Exercise 1A

1. Thuso rolls a normal six-sided die. Find the probability that he obtains
i) 2 or 3. ii) Less than 5. iii) A multiple of 3. iv) A factor of 9. v) 7. vi) Less than 7.

2. A card is selected at random from a normal pack of 52 playing cards.

Find the probability that the selected card is
i) Red. ii) A spade. iii) A picture card. iv) A black Jack. v) Red or a spade. vi) A Queen or a King.

3. The probability that it rains on any particular day in Moistville is 0.66.

i) What is the probability that it does not rain on any particular day in Moistville?
ii) On how many days is rain not expected in Moistville each year?

4. Frank has a box containing 20 red and 10 yellow discs.

In an experiment he asks each of his 36 classmates to take turns selecting one of the discs at random.
i) What is the probability that one of his classmates selects a red disc?
ii) Estimate how many of his classmates will select a yellow disc.
5. Safi United’s manager estimates the probability of his team winning to be and of losing to be .
i) What is the manager’s estimate of the probability that the team will draw?
ii) What is his estimate of the probability that the team will not win?
iii) If the team plays 44 games in a season, estimate the number of these games that the manager expects his
team to win, to draw and to lose.

6. A bag, which contains 12 coloured balls, is shown below.

There are 3 red balls, 4 blue balls and 5 green balls.

The bag is shaken-up and a girl selects one ball out without looking.

B B i) What is the probability that a particular ball is selected?

R G
ii) What is the probability that a particular red ball is selected?
B R
G G
iii) Find the probability that the ball she selects is
G G
R B
a) red, c) green, e) not blue,
b) blue, d) not red, f) not green.

7. Ten square cards with letters written onto them are shown.

A C B C B A C C B C

These 10 cards are put into a box and the box is shaken-up.
A boy picks one card without looking.
Giving your answers as percentages, find the probability that he picks
i) A. iii) C. v) B or C. vii) D.
ii) B. iv) A or B. vi) A or C. viii) A or B or C.
8. The grades awarded to a group of 40 students in a Mathematics examination are given in the table.

Grade A B C D E U
Number of students 2 8 10 9 6 5

Grades A to C are credits, grades D and E are passes and grade U is a failure.

One of the 40 students is randomly selected.

Write down, as a simple fraction, the probability that the selected student obtained
i) Grade A. ii) Grade D. iii) Grade U. iv) A credit. v) A pass.

9. A box contains black and white counters. The probability of randomly selecting a black counter is .

i) Find a) the probability of randomly selecting a white counter.

b) the smallest possible number of white counters in the box.
ii) Emil took two counters out of the box and both of them were black.
What is the smallest possible number of white counters that could be in the box?
iii) Emil asked each of the teachers at his school to randomly select one of the counters from the box.
If twenty-five teachers selected a white counter, estimate the number of teachers at Emil’s school.

10. Tebogo and a group of his friends work at tending goats. The group estimates the following probabilities
that any of a particular type of goat is stolen:
Kid Adult
i) What is the group’s 0.012
Male 0.002 estimate of the probability that
Female 0.004 0.016
a) a kid is stolen?
b) a goat is not stolen?
So far the group has tended 4625 goats, of which 1250 were kids and of the 2625 females were adults.
ii) Given that the estimates in the table are based on the group’s personal experiences, find
a) the number of male kids that the group has tended,
b) the total number of goats that were stolen whilst in the group’s care.
Exercise 1B

1. Round the following numbers to the degree of accuracy given.

i) 56 to the nearest ten.
ii) 842 to the nearest hundred.
iii) 1872 to the nearest thousand.
iv) 12.9 to the nearest integer.
v) 341 to the nearest ten.
vi) 68.36 to 1 decimal place.
vii) 5.007 to 2 decimal places.
viii) 0.0104 to 3 decimal places.
ix) 4.99 to 1 decimal place.
x) 32.007 to 2 decimal places.
xi) 408 to 2 sf.
xii) 17 to 1 sf.
xiii) 3275.3 to 2 sf.
xiv) 3.056788 to 3 sf.
xv) 0.00286 to 2 sf.

2. A boy spent P12.43 at a supermarket.

If he paid with a P20 note, how much change did he get, correct to the nearest 10 thebe?

3. Round the following measurements to the degree of accuracy given.

i) 139 mm to the nearest centimetre.
ii) 532 cm to the nearest metre.
iii) 7869 g to the nearest kilogram.
iv) 118 seconds to the nearest minute.
v) 512 minutes to the nearest hour.
vi) 45.78 cm to the nearest millimetre.
vii) 3.83 m to the nearest ten centimetres.
viii) 2.477 kg to the nearest hundred grams.
ix) 5.821 litres to the nearest ten millilitres
x) 0.38 hours to the nearest ten seconds.

4. A train is due to depart at 10.50 pm and arrive at its destination at 5.25 am the following morning.
Yesterday the train departed at 11.27 pm and arrived at its destination at 6.39 am.
Calculate, to the nearest 10 minutes, the extra length of time that the journey took yesterday.

5. Write down the smallest possible number that would be rounded to

i) the nearest whole number as 7. iii) the nearest hundred as 300. v) 3 significant figures as 27.4.
ii) the nearest ten as 60. iv) 1 decimal place as 13.8. vi) 3 significant figures as 0.0409.

6. A girl’s height is measured and is given as 163 cm.

i) What degree of accuracy has been used in this measurement?
ii) What is the minimum possible height of this girl?

The maximum possible height of the girl is 163.49999999…..cm.

iii) Write down her maximum possible height correct to 1 decimal place.

7. The mass of a wooden block is given as 1.8 kg.

i) What degree of accuracy has been used here?
ii) Write down the minimum possible mass of the block.
iii) Write down, correct to 2 decimal places, the maximum possible mass of the block.
iv) Write down the difference between the minimum and maximum mass that you have found.

8. The length of a metal rod is given as 9.24 cm.

i) What is the degree of accuracy of the measurement?
ii) Write down the minimum possible length of the rod.
iii) Find, correct to 3 decimal places, the maximum possible length of the rod.
iv) Find the interval between your answers to ii) and iii).

9. According to a newspaper report, 97000 people attended a cup-final football match.

i) What degree of accuracy has been used in the newspaper report?
ii) Write down a) the smallest possible attendance at the match,
b) the largest possible attendance at the match.
Exercise 1C

1. i) Increase 50 metres by 12%. v) Increase 48 cm by 83%. ix) Increase 80 kg by 12.5%

ii) Decrease 50 metres by 12%. vi) Decrease 48 cm by 83%. x) Decrease 1000 boys by 13.4%.
iii) Increase 64 kg by 25%. vii) Increase $320 by 140%. xi) Decrease 0.8 g by 17.2%.
iv) Decrease 64 kg by 25%. viii) Decrease 652 tonnes by 47%. xii) Decrease 8 by 250%.

2. In 2003 a bus driver’s gross salary was £1200 per month.

At the end of the year he was promised a salary increase of 8.5%.
i) What will the bus driver’s monthly salary be during 2004?
ii) How much money will he take home in the whole of 2004 if he pays 4% of his salary in tax?

3. Two brothers had a total mass of 112 kg at Christmas 2003. The ratio of their masses was then 4:3.
After dieting for two months, the heavier boy reduced his mass by 20%: the lighter boy continued eating
too much and, two months later, was the same mass as his brother.
i) Find the mass of each boy at Christmas 2003.
ii) What was the heavier boy’s mass after dieting?
iii) By what percentage had the lighter boy’s mass increased two months after Christmas?

4. The volume of a block of metal increases by 0.125% when it is heated from room temperature to 150 .
At room temperature, a block of this metal has a volume of 30 cm3 and a mass of 120 g.
i) What is the density of the metal at room temperature?
ii) Find the exact volume of this block when its temperature is 150 .
iii) Calculate, correct to 4 significant figures, the density of the metal at 150 .
Exercise 1D

1. The sum of P24 000 is invested for 2 years and earns compound interest of 9% per annum.
i) Calculate the total value of the investment after two years.
ii) How much interest has been earned in the two-year period?

2. The retail price of a game decreased by 10% per annum between January 2001 and January 2004.
Given that the game was priced at P40 in January 2001, find
i) Its price in January 2004. ii) The amount by which the price decreased over the three-year period.

3. A large plot of land was valued at P40 000 at the beginning of 2004.
The value of the plot is expected to increase at an annual rate of 7%.
i) What will the value of the plot be at the beginning of 2008?
ii) During which year will the plot have doubled in value since 2004?

4. Samuel advertised his computer for sale at the beginning of July for a price of P12 000.
Nobody was interested in buying it so he decided to reduce the asking price by 5% per month.
i) What was Samuel’s asking price at the beginning of September?
Raffiq bought the computer at the beginning of December.
ii) Find, correct to two decimal places, the amount that Raffiq paid.

5. A professional footballer was promised a salary increase of 4% per month starting in January 2003.
i) Given that his salary for December 2002 was £3 600, find, in 2003
a) his salary for March, b) his salary for June, c) his salary for December to the nearest £10.
ii) What was his overall percentage salary increase between January and December?

6. The profits of a large company increased by 8% annually from 1997 to 2000 but then decreased by 8%
annually from 2000 to 2003.
Given that the company’s profits in 1997 were £48 600 000
i) Find the company’s profits in 2003.
ii) Calculate the overall percentage change in the company’s profits during the period from 1997 to 2003.

7. The number of people writing letters of complaint to a Consumers’ Association has increased by 4% each
year since 2001 and the number of these complaints that have been dealt with successfully has increased
by 15% each year since 2001.
The Consumers’ Association received 4000 letters of complaint in 2001 and dealt successfully with 2400
of them.
Assuming that both rates of increase continue into the future, find
i) The number of letters of complaint that will not be dealt with successfully in 2004.
ii) By which year the Consumers’ Association can expect to deal successfully with all of the letters of
complaint that it receives.
Exercise 1E

1. The price of a television set is reduced in a sale by 10% to £324. What was its price before the sale?

2. A man’s mass increased over the Christmas-period by 5% to 63 kg. What was his mass before Christmas?

3. Sales tax of 15% is added to the price of a microwave oven so that it now costs £105.80.
Find the cost of the oven, exclusive of sales tax.

4. On approaching a police checkpoint, a driver reduced his speed by 25% to 105 km/h.
At what speed was he driving prior to approaching the checkpoint?

5. During the summer, the height of a tree that Maithamo planted increased by 18% to exactly 1.77 m.
What was the height of the tree before the summer?

6. According to a set of electronic scales, Queen’s mass is 49.2 kg. She later discovered that the scales were
over-estimating her mass by 2.5%. What is Queen’s actual mass?

7. During an athletics competition, Ebert was timed at 11.0432 seconds in a 100-metre race.
It was later found that the electronic stop-clock was under-estimating all times by 1.4%.
What was Ebert’s actual time for running the 100-metre race?

8. Otsile wrote down a number, increased it by 40% and then decreased the new number by 40% to get 126.
What was the original number that Otsile wrote down?

9. A shopkeeper miscalculated Kelebogile’s bill for groceries and under-charged her by 12.5%.
Kelebogile was asked to pay only P37.10.
i) Calculate how much she should have been charged.
ii) How much money did the shopkeeper lose if all items were priced to make a 6% profit?

10. Between Sunday evening and Monday morning, the temperature fell by 150% to –2o C.
What was the temperature at on Sunday evening?

11. Between 2002 and 2003, the number of applications for places at a university increased by 23% to 6642.
The number of places available at the university in 2002 was 480.
Given that 6126 students applied, but failed to get a place in 2003:
i) Find the number of places that were available in 2003.
ii) Calculate how many students applied, but failed to obtain a place at the university, in 2002.
iii) Between 2002 and 2003, find the percentage increase in the number of applications that were rejected.
Exercise 1F

1. Study the ten numbered scales below and write down the value of each letter from a to t.

0 a 10 b

0 c 20 d

0 e 5 f 10

0 g 1.0 h
2.0

0 i 2.0 j
4.0

0 k 50 l

0.3 m 0.5 n

3.0 o 4.5 p
6.0
0.5 q 1.0 r

3.2 s 3.25 t

2. On a sheet of graph paper draw and label a horizontal axis for each of the following continuous scales.
Marks should be made on the axis showing the exact position of each number that you write.

i) Integers from 0 to 16 units using 1 cm to represent one unit.

ii) Integers from 0 to 8 units using 2 cm to represent one unit.
iii) Multiples of 4 from 0 to 32 units using 1 cm to represent two units.
iv) Multiples of 2.5 from 0 to 20 units using 8 cm to represent ten units.
v) Multiples of 0.25 from 0 to 2 units using 8 cm to represent one unit.
vi) Multiples of 0.5 from 12 to 16 units using 4 cm to represent one unit.
vii) Multiples of 0.025 from 0.2 to 0.4 units using 80 cm to represent one unit.