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Microbiology: An Introduction, 13e (Tortora et al.)
Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics

8.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) A gene is defined as
A) any random segment of DNA.
B) three nucleotides that code for an amino acid.
C) a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product.
D) a sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product.
E) the RNA product of a transcribed section of DNA.
Answer: C
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.1

2) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A) DNA polymerase – makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template
B) RNA polymerase – makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template
C) DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA
D) transposase – cuts DNA backbone, leaving "sticky ends"
E) DNA gyrase – relaxes supercoiling in DNA ahead of the replication fork
Answer: B
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.3

3) Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction (5' to 3') only.
B) The leading strand of DNA is made continuously.
C) The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer.
D) DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome.
E) Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome.
Answer: D
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Global Outcome: 2

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4) DNA is constructed of
A) a single strand of nucleotides with internal hydrogen bonding.
B) two complementary strands of nucleotides bonded A–C and G–T.
C) two strands of nucleotides running in an antiparallel configuration.
D) two strands of identical nucleotides in a parallel configuration with hydrogen bonds between
them.
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: C
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.2
Global Outcome: 2

5) Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription?

A) a new strand of DNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA
Answer: A
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.4

6) Which of the following statements about bacteriocins is FALSE?

A) The genes coding for them are on plasmids.
B) They cause food-poisoning symptoms.
C) They can be used to identify certain bacteria.
D) Bacteriocins kill bacteria.
Answer: B
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.16
Global Outcome: 7

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7) Figure 8.1

In Figure 8.1, which colonies are streptomycin-resistant and leucine-requiring?

A) 1, 2, 3, and 9
B) 3 and 9
C) 4, 6, and 8
D) 4 and 8
E) 5 and 6
Answer: D
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.12
Global Outcome: 2

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Table 8.1
Culture 1: F+, leucine+, histidine+
Culture 2: F-, leucine-, histidine-

8) In Table 8.1, what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2 (reminder: F+ has
a different meaning than Hfr)?
A) 1 will remain the same;
2 will become F+, leucine-, histidine-
B) 1 will become F-, leu+, his+;
2 will become F+, leu-, his-
C) 1 will become F-, leu-, his-;
2 will remain the same
D) 1 will remain the same;
2 will become F+, leu+, his+
E) 1 will remain the same;
2 will become F+ and recombination may occur
Answer: A
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.15
Global Outcome: 2

9) In Table 8.1, if culture 1 mutates to Hfr, what will be the result of conjugation between the
two cultures?
A) They will both remain the same.
B) 1 will become F+, leu+, his+;
2 will become F+, leu+, his+
C) 1 will remain the same;
recombination may occur in 2
D) 1 will become F-, leu+, his+;
2 will become Hfr, leu+, his+
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: C
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.15
Global Outcome: 2

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10) An enzyme produced in response to the presence of a substrate is called a(n)
A) inducible enzyme.
B) repressible enzyme.
C) restriction enzyme.
D) operator.
E) promoter.
Answer: A
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7

11) Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell

A) by a bacteriophage.
B) as naked DNA in solution.
C) by cell-to-cell contact.
D) by crossing over.
E) by sexual reproduction.
Answer: B
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.15

12) Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by

A) mutation.
B) conjugation.
C) transduction.
D) transformation.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.15

13) Which of the following statements regarding a bacterium that is R+ is FALSE?

A) It possesses a plasmid.
B) R+ can be transferred to a cell of the same species.
C) It is resistant to certain drugs and heavy metals.
D) It is F+.
E) R+ can be transferred to a different species.
Answer: D
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.16
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14) The initial/first effect of ionizing radiation on a cell is that it causes
A) DNA to break.
B) bonding between adjacent thymines.
C) base substitutions.
D) the formation of highly reactive ions.
E) the cells to get hot.
Answer: D
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.9

15) According to the operon model, for the synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, the
A) end-product must not be in excess.
B) substrate must bind to the enzyme.
C) substrate must bind to the repressor.
D) repressor must bind to the operator.
E) repressor must not be synthesized.
Answer: C
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Global Outcome: 2

16) Synthesis of a repressible enzyme is stopped by the

A) allosteric transition.
B) substrate binding to the repressor.
C) corepressor binding to the operator.
D) corepressor-repressor complex binding to the operator.
E) end product binding to the promoter.
Answer: D
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Global Outcome: 2

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Figure 8.2

17) In Figure 8.2, if base 4 is adenine, what is base 4'?

A) adenine
B) thymine
C) cytosine
D) guanine
E) uracil
Answer: B
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Global Outcome: 2

18) In Figure 8.2, if base 4 is adenine, what is base 11' (remember the complimentary
configuration of bases in DNA)?
A) adenine
B) thymine
C) cytosine
D) guanine
E) uracil
Answer: A
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Global Outcome: 2
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19) In Figure 8.2, base 5 (and ONLY the base) is covalently bound/attached to
A) ribose.
B) phosphate.
C) deoxyribose.
D) thymine.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.

Answer: C
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.3

20) The DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is

A) never repaired.
B) repaired during transcription.
C) repaired during translation.
D) cut out and replaced.
E) repaired by DNA replication.
Answer: D
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.10

Table 8.2

Codons in mRNA molecule and their corresponding amino acids

UUU Phenylalanine UAU tyrosine

UUA leucine UAA nonsense
GCA alanine AAU asparagine
AAG lysine UGC cysteine
GUU valine UCG, UCU serine

21) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is serine-
alanine-lysine-leucine, what is the order of bases in the sense strand of DNA?
A) 3' UGUGCAAAGUUA 5'
B) 3' AGACGTTTCAAT 5'
C) 3' TCTCGTTTGTTA 5'
D) 5' TGTGCTTTCTTA 3'
E) 5' AGAGCTTTGAAT 3'
Answer: B
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Global Outcome: 2

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22) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is serine-
alanine-lysine-leucine, the coding for the antisense strand of DNA is
A) 5' ACAGTTTCAAT 3'.
B) 5' TCTGCAAAGTTA 3'.
C) 3' UGUGCAAAGUUA 5'.
D) 3' UCUCGAAAGUUA 5'.
E) 3' TCACGUUUCAAU 5'.
Answer: B
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Global Outcome: 2

23) Refer to Table 8.2 The anticodon for valine is

A) GUU.
B) CUU.
C) CTT.
D) CAA.
E) GTA.
Answer: D
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Global Outcome: 2

24) Refer to Table 8.2. Identify the sequence of amino acids encoded by the following sequence
of bases in a strand of DNA (pay attention to the polarity of the DNA here):
3' ATTACGCTTTGC 5'.
A) leucine-arginine-lysine-alanine
B) asparagine-arginine-lysine-alanine
C) asparagine-cysteine-valine-serine
D) Translation would stop at the first codon.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: D
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Global Outcome: 2

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25) Refer to Table 8.2. If an indeterminate frameshift mutation occurred (that is, one at a random
location) in the sequence of bases shown below, what would be the sequence of amino acids
coded for?
3' ATTACGCTTTGC
A) leucine-arginine-lysine-alanine
B) asparagine-arginine-lysine-alanine
C) asparagine-cysteine-valine-serine
D) Translation would stop at the first codon.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: E
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Global Outcome: 2

26) Refer to Table 8.2. When amino acid sequences from a cell cycle control protein from a
patient with cancer and a healthy person are aligned, the sequence from the cancer patient
indicates one amino acid has changed from phenylalanine (Phe) to leucine (Leu). A mutation in
the cancer patient's DNA must have taken place. Identify the result of this DNA change in the
mRNA codon that led to this change in the protein sequence.
A) UUU altered to UCU
B) UUU altered to UAU
C) UCU altered to UUA
D) CAA altered to UUU
E) UUU altered to UUA
Answer: E
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying
Learning Outcome: 8.4

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Figure 8.3 - Metabolic Pathway

27) In Figure 8.3, if compound C reacts with the allosteric site of enzyme A, this would
exemplify
A) a mutation.
B) repression.
C) feedback inhibition.
D) competitive inhibition.
E) transcription.
Answer: C
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.8
Global Outcome: 2

28) In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is a repressible enzyme, compound C would

A) always be in excess.
B) bind to Enzyme A.
C) bind to the corepressor for Gene a.
D) bind to RNA polymerase.
E) bind directly to gene a.
Answer: C
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Global Outcome: 2

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29) In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is an inducible enzyme,
A) compound C would bind to the repressor for Gene a.
B) compound A would bind to the repressor for Gene a.
C) compound B would bind to enzyme A directly.
D) compound A would react with enzyme B directly.
E) compound C would react with gene a directly.
Answer: B
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Global Outcome: 2

30) Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation

A) replicates DNA.
B) transfers DNA vertically, to new cells.
C) transfers DNA horizontally, to nearby cells without those cells undergoing replication.
D) transcribes DNA to RNA.
E) copies RNA to make DNA.
Answer: C
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.15

31) The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA
polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA
synthesized would be most similar to
A) human DNA.
B) T. aquaticus DNA.
C) a mixture of human and T. aquaticus DNA.
D) human RNA.
E) T. aquaticus RNA.
Answer: A
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 6.3
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Global Outcome: 7

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32) Table 8.3

Based on the information in Table 8.3, prostate cancer is probably the result of which kind of
mutation?
A) analog
B) frameshift
C) missense
D) nonsense
E) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: D
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Global Outcome: 7

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33) Figure 8.4

In Figure 8.4, the antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S large subunit of a ribosome as shown
(the light gray area is the large subunit, while the black shape is the drug). From this information
you can conclude that chloramphenicol
A) prevents transcription in eukaryotes.
B) prevents translation in eukaryotes.
C) prevents transcription in prokaryotes.
D) prevents translation in prokaryotes.
E) prevents mRNA-ribosome binding.
Answer: D
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
ASMcue Outcome: 4.2
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Global Outcome: 7

34) The mechanism by which the presence of glucose inhibits the lac operon is
A) catabolite repression.
B) translation.
C) DNA polymerase.
D) repression.
E) induction.
Answer: A
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7

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35) If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you
determine with the most accuracy?
A) the primary structure of the protein
B) the secondary structure of the protein
C) the tertiary structure of the protein
D) the quaternary structure of the protein
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
Answer: A
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Global Outcome: 2

36) An enzyme that makes covalent bonds between Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand of
DNA being replicated is
A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA ligase
C) DNA helicase.
D) transposase.
E) SSBP.
Answer: B
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.3

37) An enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of RNA is

A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA ligase.
C) DNA helicase.
D) transposase.
E) DNA polymerase.
Answer: A
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.4

38) An enzyme that catalyzes the cutting and resealing of DNA, and is translated from insertion
sequences, is
A) RNA polymerase.
B) DNA ligase.
C) DNA helicase.
D) transposase.
E) DNA polymerase.
Answer: D
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.16
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39) Repair of damaged DNA, in some instances and mechanisms, might be viewed as a race
between an endonuclease and
A) DNA ligase.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) helicase.
D) methylase.
E) primase.
Answer: D
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Global Outcome: 2

40) The cancer gene ras produces mRNA containing an extra exon that includes a number of
UAA codons. Cancer cells produce ras mRNA missing this exon. This mistake most likely is
due to a mistake by
A) a chemical mutagen.
B) DNA polymerase.
C) photolyases.
D) snRNPs.
E) UV radiation.
Answer: D
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Global Outcome: 7

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41) Figure 8.5

In Figure 8.5, which model of the lac operon correctly shows RNA polymerase, lactose, and
repressor protein when the structural genes are being transcribed?
A) a
B) b
C) c
D) d
E) e
Answer: D
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
ASMcue Outcome: 4.3
Learning Outcome: 8.7
Global Outcome: 2

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42) The miRNAs in a cell
A) are found in prokaryotic cells.
B) are a part of the prokaryotic ribosome.
C) are a part of the eukaryotic ribosome.
D) allow different cells to produce different proteins.
E) are responsible for inducing operons.
Answer: D
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.8

43) Assume the two E. coli strains shown below are allowed to conjugate.
Hfr: pro+, arg+, his+, lys+, met+, ampicillin-sensitive
F-: pro-, arg-, his-, lys-, met-, ampicillin-resistant

What supplements would you add to glucose minimal salts agar to select for a new recombinant
cell that is lys+, arg+, amp-resistant?
A) ampicillin, lysine, arginine
B) lysine, arginine
C) ampicillin, proline, histidine, methionine
D) proline, histidine, methionine
E) ampicillin, proline, histidine, lysine
Answer: C
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyzing
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.12
Global Outcome: 2

44) Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
A) have exons.
B) have introns.
C) require snRNPS.
D) use methionine as the "start" amino acid.
E) use codons to determine polypeptide sequences.
Answer: E
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.2
Learning Outcome: 8.5
Global Outcome: 7

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45) When ultraviolet light strikes DNA, it can cause a specific type of damage. How is this
damage best described?
A) Thymine bases on the opposing DNA strands are covalently linked together to form a
thymine dimer.
B) Thymine bases on one strand of DNA, next to each other, are covalently linked together to
form a thymine dimer.
C) Adenine and thymine bases on opposing DNA strands are linked together by hydrogen bonds.
D) Adenine and thymine bases on opposing DNA strands are covalently linked together to form
an AT dimer.
Answer: B
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.9

46) The ozone layer of the Earth has been depleted to an extent by human release of certain
chemicals. What type of mutation, caused by the induction of thymine dimer formation, is more
likely to occur in organisms on Earth as a result of this problem?
A) silent mutation
B) nonsense mutation
C) missense mutation
D) frameshift mutation
Answer: D
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying
Learning Outcome: 8.11

47) When two genes from two different people are sequenced and aligned, it is discovered that
there are multiple sequence differences in the coding segment DNA level. However, when the
proteins formed by the genes have their amino acids sequenced, there is no difference observed
between the two. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?
A) The mutations are corrected at the protein level after translation has occurred.
B) The mutations lie at locations where they don't affect protein sequence due to degeneracy of
the genetic code.
C) The mutations are repaired at the mRNA level after transcription has occurred, but before
translation.
D) Mutations at the DNA level are not reflected in proteins produced.
E) RNA processing removes the different segments from the mRNA molecules of each person
prior to translation.
Answer: B
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying
Learning Outcome: 8.4

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48) Transduction requires a(n) ________ to move DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
A) bacteriophage
B) naked DNA molecule
C) F plasmid
D) transposase enzyme
Answer: A
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying
ASMcue Outcome: 4.5
Learning Outcome: 8.16

49) Generalized transduction occurs when a bacteriophage inadvertently packages the wrong
material into one of its newly-formed protein coats. While the source of this material may vary, it
is always:
A) protein.
B) mRNA.
C) DNA.
D) tRNA.
E) miRNA.
Answer: C
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.5
Learning Outcome: 8.16

50) If generalized transduction is underway, packaging a piece of DNA from an infected

bacterial cell into a bacteriophage protein coat, what is the likely outcome?
A) Lysis of a newly-infected cell as the transducing bacteriophage infects it and multiplies.
B) The virus particle formed in the transduction process isn't able to correctly infect a new
bacterial cell.
C) A second bacterial cell infected by that transducing bacteriophage will acquire new DNA,
carried by the phage from the original infected cell.
D) The infected bacterial cell will recover and survive, as the packaging of non-bacteriophage
DNA into the protein coat produces nonfunctional virus particles.
Answer: C
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying
ASMcue Outcome: 4.5
Learning Outcome: 8.16

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8.2 True/False Questions

1) Recombination will always alter a cell's genotype.

Answer: TRUE
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
ASMcue Outcome: 4.5
Learning Outcome: 8.16

2) Open-reading frames are segments of DNA in which both start and stop codons are found.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.1

3) Bacteria usually contain multiple chromosomes.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
ASMcue Outcome: 4.2
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Global Outcome: 7

4) Mutations that are harmful to cells occur more frequently than those that benefit cells.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.10
Global Outcome: 7

5) The miRNAs in a cell inhibit protein synthesis by forming complementary bonds with rRNA.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 8.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.8

6) Bacterial cells may contain multiple genomes.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.1
Global Outcome: 7

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7) Both base substitution and frameshift mutations can result in the formation of premature stop
codons.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.9

8) In the Ames test, any colonies that form on the control plates, in the absence of chemical
being tested, should be the result of spontaneous mutations.
Answer: TRUE
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.13

9) Transposition (insertion of a transposon into a DNA sequence) results in the formation of base
substitution mutations in a cell's DNA.
Answer: FALSE
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering
Learning Outcome: 8.9
Global Outcome: 7

10) Cell-to-cell contact is required for transduction to occur.

Answer: FALSE
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding
Learning Outcome: 8.15

8.3 Essay Questions

1) What is the survival value of the semiconservative replication of DNA?

Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating
Learning Outcome: 8.3
Global Outcome: 8

2) Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade.
Using your knowledge of genetics, describe how bacterial populations can develop drug
resistance in such a short time frame.
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating
ASMcue Outcome: 4.1
Learning Outcome: 8.15
Global Outcome: 8

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3) Explain why the following statement is false: Sexual reproduction is the only mechanism for
genetic change.
Section: 8.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating
Learning Outcome: 8.14
Global Outcome: 8

4) Could you perform the Ames test with a strain of bacteria that was auxotrophic for something
other than histidine? How would the setup and execution of the experiment change, and why?
Section: 8.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating
ASMcue Outcome: 7.1
Learning Outcome: 8.13
Global Outcome: 8

5) How might gene expression processes be altered if the genetic code were not degenerate in
nature?
Section: 8.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating
Learning Outcome: 8.4
Global Outcome: 8

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