Chapter 3 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 4rd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala

McGraw-Hill, 2018
Chapter 3
PRESSURE AND FLUID

STATICS
Ph.D James R Vera-Rozo
james.vera@unipamplona.edu.co
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 1/48

John Ninomiya flying a cluster of 72 helium-filled balloons over Temecula,
California in April of 2003. The helium balloons displace approximately 230
m3 of air, providing the necessary buoyant force. Don’t try this at home!
Objectives
• Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest

• Calculate pressure using various kinds of manometers
• Calculate the forces exerted by a fluid at rest on
plane or curved submerged surfaces
• Analyze the stability of floating and submerged
bodies
• Analyze the rigid-body motion of fluids in containers during
linear acceleration or rotation

3–1 ■ PRESSURE
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
140 kg
70 kg
Afeet=343 cm2
P = 20 kPa P = 40 kPa
Some P = (709.81/1000) kN / 0.0343 m2 = 20 kPa

basic
The normal stress (or “pressure”) on the
pressure
feet of a chubby person is much greater
gages.
than on the feet of a slim person.
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is
measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the
local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage
pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Throughout
this text, the
pressure P
will denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.

Ejemplo 1
Un medidor de vacío esta conectado a un tanque y

da una lectura de 45 kPa en un lugar donde la
lectura barométrica es de 755 mmHg. Determine
la presión absoluta en el tanque.
3
Tome ρHg = 13 590 kg/m
Respuesta: 55.6 kPa
Ejemplo 2
Un manómetro esta conectado a un tanque y da una

lectura de 60 psi en un lugar donde la lectura
barométrica es de 29.1 inHg. Determine la presión
3
absoluta en el tanque. Tome ρ = 848.4 lbm/ ft .
Hg
Respuesta: 74.3 psia

Pressure at a Point Pressure is the compressive
force per unit area but it is not
a vector. Pressure at any point
in a fluid is the same in all
directions. Pressure has
magnitude but not a specific
direction, and thus it is a
scalar quantity.
Pressure is a scalar quantity,

not a vector; the pressure at a
Forces acting on a wedge-shaped point in a fluid is the same in
fluid element in equilibrium. all directions.
Variation of Pressure with Depth
When the variation of density
with elevation is known
The pressure of a fluid at rest

increases with depth (as a Free-body diagram of a rectangular
result of added weight). fluid element in equilibrium.
Pressure in a liquid at rest
increases linearly with
In a room filled with a gas, the variation distance from the free
of pressure with height is negligible. surface.

The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the
same fluid.

Pascal’s law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid
increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.
The area ratio A2/A1 is

called the ideal mechanical
advantage of the hydraulic
lift.
Lifting of a large
weight by a small
force by the
application of
Pascal’s law.

3–2 ■ PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
The Barometer
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the atmospheric pressure is
often referred to as the barometric pressure.
• A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is defined as the pressure produced
by a column of mercury 760 mm in height at 0°C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational
acceleration
(g = 9.807 m/s2).
The length or the cross-sectional area of the

tube has no effect on the height of the fluid
column of
a barometer, provided that the tube
diameter is large enough to avoid surface tension
(capillary) effects.
The basic barometer.

At high altitudes, a car engine generates
less power and a person gets less oxygen
because of the lower density of air.

Ejemplo 3
Se puede usar un barómetro básico
para medir la altura de un edificio. Si
las lecturas barométricas en las
partes superior e inferior del edificio
son de 730 y 755 mm Hg,
respectivamente, determine la altura
del edificio. Suponga una densidad
promedio del aire de 1.18 kg/m3 .
Consultar ejemplo 3.2, 3.3 y 3.4

Ejemplo 4
Determine la presión que se ejerce sobre un buzo a 30 m

por abajo de la superficie libre del mar. Suponga una
presión barométrica de 101 kPa y una gravedad
específica de 1.03 para el agua de mar.
Respuesta: 404.0 kPa

The Manometer
It is commonly used to measure small and
moderate pressure differences. A manometer
contains one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil.
Measuring the
pressure drop across
a flow section or a flow
device by a differential
manometer.
The basic
manometer.
In stacked-up fluid layers, the

pressure change across a fluid layer
of density  and height h is gh.
19
A simple U-tube
manometer, with
high pressure
applied to the right
side.

Ejemplo 5
Consultar ejemplo 3.5,

21
3.6 y 3.7
Ejemplo 6
Se presuriza el agua que está en un tanque
mediante aire y se mide la presión con un
manómetro de fluidos múltiples, como se
muestra en la figura. Determine la presión
manométrica del aire en el tanque si h 0.2 1
m, h 0.3 m, y h 0.46 m. Tome las

2 3
densidades del agua, el aceite y el mercurio

como 1 000 850, y 13 600 kg/ m3 ,
respectivamente.

Ejemplo 7
Se mide la presión en una
tubería de gas natural con el
manómetro que se muestra en
la figura, con una de las
ramas abierta a la atmósfera
en donde la presión
atmosférica local es de 14.2
psi. Determine la presión
absoluta en la tubería.

Ejemplo 8
La parte superior de un tanque de agua está
dividida en dos compartimentos, como se
muestra en la figura. Ahora se vierte un
fluido con una densidad desconocida en uno
de los lados y el nivel del agua se eleva
cierta cantidad en el otro lado para
compensar el efecto que se produce. Con
base en las alturas finales de los fluidos,
mostradas en la figura, determine la
densidad del fluido añadido. Suponga que
el líquido no se mezcla con el agua.
Ejemplo 9
Dos cámaras con el mismo

fluido en su base están
separados por un émbolo cuyo
peso es de 25 N, como se
muestra en la figura. Calcule
las presiones manométricas en
las cámaras A y B.
Ejemplo 9
Se mide la diferencia de presión

entre un tubo de aceite y uno de
agua con un manómetro de doble
fluido, como se muestra en la
figura. Para las alturas y las
gravedades específicas dadas de
los fluidos calcule la diferencia
de presión ΔP= P - P .
B A

Ejemplo 10
Dos tanques de agua están

interconectados mediante un
manómetro de mercurio con
los tubos inclinados, como se
muestra en la figura. Si la
diferencia de presión entre
los dos tanques es de 20 kPa,
calcule a y u.

Other Pressure Measurement Devices
• Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube
bent like a hook whose end is closed and
connected to a dial indicator needle.
• Pressure transducers: Use various techniques
to convert the pressure effect to an electrical
effect such as a change in voltage, resistance,
or capacitance.
• Pressure transducers are smaller and faster,
and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and
precise than their mechanical counterparts.
• Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by
having a diaphragm deflect between two
chambers open to the pressure inputs.
• Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-
state pressure transducers, work on the
principle that an electric potential is generated in
a crystalline substance when it is subjected to
mechanical pressure.
Various types of Bourdon tubes used
to measure pressure.
Deadweight tester: Another type of mechanical pressure gage. It is used
primarily for calibration and can measure extremely high pressures.

A deadweight tester measures pressure directly through application of a weight that provides a force per
unit area—the fundamental definition of pressure.
It is constructed with an internal chamber filled with a fluid (usually oil),
along with a tight-fitting piston, cylinder, and plunger.
Weights are applied to the top of the piston, which exerts a force on the oil in the chamber. The total force F
acting on the oil at the piston–oil interface is the sum of the weight of the piston plus the applied weights.
A deadweight tester is able

to measure extremely high
pressures (up to 70 MPa in
some applications).

3–3 ■ INTRODUCTION TO FLUID STATICS
Fluid statics: Deals with problems associated with fluids at rest. The fluid can be
either gaseous or liquid.
Hydrostatics: When thye fluid is a liquid.
Aerostatics: When the fluid is a gas.
In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between adjacent fluid layers, and thus there
are no shear (tangential) stresses in the fluid trying to deform it.
The only stress we deal with in fluid statics is the normal stress, which is the pressure,
and the variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid.
The topic of fluid statics has significance only in gravity fields.
The design of many engineering systems such as water dams and liquid storage
tanks requires the determination of the forces acting on the surfaces using fluid
statics.
3–4 ■ HYDROSTATIC
FORCES ON SUBMERGED
PLANE SURFACES
A plate, such as a gate valve in a dam, the wall of
a liquid storage tank, or the hull of a ship at rest, is
subjected to fluid pressure distributed over its
surface when exposed to a liquid.
Hoover Dam.
On a plane surface, the hydrostatic forces form a
system of parallel forces, and we often need to
determine the magnitude of the force and its point
of application, which is called the center of
pressure.
When analyzing hydrostatic forces on

submerged surfaces, the atmospheric
pressure can be subtracted for simplicity
when it acts on both sides of the structure.

Hydrostatic force
on an inclined
plane surface
completely
submerged in a
liquid.
The pressure at the

centroid of a surface is
equivalent to the average
pressure on the surface.

The resultant force acting on a
plane surface is equal to the
product of the pressure at the
centroid of the surface and the
surface area, and its line of
action passes through the
center of pressure.
second moment of area

(area moment of inertia)
about the x-axis.

The centroid and the centroidal moments of
inertia for some common geometries.
Pressure acts normal to the surface, and
the hydrostatic forces acting on a flat
plate of any shape form a volume whose
base is the plate area and whose length
is the linearly varying pressure.
This virtual pressure prism has an
interesting physical interpretation: its
volume is equal to the magnitude of the
resultant hydrostatic force acting on the
plate since FR =  PdA, and the line of
action of this force passes through the
centroid of this homogeneous prism.
The projection of the centroid on the plate
is the pressure center.
Therefore, with the concept of pressure
prism, the problem of describing the
The hydrostatic forces acting on a
resultant hydrostatic force on a plane
plane surface form a pressure prism
surface reduces to finding the volume
whose base (left face) is the surface
and the two coordinates of the centroid of
and whose length is the pressure.
this pressure prism.

Special Case:
Submerged
Rectangular Plate
Hydrostatic force acting
on the top surface of a
submerged tilted
rectangular plate.

Hydrostatic force
acting on the top
surface of a
submerged vertical
rectangular plate.

Hydrostatic force acting
on the top surface of a
submerged horizontal
rectangular plate.

3–5 ■ HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
Determination of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged curved surface.

In many structures of
practical application, the
submerged surfaces are
not flat, but curved as
here at Glen Canyon
Dam in Utah and
Arizona.

When a curved surface is above The hydrostatic force acting on a circular
the liquid, the weight of the liquid surface always passes through the center
and the vertical component of the of the circle since the pressure forces are
hydrostatic force act in the normal to the surface and they all pass
opposite directions. through the center.
in a multilayered fluid of different densities can be determined by
considering different parts of surfaces in different fluids as different
surfaces, finding the force on each part, and then adding them using
vector addition. For a plane surface, it can be expressed as
The hydrostatic force on a

surface submerged in a
multilayered fluid can be
determined by considering parts
of the surface in different fluids
as different surfaces.

Ejemplo 11
Considere un pesado automóvil sumergido en un lago con un
fondo plano. La puerta del lado del conductor mide 1.1 m de
altura y 0.9 m de ancho, y el borde superior de la misma está 8
m abajo de la superficie del agua. Determine la fuerza neta que
actúa sobre la puerta (normal a su superficie) y la ubicación del
centro de presión si:
a) el automóvil está bien cerrado y contiene aire a presión
atmosférica
b) el automóvil se llena con agua. Ver ejemplo 3.8-3.9
Ejemplo 12
Una placa rectangular de 4 m de altura y 5

m de ancho bloquea el extremo de un
canal de agua dulce de 4 m de
profundidad, como se muestra en la figura.
La placa está articulada en torno a un eje
horizontal que está a lo largo de su borde
4m
superior y que pasa por un punto A, y su
apertura la restringe un borde fijo en el
punto B. Determine la fuerza que se ejerce
sobre la placa por el borde.

Ejemplo 13
El flujo de agua desde un recipiente 5 ft
se controla por una compuerta con
forma de L y de 5 ft de ancho,
articulada en el punto A, como se
muestra en la figura. Si se desea que
la compuerta se abra cuando la altura
del agua sea de 12 ft, determine la
masa del peso necesario W.
Respuesta: 30,900 lbm

Ejemplo 14
Se usa un cilindro sólido largo de radio
de 2 ft, articulado en el punto A, como
una compuerta automática, como se
muestra en la figura. Cuando el nivel del
agua llega a 15 ft, la compuerta cilíndrica
se abre girando en torno a la articulación
en el punto A. Determine:
a) la fuerza hidrostática que actúa sobre
el cilindro y su línea de acción cuando
la compuerta se abre
b) el peso del cilindro por ft de longitud
del mismo.
Ejemplo 15
Una compuerta de 4 m de largo con forma
de un cuarto de círculo de radio 3 m y de
peso despreciable está articulada alrededor
de su borde superior A, como se muestra
en la figura. La compuerta controla el flujo
de agua sobre el reborde en B, donde está
comprimida por un resorte. Determine la
fuerza mínima necesaria del resorte para
mantener cerrada la compuerta cuando el
nivel del agua se eleva hasta A en el borde
superior de la compuerta.
Ejemplo 16
La compuerta AB de la figura
tiene forma de triángulo
isósceles, está articulada en A y
pesa 1500 N. ¿Cuál es la fuerza
horizontal P que se debe aplicar
en el punto B para mantener el
sistema en equilibrio?

Ejemplo 17
La compuerta AB de la figura tiene

3 m de anchura y está conectada
mediante una barra y una polea a
una esfera de hormigón (densidad
relativa S = 2,40). ¿Qué diámetro
de la esfera es necesario para
mantener la puerta cerrada?

Summary
• Pressure
• Pressure Measurement Devices
• Introduction to Fluid Statics
• Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane
Surfaces
• Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces
• Buoyancy and Stability
• Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion

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Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 4rd Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala

PRESSURE AND FLUID

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 1/48

• Determine the variation of pressure in a fluid at rest

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 3/48

Some P = (709.81/1000) kN / 0.0343 m2 = 20 kPa

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 5/48

Un medidor de vacío esta conectado a un tanque y

Un manómetro esta conectado a un tanque y da una

Respuesta: 74.3 psia

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 7/48

Pressure is a scalar quantity,

The pressure of a fluid at rest

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 10/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 11/48

The area ratio A2/A1 is

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 12/48

The length or the cross-sectional area of the

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 13/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 14/48

Consultar ejemplo 3.2, 3.3 y 3.4

Determine la presión que se ejerce sobre un buzo a 30 m

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 16/48

In stacked-up fluid layers, the

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 18/48

Consultar ejemplo 3.5,

m, h 0.3 m, y h 0.46 m. Tome las

densidades del agua, el aceite y el mercurio

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 20/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 21/48

Dos cámaras con el mismo

Se mide la diferencia de presión

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 24/48

Dos tanques de agua están

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 25/48

primarily for calibration and can measure extremely high pressures.

A deadweight tester is able

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 27/48

When analyzing hydrostatic forces on

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 29/48

The pressure at the

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 30/48

second moment of area

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 31/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 33/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 34/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 35/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 36/48

Determination of the hydrostatic force acting on a submerged curved surface.

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 37/48

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 38/48

The hydrostatic force on a

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 40/48

Una placa rectangular de 4 m de altura y 5

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 42/48

Respuesta: 30,900 lbm

James R Vera-Rozo Termofluidos Pág. 46/48

La compuerta AB de la figura tiene