Warm-up Question: 1

• My favorite thing about spring is...

A. The warmer weather
B. March Madness! Go Illini!
C. Spring BREAK!!
D. The allergies…
E. The snow…wait, what? SNOW!??
 Review Question (1): 2

• When a bar is placed under uniaxial tension, it extends in the direction of

the load by 0.1%, while it shrinks in the direction perpendicular to load
by 0.05%. What is the maximum amount of shear strain in the bar?
A. 0.20%
B. 0.15%
C. 0.10%
D. 0.05%
E. 0.00%
 Objectives 3

• Demonstrate a standard tension/compression test and begin

interpreting the stress-strain curve that results
• Differentiate between ductile and brittle materials
• Define the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and
Young’s modulus and extract these values from a stress-strain
curve
• Explore the phenomenon of strain hardening and necking
 Mechanical properties of materials 5

Tension and compression test

Characterizing mechanical properties
Stress-strain diagram
Quantified tensile/compression test
Brittle vs. ductile materials
Differences in response
Young s modulus
Linear elastic (Hooke s law) response
Strain hardening and plastic strain
Beyond elastic behavior
Strain energy density
Modulus of resilience and toughness
Poisson s ratio
Modulus of resilience and toughness
Material property relationships
St. Venant s principle, relationship
between E, G, K, and ν
 Tension and compression test 6

• Tension test: vary load to maintain constant strain rate (e.g. 10−4/s)
• Measure applied load vs. displacement
• Convert to uniaxial stress vs. strain
 Stress-strain diagram 7

• Uniaxial tension test:

• Stress: what we do to the material
• Strain: how the material responds
• Quantify:
• Initial gauge length L0 and area A0; instantaneous length L and area A
Engineering Engineering
stress strain

True stress True strain

schematic steel stress-strain curve

(not to scale)
 Stress-strain diagram: features 8

• Engineering vs. true quantities

• Engineering: loads and deformation from initial geometry
• True: what the material experiences (stress), accumulated/additive
dimension change (strain: 10% true + 10% true = 20% true)
• Yield strength: highest stress that the material can withstand without
undergoing significant plastic (irreversible) deformation
• May be defined by a yield point (rapid drop in stress at yield)
• May be defined as 0.2% offset (stress to get 0.2% plastic strain)
• Ultimate strength: is the maximum value of stress (engineering stress)
that the material can withstand
• Fracture stress: the value of stress at fracture
• Stiffness: ratio of stress to strain, primarily of interest in the elastic
region. (elastic moduli)
• Ductility: Materials that undergo large strain before fracture are
classified as ductile materials. Necks before failure
• Percent elongation: 100(Lf−L0)/L0
• Percent reduction in area: 100(A0−Af)/A0
Stress-strain diagram: ductile materials 9

— Rupture occurs along a

cone-shaped surface that
forms an angle of
approximately 45° with
the original surface of the
specimen (“cup-cone”
shape)

— Shear is primarily
responsible for failure in
ductile materials
— Axial loading: maximum
shear stress occurs at 45o

Necking Rupture
Strain hardening 10
 Why necking? Considère criterion 11

• Tension test: load is increasing, cross-sectional area is decreasing

• Load increase: materials strain-harden (more stress is required for
additional plastic strain)
• Area decrease: plastically deforming material flow (shape changes
without volume changing)
• These two effects compete in infinitesimal increments:
• Load increases dF
• Material strains small amount, leading to
• strain hardening dσ
• area decrease dA
• The area decrease is like a tiny additional increase of load

• When these two contributions cancel out, dF=0, so F is a maximum

• Instead of load continuing to be homogeneous it becomes localized
• That localized portion is a neck, with area lower than rest of specimen
• The neck continues to strain harden as before while it experiences much
higher stresses
 Stress-strain diagram: brittle materials 12

— Material that exhibit little or no yielding before failure

— Absence of necking
— Rupture occurs along a surface perpendicular to the load
— Normal stress is primarily responsible for failure of brittle materials
 Compression test: brittle materials 13

Barreling due to friction

at ends (not like necking!)
— Maximum compressive strength is substantially larger than the maximum
tensile strength
— For this reason, concrete is almost always reinforced with steel bars or
rods whenever it is designed to support tensile loads
 Hooke s law 14

For small deformations (linear elastic region up to yield strength)

E = Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus

UTS YS E

Steel 400 MPa 250 MPa 200 GPa

Al 110 MPa 95 MPa 70 GPa

Concrete 28 MPa - 25 GPa

(compression)
 Question (2): 15

• A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram below.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a
0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the fracture
stress.
First: what is Young s
modulus?
A. 68 ksi
B. 90 ksi
C. 108 ksi
D. 625 ksi
E. 31.2 103 ksi
 Question (3): 16

• A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram below.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a
0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the fracture
stress.
Next: what is the 0.2%
offset yield strength?
A. 68 ksi
B. 90 ksi
C. 108 ksi
D. 625 ksi
E. 31.2 103 ksi
 Question (4): 17

• A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram below.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a
0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the fracture
stress.
Next: what is the ultimate
tensile strength?
A. 68 ksi
B. 90 ksi
C. 108 ksi
D. 625 ksi
E. 31.2 103 ksi
 Question (5): 18

• A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram below.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a
0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the fracture
stress.
Next: what is the fracture
stress?
A. 68 ksi
B. 90 ksi
C. 108 ksi
D. 625 ksi
E. 31.2 103 ksi
 Question (6): 19

• A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram below.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a
0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the fracture
stress.
Finally: what is the %
elongation?
A. 0.002
B. 0.2
C. 0.23
D. 23
 Example 20

• A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram below.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a
0.2% offset. Identify on the graph the ultimate stress and the fracture
stress.
 Question (7): 21

• The stress-strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used in making

aircraft parts is shown below. If a specimen is stressed to 600 MPa,
determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the
load is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before and after
the load application.
First: what is Young s modulus?
A. 45 MPa
B. 75 MPa
C. 45 GPa
D. 75 GPa
 Question (8): 22

• The stress-strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used in making

aircraft parts is shown below. If a specimen is stressed to 600 MPa,
determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the
load is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before and after
the load application.
Next: what is the strain at 600 MPa
while the specimen is stressed?
A. 0.006
B. 0.01
C. 0.015
D. 0.02
E. 0.023
 Question (9): 23

• The stress-strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used in making

aircraft parts is shown below. If a specimen is stressed to 600 MPa,
determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the
load is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before and after
the load application.
Finally: what is the strain remaining
after the 600 MPa stress is released
from the specimen?
A. 0.006
B. 0.01
C. 0.015
D. 0.02
E. 0.023
 Example 24

• The stress-strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used in making

aircraft parts is shown below. If a specimen is stressed to 600 MPa,
determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the
load is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before and after
the load application.
 Question (10): 25

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
First: what is cross-sectional
area of the specimen?
A. 3.14 10−4 m2
B. 1.26 10−3 m2
C. 1.96 10−3 m2
D. 7.85 10−3 m2
 Question (11): 26

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Next: what is stress on the
specimen?
A. 76.4 kPa
B. 477 kPa
C. 76.4 MPa
D. 477 MPa
 Question (12): 27

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Next: what fraction between
450 MPa and 500 MPa is 477 MPa?
A. 73% to 450 MPa
27% to 500 MPa
B. 54% to 450 MPa
46% to 500 MPa
C. 46% to 450 MPa
54% to 500 MPa
D. 27% to 450 MPa
73% to 500 MPa
 Question (13): 28

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Next: what is the total strain
at 477 MPa?
A. 0.0138
B. 0.0150
C. 0.0162
D. 0.0172
 Question (14): 29

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Next: what is Young s modulus?
A. 450 MPa
B. 500 MPa
C. 200 GPa
D. 222 GPa
 Question (15): 30

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Next: what is the elastic strain
at 477 MPa?
A. 0.00214
B. 0.00238
C. 0.0214
D. 0.0238
 Question (16): 31

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Next: what is the plastic strain
at 477 MPa (strain remaining
after load is released)?
A. 0.002
B. 0.00238
C. 0.0148
D. 0.0214
E. 0.0238
 Question (17): 32

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
Finally: what is the permanent
elongation (additional length)
after the stress is removed?
A. 0.15 mm
B. 0.30 mm
C. 0.37 mm
D. 0.74 mm
 Example 33

• The material for the 50-mm-long specimen has the stress-strain diagram
shown. If P = 150 kN is applied and then released, determine the
permanent elongation of the specimen.
 Strain rosettes 34

• Strain measured in a tension test with electrical resistance strain

gauges
• Wire grid / metal foil bonded to specimen
• General state of stress requires three oriented gauges: 60 or 45
 Question: 35

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
First: what is the normal strain in the x
direction?
A. +42(10−6)
B. +60(10−6)
C. +171(10−6)
D. +246(10−6)
 Question: 36

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
Next: what is the normal strain in the y
direction?
A. +42(10−6)
B. +60(10−6)
C. +171(10−6)
D. +246(10−6)
 Question: 37

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
Next: what is the shear strain in the xy
plane?
A. −235(10−6)
B. −149(10−6)
C. −86(10−6)
D. +149(10−6)
E. +235(10−6)
 Question: 38

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
Next: where is the center of Mohr s circle?
A. +49(10−6)
B. +93(10−6)
C. +153(10−6)
D. +198(10−6)
 Question: 39

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
Next: where is the radius of Mohr s circle?
A. 119(10−6)
B. 175(10−6)
C. 225(10−6)
D. 260(10−6)
 Question: 40

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
Next: what are the principal strains?
A. −42(10−6), 196(10−6)
B. 17(10−6), 136(10−6)
C. 34(10−6), 272(10−6)
D. 94(10−6), 212(10−6)
 Question: 41

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
Finally: what is the orientation of a
principal direction?
A. 19.3
B. 29.0
C. 38.7
D. 58.0
 Example 42

• The state of strain at point on a bracket is measured in using the strain

rosette. Due to the loadings, the readings from the gauges gives
ϵa=60(10−6), ϵb=135(10−6), and ϵc=264(10−6). Determine the in-plane
principal strains at the point and the directions in which they act.
 Summary 43

• Tension / compression test

• Stress-strain curve
• Brittle vs. ductile materials
• Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, Young s modulus
• Failure stress, failure strain
• Necking
• Plastic strain, strain hardening