IT YOURSELF 2 Convert each of the following to a percentage. 1 (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 0.85 (¢) 1.07=1.07 x 100% CHAPTERS «PERCENTAGE 29 Alternatively, 120% = 100% + 20% £1420% 149 s14} “4 So02st00%- <4 3.75% Hence 75% and are equivalent 2 By converting an percentages, we can easily Compare the valies of the ‘wo fractions, As 75% > 712% this means 2,3 Generally, people find iteasier to compare numbers between 4 and 100 than to compare small ;umbers less than 1 expressedas decimals or fractions