讲师丨林伯虎 来源丨 The Wall Street Journal 日期丨 2020.03.17 Tue.

Tiger Times 01

1918 大流感的教训：一百年前犯的错，今天仍
在继续（三）

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与疫情伴生的三大负面情绪是什么？西班牙流感的说法，是如何污名化
西班牙的？除了西班牙，还有哪些国家在 1918 年大流行中被“污”？
是什么因素导致“同病不同命”？ 1918 大流行时期的美国，不同地区
扫码听课
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的死亡率能相差多少？
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百年前的疫情中，涌现出哪些近似钟南山、李兰娟一样的感人事迹？从
政府瘫痪下的志愿者组织，替领导人背锅的地方官员，到联袂吹哨人的真
相媒体……还有哪些百年前的事，朗朗观照着今天？
▶
与百年前比，今天面对未知病毒的我们，到底更强大还是更脆弱？

What We Can Learn From the 20th

听课笔记
Century's Deadliest Pandemic?

讲解正文

By Jonathan D. Quick

Give accurate information and build community trust. In every pandemic,

people fall prey to stigmatization, distrust and rumor-mongering. The
"Spanish" flu, as the 1918 pandemic is still widely known, did not originate
in Spain. Rather, because the country was neutral in World War I, its
uncensored press was the first to report on the disease. As a result, many
around the world blamed the Spanish for the epidemic, and the nickname
persists to this day.

As the flu spread in 1918, many communities found scapegoats. Chileans

blamed the poor, Senegalese blamed Brazilians, Brazilians blamed the
Germans, Iranians blamed the British, and so on. In the U.S., the country's
millions of new immigrants had often been stigmatized as disease carriers
during previous epidemics, but the 1918 flu struck every social class and
every part of the country, so no single ethnic group was blamed for it.

Some populations, though, were more vulnerable to the disease than others.
A study of data from 438 U.S. cities, published last year in the journal
Economics and Human Biology, found a wide variation in pandemic-
 Tiger Times 02

related mortality rates in 1918, ranging from 211 deaths per 100,000 people
in Grand Rapids, Mich., to 807 in Pittsburgh. Half of this difference was
attributable to three factors—poverty, prior health status and urban air
pollution. The same will likely be true with the coronavirus, which means
that ensuring prevention and care for the most vulnerable is vital for saving
lives.

Remarkably, despite the ubiquitous daily horror of the 1918 flu, there
were few instances of flu-related attacks or riots. On the contrary, in
her book "Pale Rider", the science journalist Laura Spinney finds many
examples of good Samaritans. In Alaska, 70-year-old Dr. Valentine
McGillycuddy came out of retirement to fight the flu; in Tokyo, doctors
went out at night to give free vaccinations to the poor; in Germany, the
Catholic Church helped to train young women as nurses.

During pandemics, the reflex to help one another is more common than we
might think. At the dealiest moments in 1918, when city governments in
the U.S. were overwhelmed, volunteer groups—from Phoenix's citizens'
committees to Philadelphia's bluebloods—stepped in to distribute resources
to those in need. When communities did lose trust in their leaders, it was
often because, in Mr. Barry's words, they had lied about the severity of the
pandemic "for the war effort, for the propaganda machine that Wilson had
created."

What the public needed was accurate answers to the questions raised by the
appearance of an unfamiliar, deadly disease. Where did it come from? How
could I get infected? Can I pass it on to others? How can I protect myself
and my loved ones?

The historian Nancy Tomes has shown that in 1918, since newsreels were
focused on war news, people turned to the print media for information on
the flu. From trade magazines like Variety to scientific journals such as
Survey, journalists asked difficult questions about how the epidemic was
being handled and presented the best available answers to their readers. In
the face of highly variable responses from public officials, the media served
as an essential ally of the public health community in fighting the pandemic.

As we now face the specter of a coronavirus pandemic, it is reasonable

to ask: Are we more or less vulnerable today than we were a century ago?
In some ways we are clearly better off. We have modern vaccines and
 Tiger Times 03

medical care, dramatically improved communication tools and healthier,

better nourished populations. Modern governments plan in advance for
how to respond swiftly to outbreaks, and there are mechanisms in place for
international cooperation.

Yet according to the 2019 Global Health Security Index, less than one in
five countries is fully prepared for a global pandemic. More than a billion
people don't have access to essential prevention services, vaccines and
medicines, and most of the world lacks intensive care services capable of
handling severe cases of the coronavirus.

And we are vulnerable in other distinctively modern ways. Growing

resistance to many antibiotics makes it hard to treat pneumonia and other
bacterial complications. Large numbers of people suffer from heart disease,
diabetes, cancer and other diseases that weaken the immune system. Rapid
international travel has spread the virus at lightning speed. And as we
are already seeing with the new coronavirus, globalized supply chains,
dependent on just-in-time delivery of medicines, food and other essentials,
are vulnerable to disruption in a global pandemic.

This face-off between the factors that reduce our vulnerability and those
that increase it leaves humanity at considerable risk. Thousands, possibly
millions, of lives depend on our ability to apply the lessons of 1918 and
other pandemics. Only by taking full advantage of scientific and public
health advances, investing in strong health systems and developing new
technologies to prevent and respond to disease will we be able to meet
the challenge of the new cronavirus—and the other outbreaks that will
inevitably follow.

Dr. Quick, an adjunct professor at the Duke Global Health Institute, is the
former president of Management Sciences for Health, a global public health
organization, and served as Director of Essential Drugs and Medicines
Policies at the World Health Organization. His books include "The End of
Epidemics: The Looming Threat to Humanity and How to Stop It."
 Tiger Times
词汇
fall prey to 陷入困境；有遭受迫害、毁灭或侵袭的危险
○ be vulnerable or overcome by
○ e.g. Children often fall prey to sexual abuse. 儿童是性侵
犯的受害者。
stigmatization /ˌstɪɡmətaɪ'zeɪʃn/ n. 侮辱
○ the act of describing or regarding as worthy of disgrace or
great disapproval
○ e.g. Children are the most vulnerable to these diseases,
which kill, impair or permanently disable millions of peo-
ple every year, often resulting in life-long physical pain and
social stigmatization. 儿童最容易受这些疾病的侵袭，它
们每年造成数百万民众死亡、损伤或永久残疾，通常导
致终身身体疼痛和社会耻辱。
rumor-mongering /'ru:məˌmʌŋgə/ n. 造谣
○ spreading rumors
○ e.g. But she thinks it's keen that readers are so creative in
their rumormongering. 不过她认为读者们的造谣能力如此
之强真是很刺激。
uncensored /ʌnˈsensəd/ adj. 未经审查的
○ not examined
○ e.g. The peddler sells pirated DVDs, some of which are
even uncensored movies. 那个小贩卖盗版碟，其中甚至还
有一些未经审查的电影。
scapegoat /ˈskeɪpgəʊt/ n. 替罪羊
○ someone who is blamed for something bad that happens,
even if it is not their fault
○ e.g. I don't deserve to be made the scapegoat for a couple
of bad results. 我不应该为一些不好的结果顶罪。
Chilean /'tʃɪlɪən/ n. 智利人
○ people who live in Chile, a long narrow South American
country between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains
○ e.g. When a Japanese employee met a Belgian, a Chilean
and an Italian, they managed to communicate with each other.
当日本籍员工遇到比利时人、智利人和意大利人时，他
们总能设法相互交流。
Senegalese /ˌsenɪɡə'li:z/ n. 塞内加尔人
○ people who live in Senegal, a country in West Africa on
the Atlantic coast
○ e.g. And he gave Rama Yade, a feisty 31-year-old Senega-
lese, a human-rights post in the foreign ministry. 此外，他还
让脾气暴躁的 31 岁塞内加尔人拉玛 · 亚德（Rama Yade）
在外交部掌管人权事务。
Pittsburgh /ˈpitsbə:ɡ/ n. 匹兹堡（美国宾西法尼亚州西南
部城市，是美国的钢铁工业中心）
○ e.g. The newspaper presses are rolling in Pittsburgh again
today. 今天，匹兹堡的报纸又开始印刷了。
remarkably /rɪ'mɑ:kəblɪ/ adv. 出乎意料地
○ in an amount or to a degree that is unusual or surprising
○ e.g. The former hostage is in remarkably good shape con-
sidering his ordeal. 想想人质曾遭受的折磨，获救后其身
体状况已经是出奇地好了。
04
ubiquitous /ju:ˈbɪkwɪtəs/ adj. 普遍存在的
○ present, appearing, or found everywhere
○ e.g. She is one of the wealthiest, most ubiquitous media
personalities around. 她是目前最富有、最受媒体追捧的人
物之一。
blueblood /blu: blʌd/ n. 贵族
○ noble birth
○ e.g. Though poor, he was blue blood in his veins. 他人虽
穷，出身却高贵。
newsreel /ˈnju:zri:l/ n. 新闻短片
○ a short film of news and current affairs
○ e.g. The film also made use of newsreel footage and vox
pop. 电影还利用了新闻片片段和街头采访的表现手法。
specter /'spektə/ n. 似幽灵一样令人恐惧的事物
○ something widely feared as a possible unpleasant or dan-
gerous occurrence
○ e.g. The specter of unemployment haunted the land. 失业
的恐怖笼罩全国。
complication /ˌkɒmplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. [ 医 ] 并发症
○ a medical problem that occurs as a result of another illness
or disease
○ e.g. Blindness is a common complication of diabetes. 失明
是糖尿病常见的并发症。
just-in-time /dʒʌst in taim/ adj. 适时的
○ if goods are produced or bought using a just-in-time sys-
tem, they are produced or bought just before they are needed
so that the company does not have to store things for a long
time
○ e.g. Businesses use global sourcing and just-in-time pro-
duction. 商业采用全球采购和即时生产。
face-off /ˈfeisɔf/ n. 对峙
○ a confrontation of persons or groups in opposition
○ e.g. The two armies are locked in a face-off. 两军对峙。
adjunct /ˈædʒʌŋkt/ adj. 副的
○ (of an academic post) attached to the staff of a university in
a temporary or assistant capacity
○ e.g. He is an adjunct professor of entomology. 他是昆虫学
副教授。
 Tiger Times 05

今日习题

1. 根据英文释义写出文中出现的对应单词

______: not examined

______: present, appearing, or found everywhere

2. 一词多义

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined part in "Remarkably, despite the ubiquitous
daily horror of the 1918 flu, there were few instances of flu-related attacks or riots." ？ _______

A. omnipresent
B. somewhere
C. elsewhere
D. sacttered

3. 翻译：根据给定中文回译英文

每次流感时，人们都会陷入被侮辱，猜忌和散布的谣言中。

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

习题答案

3. In every pandemic, people fall prey to stigmatization, distrust and rumor-mongering.

2. A
1. uncensored; ubiquitous

编辑丨 Stephanie