Nephron - eee PH 2 Tubules - Urine - PROCEDURE ~ KIDNEY ANATOMY Group yourselves into 4. External Anatomy. 1. Rest the sample kidney on a cutting board. 2 5 of the Using an external anatomical model or picture, compare and label the PAU 8 kidney by using colored pins. Take a picture of labeled parts: Draw Picture on the observation table. 3. Remove the pins. Take turns within your group to label the structures Internal Anatomy sb iets to 1. Using a sharp knife, carefully cut the kidney into longitudinal sect! (starting oan aoen 2. Using en nara aatemcs model or cure, cept ar bel he parts of kidney by using colored pins. Take a picture of labeled parts. Draw or pa: clue cite meer oe 2 Eee a sgl toe te emcee Microscopic Anatomy ing a scalpel. 1. Cut a small section (around 2x2 mm) of the kidney cortex using 2 = 2. Place the sample in a microscope slide. Perform the squash and pull apart method to ‘spread and fix the sample in the microscope slide. 1 2 3 3. Apply a basic staining technique (using crystal violet or methylene blue) by pouring it ‘onto the sample and allowing it to stand for a minimum of 1 minute. 14. View the sample the under the microscope. Take a picture then draw and label the parts. Draw or paste the picture on the observation table. “Anolysis of Urine ond Body Fluids ~ Laboratory WorkbookOBSERVATION eR Tee eee ae | ___—_External Anatomy of the Kidney = [iden OR eeweeN oo ots | | _——__“sitemat anatomy of the Kidney] Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney “Analysis of Urine ond Body Fluids ~ Laboratory WorkbookBRB RRRRRRRERE EES Enumerate rate the tubules of the nephron and describe their functions. TEST YOURSELF 1, What is suggested by the presence of stones in kidneys? 2. Name at least 5 symptoms of kidney failure. 3. Can a person with only one kidney can stil perform its regular functions? How does it managed to do so? Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids - Laboratory WorkbookPRE-LABORARORY EXERCISES Define the following terms: Albuminuria cko - Diabetes metiitus - Glycosuria - Precipitation - Proteintniaisa WP sae a eat ugg eee re eA Renal threshold - MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT NEEDED ‘Specimen Container Freshly voided urine specimen (random or first morning) 5 ml Test tubes (6 pieces) 410 mL Test tubes (5 pieces) Pasteur pipette 5-ml serological pipette (5 pieces) | ‘Aspirator ‘Alcohol iamp or water bath ‘Test tube holder ‘Test tube brush 100 mL beaker Centrifuge 5% acetic acid Sulfosalicylic acid ‘Concentrated nitrié aed Robert's reagent. Benedict's reagent Fehling’s A and B reagent Nylander's reagent 10% Potassium hydroxide Distilled water PROCEDURE ~ ROTEIN PRECIPITATION TESTS ‘The general principle of these tests is to cause the protein in the urine sample to either precipitate using a chemical typically a potent acid, or to coagulate by applying heat. Heat and Acetic Acid Test - denaturation of proteins in urine when subjected to heat and the subsequent visualization of any precipitated proteins when acetic acid (vinegar) is added, 1. Fill test tube at least % full, 2. Heat the upper portion of the sample over flame until it bolls. Observe changes while heating 3. Add 3-5 drops of 5% acetic acid. 4. Albumin is detected when urine appears as cloudy white. The degree of turbidity corresponds to the concentration of albumin present. Sulfosalicylic Acid Test - Involves the precipitation of proteins when urine is mixed with sulfosalicylic acid 1. Combine the same amounts of urine and sulfosalicylic acid in a test tube. 2. Check for formation of turbidity. Warm gently f turbidity appears. “Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids ~ Laboratory Workbook aTEST YOURSELF 1. In what clinical scenarios might qualitative chemical tests for urine be more valuable than quantitative test? 2. Suppose a patient's urine sample tests negative for reducing sugars using qualitative methods. What other tests or investigations might you consider to further assess the possibility of underlying medical conditions? 3. Discuss the potential impact of delayed analysis or inadequate preservation on the results of qualitative chemical tests for urine. How might the presence of bacteria or other contaminants affect the outcome of these tests? 2 “Analysis of Urine and Body Fluids ~ Laboratory Workbook