LAB 1(ASSIGNMENT)

INSTRUCTOR : SIR MAJID

SUBMMITTED BY: WAJEEHA ADEEL JADOON

 Introduction to Basic Workshop Tools and Electrical

Equipment

 Objective

● Demonstrate the precautionary measures practiced in the

workshop lab ∙
● Familiarization and identification of basic Workshop tools.

● Familiarization with electrical switches, components symbols

and their functions.

PLO-1 Engineering Knowledge

CLO-1 Recognize and identify different types of switches,
(P1) sockets, cables, connectors, tools and various PCB
and wiring procedures.

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 Theory

 Electrical Safety Principles

 Do not touch switch boards, main switches, holder points etc. with
wet hands.

 Use non-conductive tools whenever possible.

 Take utmost care while handling lamps, lamp holders, switches

etc., because these materials are brittle.

 BASIC WORKSHOP TOOLS

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 Plier

 Flat Nose Plier: It is used for holding jobs or holding

wires. It has got only two slotted jaws, which are tapered.
Thus, it is used for tightening or loosening small nuts.

 Side Cutting Plier: It is used for cutting of thin wires and

removing insulations from them. It has got cutting edge
on its one of its sides.

 Round Nose Plier: It is used only to hold or cut the wires.

It has no gripping jaws. Its cutting edge is long and
rounded on the top.

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 SCREW DRIVER

 It is used to loosen or tighten or to keep screws in

position.
 It has a wooden or plastic handle and a blade of high
carbon steel.

CHISEL

 Firmer Chisel:
 It is generally used for carpentry works and can be
used by hand pressure or with the help of mallet. It
has flat blade, which varies from 12mm to 15mm.
Cold Chisel:
 It is used for cutting iron pieces (cold). It has cutting
angle from 30° to 45°and is made of high carbon steel

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 HAMMER

 It is most commonly used in the workshop.

 The head is made of cast iron or forged; the claw is
hardened and tampered.
 The striking place is slightly convex. The head is fitted
with a wooden handle of various lengths.

Hacksaw

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 It is used to cut metal such as iron strips, core pipes
etc.
 It has a blade made of high steel or tungsten.
Mallet

 A mallet is a kind of hammer, usually of rubber, or

sometimes wood smaller than a maul or beetle and
usually with a relatively large head.

Wire Stripper

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 A wire stripper is a small, hand-held device used to
strip the electrical insulation from electric wires. A
simple manual wire stripper is a pair of opposing
blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The center
notch makes it easier to cut the insulation without
cutting the wire.

Paper Cutter:

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 Paper cutter is used for cutting paper, charts etc. Sharp
knife gives nice cutting result with clear edges. The
combination of a blade mounted to a steady base produces
clean and straight cuts, the likes of which would have
otherwise required a ruler and razor blade to achieve on a
single page. Paper cutters are also used for cutting thin
sheet metal, cardboard, and plastic. The blade on a paper
cutter is made of steel, which provides long-term
durability.

Inches tape:

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 A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler used
to measure size or distance.
 It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, or metal strip with
linear measurement markings.

 For a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket

or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or
corners.

Soldering iron:

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 A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It
supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow into the
joint between two work pieces. It is composed of a heated
metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often
achieved electrically, by passing an electric current
supplied through an electrical cord or battery cables
through a resistive heating element. Soldering irons are
most often used for installation, repairs, and limited
production work in electronics assembly.

De soldering pump:

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 Also known as a solder sucker, is a manually-operated
device which is used to remove solder from a printed
circuit board.
 When triggered by pressing a button, the piston springs
up, creating suction that sucks the solder off the soldered
connection.
Files:

 They are used for filing, shaping, de burring, setting,

chamfering, smoothing and finishing metals, wood,
plastics, and polymer clay. They include Flat File, Half
Round File, Flat Warding File, Triangular File, Round
File, and Square File.

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 BASIC DEFINATIONS

 Electric current

 Electric current can be termed as a continuous flow of

charges or electrons through a conductor. Its unit is Ampere
A. One ampere is the current produced when a pressure of
one volt is applied across a circuit having one-ohm
resistance

 Voltage or EMF:

 EMF is electro motive force. Potential difference between

two points in a circuit is the amount of work required to
move unit charge from one point to other against the
direction of electric field. Potential difference may be
termed as voltage. It is measured in volts V. Voltage of a
torch battery is 1.5 V and that of automobile battery is 12V.

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 KSEB supply voltage for domestic installation is 240 V.
 Electric power:
 Instantaneous electric power is the product of instantaneous
voltage and instantaneous current. Unit of electric power is
watt (W).


 Electric energy:
 Electrical energy is the integral of instantaneous power
consumed over a particular time interval. Unit of electric
energy is KWh (Kilo Watt hour).

 Resistance: It is the property of a substance due to which it

opposes the flow of current through it. Unit of resistance is
ohm .


 Where L is the length of material & A is the area of cross
section

 When temperature increases resistance of pure metals and

Alloys increases when temperature increases resistance of
electrolyte, insulators etc. decrease.

 Ohms law: Ohms law states that, the ratio of potential

difference between any two points in a conductor to the
current flowing between them is constant keeping
temperature constant.

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 Study of Electric Power Supply
 AC&DC
 DC or direct current is steady current. It never changes its
direction, and AC is alternating in nature and operates at a
particular frequency which is 60 Hz in Pakistan. AC voltage
can be increased or decreased with the help of transformers.
By using high voltage AC, we can drastically reduce the
transmission losses. AC can be converted into DC easily but
reverse is not so easy.
 In Pakistan state electricity boards are the authorities to
generate and distribute electric energy. Electric power is
generated at a voltage of 11 KV. This power is transmitted
by increasing the voltage at different levels as 33 KV,
66KV, 110 KV, 220KVor 400 KV from different
substations. At load centres this voltage again stepped down
as 11 KV and a feeder network is created. This feeder line
energizes the 11KV/415V step down transformer, and from
these transformers electric supply can be given to
consumers at 240V and 415 V as single phase or three
phases.
 All domestic and commercial consumers get electric energy
from the distribution network of concerned electricity
boards. Based on the power requirements of consumers
Electricity Boards may give 3-phase connection (for high
power) or single-phase connection (for low power). In the
three phase connections 4 wires are provided, where as in
single-phase connection one phase and a neutral connection
are provided to the consumers. Phase to neutral voltage in
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 our country is 230 V and phase-to-phase voltage is 400 V of
frequency 50 Hz. Most of the appliances work on single-
phase supply. There are some motors, which requires three
phase supply. A KWh meter is provided at the consumer
end for measuring the electrical energy consumed. Different
tariffs for different consumers are introduced as per their
connected load and nature of connection.

Electrical Component and Function:

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Electrical Switches:
A switch in an electronic device is used to interrupt the flow of
electricity or electric current. Electrical switches are binary
devices. They can be either completely off or completely on. In
simple English, a switch is an electronic device which is used
to break or make the electronic circuit. When the contacts of a
switch are closed, the switch creates a closed path for the

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current to flow and hence load consumes the power from
source. When the contacts of a switch are open, no power will
be consumed by the load.
Types of Switches:
Basically, Switches can be of two types. Mechanical Switches
are physical switches, which must be activated physically, by
moving, pressing, releasing, or touching its contacts. Electronic
Switches, on the other hand, do not require any physical
contact in order to control a circuit. These are activated by
semiconductor action.
Mechanical Switches: Mechanical switches can be classified
into different types based on several factors such as method of
actuation (manual, limit and process switches), number of
contacts (single contact and multi contact switches), number of
poles and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, etc.), operation and
construction (push button, toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), based
on state (momentary and locked switches). Based on number of
poles and throws, they can be classified as,

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Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)
This is the basic ON and OFF switch consisting of one input
contact and one output contact. ∙ It switches a single circuit
and it can either make (ON) or break (OFF) the load. ∙ The
contacts of SPST can be either normally open or normally
closed configurations.
Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT)
This switch has three terminals: one is input contact and
remaining two are output contacts. ∙ This means it consist two
ON positions and one OFF position.
In most of the circuits, these switches are used as changeover to
connect the input between two choices of outputs.
The contact which is connected to the input by default is
referred as normally closed contact and contact which will be
connected during ON operation is a normally open contact.
Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)
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This switch consists of four terminals: two input contacts and
two output contacts. ∙ It behaves like a two separate SPST
configurations, operating at the same time. ∙ It has only one ON
position, but it can actuate the two contacts simultaneously, such
that each input contact will be connected to its corresponding
output contact.
In OFF position both switches are at open state.
This type of switches is used for controlling two different
circuits at a time. ∙ Also, the contacts of this switch may be
either normally open or normally closed configurations.
Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)
This is a dual ON/OFF switch consisting of two ON positions.
It has six terminals, two are input contacts and remaining four
are the output contacts. ∙ It behaves like a two separate SPDT
configuration, operating at the same time. ∙ Two input contacts
are connected to the one set of output contacts in one position
and in another position, input contacts are connected to the
other set of output contacts.
Based on operation and construction,
Push Button Switch
It is a momentary contact switch that makes or breaks
connection as long as pressure is applied (or when the button is
pushed).
This button returns its normal position, once the pressure is
removed.

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The internal spring mechanism operates these two states
(pressed and released) of a push button.
It consists of stationary and movable contacts, of which
stationary contacts are connected in series with the circuit to be
switched while movable contacts are attached with a push
button.
Push buttons are majorly classified into normally open,
normally closed and double acting push buttons as shown in the
above figure.
Double acting push buttons are generally used for controlling
two electrical circuits.
Toggle Switch
A toggle switch is manually actuated (or pushed up or down)
by a mechanical handle, lever or rocking mechanism. These are
commonly used as light control switches.
Most of these switches come with two or more lever positions
which are in the versions of SPDT, SPST, DPST and DPDT
switch. These are used for switching high currents (as high as
10 A) and can also be used for switching small currents.
These are available in different ratings, sizes and styles and are
used for different type of applications. The ON condition can be
any of their level positions, however, by convention the
downward is the closed or ON position.
Joystick Switch
Joystick switches are manually actuated control devices used
mainly in portable control equipment.
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It consists of a lever which moves freely in more than one axis
of motion. ∙ Depending on the movement of the lever pushed,
one or more switch contacts are actuated. ∙ These are ideally
suited for lowering, raising and triggering movements to the left
and right. ∙ These are used for building machinery, cable
controls and cranes. The symbol for the joystick is shown
below.
Rotary Switches
These are used for connecting one line to one of many lines.
Examples of these switches are range selectors in electrical
metering equipment, channel selectors in communication
devices and band selectors in multi-band radios. ∙ It consists of
one or more moving contacts (knob) and more than one
stationary contact. ∙ These switches are come with different
arrangement of contacts such as single pole 12-way, 3-pole 4-
way, 2-pole 6-way and 4-pole 3-way.
Based on number of contacts,

1. ONE-WAY (SINGLE-POLE) ELECTRICAL SWITCH

A one-way or single-pole electrical switch is the most common
one in use. They are used to control lights, fans, or other
devices from a single location. It has a simple ON and OFF
marking. Most of the one-way switches also include a ground
terminal for connecting the circuit’s ground wire. A one way
switch basically operates as a make or break switch. When it is
turned ON, the two terminals are connected, and when it is
turned OFF, the contact between the two is broken.

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2. TWO-WAY (DOUBLE-POLE) ELECTRICAL SWITCH
A two-way or double-pole electrical switch is generally used in
industrial applications but can also be found in some home
wiring systems. Like the single-pole switch, a two-way or a
double-pole electrical switch may also have the ON and OFF
markings on them. These switches control a device or
equipment from more than one location. A two-way or double-
pole switch is basically two, one way switches combined into
one. One of the terminals can be connected to either of the
remaining two but both the terminals cannot be connected at
the same time. When you want to make a connection with one
terminal, the connection with the other is broken. The Double-
Pole or the Two way switches are generally used for 30 amps
(in comparison to the 15 or 20 amps in case of standard
switches), so they are able to control higher-demand
appliances, like motors, and machinery.
2. LIGHT DIMMER / STEPLESS REGULATOR
A light dimmer/step less regulator is used to control or change
the speed of a fan or sometimes to change the intensity of a
light between bright and dim. The regulators available earlier
used to rotate in steps, each step representing a definite level of
fan speed, but the Light Dimmer/Step less Regulator allows
you to rotate it freely without any steps or levels.
3. BELL PUSH SWITCH
A Bell Push switch is connected to a doorbell. So, when the
switch is pushed, it rings the bell connected to it. It can be used
at homes, offices or at any other place wherever required. A
Bell Push switch always maintains a broken circuit, unless the

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button is pressed.
Another important characteristic of a switch is its action i.e.,
whether it is a Momentary or Latched action. Momentary
Switches (like push buttons, for example) are used to make
momentary contact (for a brief time or as long the button is
pressed). Latched Switches on the hand, maintain the contact
until it is forced to the other position.

Electronic Switches:
The electronic switches are generally called as Solid State
switches because there are no physical moving parts and hence
no physical contacts. Most of the appliances are controlled by
semiconductor switches such as motor drives and HVAC
equipment. Some of these solid state switches include
transistors, SCRs, MOSFETs, TRIACs and IGBTs.
Bipolar Transistors: A transistor either allows the current to
pass or it blocks the current as similar to working of normal
switch. In switching circuits, transistor operates in cut-off
mode for OFF or current blocking condition and in saturation
mode for ON condition. The active region of the transistor is
not used for switching applications. Both NPN and PNP
transistors are operated or switched ON when a sufficient base
current is supplied to it. When a small current flows though the
base terminal supplied by a driving circuit (connected between
the base and emitter), it causes the transistor to turn ON the
collector-emitter path. And it is turned OFF when the base
current is removed and base voltage is reduced to a slight
negative value. Even though it utilizes small base current, it is
capable of carrying much higher currents through the collector-
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emitter path.

Power Diode: A diode can perform switching operations

between its high and low state impedance states.
Semiconductor materials like Silicon and Germanium are used
for constructing the diodes. Usually, Power Diodes are
constructed using Silicon in order to operate the device at
higher currents and higher junction temperatures. These are
constructed by joining p and n type semiconductor materials
together to form PN junction. It has two terminals namely
anode and cathode. When the anode is made positive with
respect to cathode and by the application of voltage greater
than the threshold level, PN junction is forward biased and
starts conducting (like ON switch). When the cathode terminal
is made positive with respect to anode, PN junction reverse
biased and its blocks the current flow (like OFF switch).

MOSFET: Perhaps the most popular and most commonly used

Semiconductor Switching Device is the MOSFET. Metal
Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a
unipolar and high frequency switching device. It is most
commonly used switching device is power electronic
applications. It has three terminals namely drain (output),
source (common) and gate (input). It is a voltage controlled
device i.e., by controlling the input (gate to source) voltage,
resistance between the drain and source is controlled, which
further determines the ON and OFF state of the device.
MOSFETs can be a P-Channel or N-Channel devices. The N-
Channel MOSFET is tuned ON by applying a positive VGS
with respect to the source (provided that VGS should be greater
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than threshold voltage). P-channel MOSFET operates in a
similar manner of N-channel MOSFET but it uses reverse
polarity of voltages. Both VGS and VDD are negative with
respect to the source to switch ON the P channel MOSFET.

IGBT: IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) combines the

several advantages of bipolar junction power transistor and
power MOSFET. Like a MOSFET, it is a voltage controlled
device and has lower ON state voltage drop (less than that of
MOSFET and closer to power transistor). It is a three terminal
semiconductor high speed switching device. These terminals
are emitter, collector and gate. Similar to the MOSFET, IGBT
can be turned ON by applying a positive voltage (greater than
the threshold voltage) between the gate and emitter. IGBT can
be turned OFF by reducing the voltage
across the gate-emitter to zero. In most of the cases, it needs a
negative voltage to reduce the turn OFF losses and safely turn
OFF the IGBT.

SCR: A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is one of the most

widely used high speed switching device for power control
applications. It is a unidirectional device as a diode, consisting
of three terminals, namely anode, cathode and gate. An SCR is
turned ON and OFF by controlling its gate input and biasing
conditions of the anode and cathode terminals. SCR consists of
four layers of alternate P and N layers such that boundaries of
each layer forms junctions J1, J2 and J3.
TRIAC: This switch is a bidirectional switching device, which
is an equivalent circuit of two back to back SCRs connection
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with one gate terminal. Its capability to control AC power in
both positive and negative peaks of the voltage waveform often
makes these devices to be used in motor speed controllers,
light dimmers, pressure control systems, motor drives and
other AC control equipment.
DIAC: A DIAC is bidirectional switching device and it
consists of two terminals, which are not named as anode and
cathode as it is a bidirectional device i.e., a DIAC can be
operated in either direction regardless of the terminal
identification. This indicates that the DIAC can be used in
either direction. When a voltage is applied across a DIAC, it
either operates in forward blocking or reverse blocking mode
unless the applied voltage is less than the break over voltage.
Once the voltage is increased more than break over voltage,
avalanche break over occurs and device starts conducting.

Lab Task

● Tools can be categorized as (Hand tools, power tools and

measuring devices)
● Include description, image and use of all the following
types of electrical tools. Also classify as hand tool, power
tool or meters.
(Hammers, pliers, testers, wrenches, cutters, strippers, crimpers,
tapes, drill machines, saws, screw drivers, spanners, meters)

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Conclusion
Students will get familiarized with different electrical
parameters, equipment/tools, their symbol, function and usage.

THANK
YOU
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