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Phys Aswin
Phys Aswin
Physics Project
Topic : Study of various factors on which the
b internal resistance/EMF of a cell b
b depends.
Submitted by : ASWIN.R [class- 12th]
Certificate
This is to certify that Master ASWIN.R a student
of class 12th(science) has successfully completed his
project work under the guidance of subject
teacher Mrs. Jenet Nithya during the year
2023/2024 from VINS SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE in
partial fulfillment of physics practicle
examination conducted by CBSE.
______________________________11111111111111111111_________________________________
1. Introduction
Internal Resistance
2. Practical Analysis
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result & Inferences
Precautions
Sources of error
3. Flowchart Conclusion
4. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
E = V + Ir Internal
Resistance r = E–V
O I
PRACTICAL
ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal
resistance of a cell
• is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
• is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
• decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r = (E-V)/I
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point
will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the
last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (l1) between the null point and
the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At
the same time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5
W) from the shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at different
depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled
water for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
crosssection and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
FLOWCHART
CONCLUSION
Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell
Area of Conc. of
Electrodes Electrolyte
Inversely Inversely
Proportional Proportional
Distance Temperatur e
between of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Directly Inversely
Proportional Proportional
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.documents.mx
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.docfoc.com
• www.slideshare.net