TITLE: Analysis of Fine Aggregate in Quarry Areas in Columbio, Sultan Kudarat

Background of the Study

For how many decades, concrete becomes the most used building materials for
various forms of infrastructures such as building, highways, bridges and other
construction projects and it is well recognize that aggregates production rise as it is
considered as the major component in making concrete and mortar for the said
infrastructures. In our rapidly industrializing world, 6 billion tons of concrete are typically
produced annually, according to Marinkovic and Ignjatovic (2010). By 2022, the world's
demand for natural aggregates for making concrete is expected to increase by an
average of 7.7% year, reaching 66.2 billion metric tons (Kuhar, 2014).

Meanwhile, during the State of the Nation Address (SONA) of President

Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s, the new administration promised to continue the program of
former President Rodrigo R. Duterte, with a flagship initiative called "Build, Better, More"
that includes public infrastructure projects like subways, regional airports, railways, and
farm-to-market roads. And true enough, his government has allocated a total of Php
1.196 trillion for infrastructure programs. About Php. 718 billion will go to the
Department of Public Works and Highway (DPWH), while the Department of
Transportation (DOTr) will receive over Php. 167 billion. The rest of the budget is
spread out across different sectors including tourism, agriculture, health and education.
Such construction will undoubtedly need a lot of building supplies, particularly coarse
and fine aggregates for the production of concrete, mortar, and other materials.

Fine aggregates mostly consist of natural sand or crushed stone. ASTM C33-03
specifies that a fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufactured sand, or
combination and ASTM C125-03 defines fine aggregate based on the particle size as
an aggregate passing the 9.5mm (3/8in. sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75mm
(No.4) sieve and predominantly retained on the 75µm (No. 200) sieve. This aggregate
are essential raw materials in the production of composite building materials, such as
mortars and concretes. According to Tugrul and Yilmaz (2012) aggregates contribution
in concrete varies from 65% to 80% by volume and it plays significant role in influencing
concrete strength (Vandhiyan, R., Vijay, T.J., Manoj Kumar, M., 2020). The quality of
fine aggregate differs significantly due to the geographic location and environmental
condition (Ajagbe, 2017).

One of the primary methods for obtaining river sand in the Columbio municipality
is quarrying, which is used to make mortar and concrete. This quarrying technique is an
additional type of mining. This quarrying method is another form of mining. In this way,
the minerals are obtained through excavation from sources such as rivers, lakes or
mountains (Carbon, 2018).

The researcher was inspired by the aforementioned situation to undertake a

study to evaluate the fine aggregate quality in the quarry regions situated in the
Municipality of Columbio, Sultan Kudarat. The same as if this will pass to government
specification and ASTM standard as good quality of fine aggregates.
Objective of the Study

General Objective

The general objective of the study is to analyze the quality of fine

aggregates in quarry area at Barangay. Mayo, Barangay. Maligay and Barangay.
New Bantangan, Columbio, Sultan Kudarat.

Specific Objectives

Specifically this study aims to:

1. Determine the quality of fine aggregate in terms of;

1.1 Clay Lumps

1.2 Organic Impurities

1.3 Sieve Analysis

1.4 Specific Gravity

1.5 Soundness

1.6 Unit Weight

2. Determine if the fine aggregate passed the government

specification and ASTM standard.
TITLE: Commercial Reinforcing Steel Bars in Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat: A
Comparative Study

Background of the Study

Concrete has become the most popular building material in the Philippines and
the entire world, and it works best when combined with reinforcing steel for the best
results. The quality, safety, and durability of the RSB that will be utilized in
infrastructures must be taken into account to achieve the Build, Better, More, Program
of the Philippine government. Steel comprises iron and other elements such as carbon,
manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium and more. It is an essential building
component and contributes significantly to long-term development, specifically in our
rapidly industrialized world.

The majority of users who bought reinforcing steel bars from the commercial
supply are unable to determine whether the price of the reinforcing steel bar they
purchased was appropriate to its quality because reinforcing steel bars are expensive
and it is difficult to examine the properties to measure their quality based on a material's
appearance. Users must be aware of the qualities of reinforcing steel bars before using
them for design or construction purposes, since they are frequently used in construction
projects that pose a risk to human life, such as buildings, bridges, and the furniture
industry. This study will give an idea to the users of reinforcing steel bars, to know which
among the selected commercial supplier has the quality reinforcing steel bars.

As a result of the aforementioned circumstance, the researcher decided to

conduct an experimental examination by comparing the reinforcing steel bars that are
locally available from a few chosen commercial suppliers in Tacurong City, Sultan
Kudarat.
Objectives of the Study

General Objective

This study generally aims to determine the price and compare the bending
and tensile properties of commercial reinforcing steel bars in Tacurong City,
Sultan Kudarat.

Specific Objectives

1. Determine the price of reinforcing steel bars in terms of size:

1.1 10mm ᴓ

1.2 12mm ᴓ

1.3 16mm ᴓ

2. Determine the bending properties of commercial reinforcing steel

bars in terms of:

2.1 Bending Strength

2.2 Weight Variation

3. Determine the tensile properties of commercial reinforcing steel

bars in terms of:

3.1 Tensile Strength

3.2 Yield Strength

3.3 Percentage Elongation

4. Determine the significance difference among the commercial

reinforcing steel bars at 5% level of significance difference in terms
of weight variation and tensile properties.
TITLE: Crystalline Broken Glass as Fine Aggregate

Background of the Study

In our rapidly industrialized world, concrete becomes the notable material that
used in different infrastructure such as building, highways, bridges and other
construction projects. Moreover, its primary components are fine aggregates, coarse
aggregates, cement and water. As concrete production increased large amount of
natural resources have been abused. The use of river sand as fine aggregate leads to
exploitation of natural resources, lowering of water table, sinking of bridge piers and
erosion of river bed. On the other hand, according to industry statistics published in The
Global Cement Report, 13th Edition the consumption of cement in the world increased
by 2.8% per cent to 4.08 million tons in 2019 which contributes to environmental
greenhouse gas emission. Furthermore, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association
explained that, each pound of concrete releases 0.93 pounds of carbon dioxide. Since
concrete is such a widespread item, the environment will continue to be polluted with
over 4 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually due to this industry. As such, opportunities
to reduce the environmental impacts of the concrete industry are required and there is a
need to look for materials as a replacement for cement or aggregate.

Meanwhile, in order to make concrete industry sustainable, the use of waste

materials in place of natural resources is one of the best approaches. A vast amount of
waste glass is produced all over the world and it’s continue to arise due to an ever-
growing use of glass products. Globally, it is estimated that 209 million tons of glass are
produced annually.

The reuse of waste glass is one of the most important issues around the world
due to the increase of solid wastes in the landfill and non-degradable nature of its
disposal. The use of recycled waste glass in concrete has attracted much interest
worldwide and numerous researches have been carried out, showing the possibility of
use of waste glass as building materials by partially replacing concrete mixtures.
 Due to the sited scenario, the researcher come up with the idea of utilizing
crystalline broken glass as partial replacement of fine aggregate for concrete. In
addition, the researcher will conduct extensive experimental work that aims to enhance
water density, water absorption and compressive strength in different proportion of
waste glass.
Objective of the Study

General Objective

This study aim to utilize waste glass as fine aggregates that enhance
compressive strength, sustainability of concrete production with less cost and to reduce
the growing volume of solid waste in the landfill.

Specific Objectives:

1. Determine the physical property of the cylindrical blocks with crystalline

broken glass as fine aggregate after 28 days of curing in terms of:
1.1 Slump Test
1.2 Weight Density and
1.3 Water Absorption
2. Determine the mechanical property of the cylindrical blocks with crystalline
broken glass as fine aggregate after 28 days of curing in terms of:
2.1 Compressive Strength
3. Determine if there is significant differences among the various proportion of
crystalline broken glass as fine aggregate.
The Global Cement Report. Tradeship Publications Ltd., UK and the EU.
[(accessed on 12 May 2020)];2019 Available
online: https://www.cemnet.com/Publications/Item/182291/the-
global-cement-report-13th-edition.html [Ref list]
ICG. An Economic Argument for an IYOG 2022; The International Commission on Glass (ICG): Venice,
Italy, 2020.

tps://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/11/3/cement-and-concrete-the-environmental-impact

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/aasgbcpjmra/article/view/1048

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622027330

https://www.ijert.org/research/effect-of-recycled-glass-powder-as-fine-aggregate-on-the-
mechanical-properties-of-concrete-IJERTCONV3IS29011.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
283439859_Concrete_with_Recycled_Glass_as_Fine_Aggregates

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411673/

impact of waste glass in environment

https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/bottles_consult/files/ENG/
Environmental_condoc_ENG_chapter1.pdf