CiReuiT SySTEM1 ACL

PNTRODUCTION
Netwetk Aud CkcuLut
N t o au uierco nnechm elecic ckt elemenlo Lke
R,L C

Ckt tb a cloced eneegisud n t b a cloce d coudu-

ctug path thuough ushuch CuwenT elthur {ous ante-
holid to too
AU Tu dAcu nJuor
ae shide a
n ionet neceauly
acticuut 2
Citcult etemen (R,L,Cgeni
my be | = C

O Aclue e Pauue 1

nilatera e Bilatesiad
Gneow t Nen unaa
wmped duhbuted (

Achve elemenb !- e 4HioLe elemb

meu eLLLe eem eg V soue OULce
Poseeure elementz )-* deo ToLe elemento shch l s u n07

0ntainoouuy souia e emieq i-RLC, G7-

C2 Uuilakeral e Bilateral a m ine
Uuilakeral - i tho cit ustuose peepeuny 4 h chas
wib Uu duucm Uh opesaMom-
eg duvde Thcauniohe
(3) ne a NOm i a r -
i e a r - ohueh tattous ohma taus
en Une
Con st

Nen-tnear |-uA'ch de-e 7 elUs Okm au

2
--
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ADENO.
D.

HOnLo9eneielty

Supeupocm bincipll-

tx N P{Y2
) Cum pado tibuted
umpd l-
A N/ tÀ wuohiyelicoliysepails R,L
C Cau be baenteo
Aibhi buteo i a h R, C & C_Cauu67 be electicatly
separaRd idivicdually idated al tebauate
elemt : e m Une '

SYSTEM
t b a CombinaNon uerConnechon
to
severa Comso
nen
Aeeem a deaind tast Mu may
ttonnetteol wthloctu oHr toomm Othr
Kepiesunt atonb
Ltem
t in COnuenent to UiLulUe a
yitem -

sTEn
Xntt)
nt
On H b thu bor, tue
cpusent Cs
9l/s ( ezcit-eAomt,
as a Cernu
amOwT
nt) The labelteorCt) ,ziCt)
apoD e t C), ytt)
ct) a t *pisnted a a D )
Quch &ystuma oe R:H he bon.
ing b nge o ekad *o os 9p6
ne
9tp pet6 ne dl STSO
Ber).
Syatm becoHhey
(beco hey haue
hawe -
 www.Davne t L,CC n -
GNC.

TL

TNTERCONN ECTiON OF SyLTEMc Comb o Subeytemssi4em.

Mauy yLtemy asu bltilt a uterconne cAon tH
CeLera ub &yejems By Ueutnq u ch a LyLtem ao a
nes-H
Con ne ckm d- to Ceomponenls i u CauUe Our
understandug
he comAOnena syctems hou Hhey a u terrOAne Hd u
0
Oreler to analyk the 0Aer G hekaet &ur h veral!
ytm
Awdio yettm? whch inue/ Ues tHut nter Connr Ctm t
aadio ¬ e/uer, CD Alay ¢r r tapo deck wulh CLn ams 6

TYp b 9ndereo Anecthon

Cee (cascad COnneCh m) connechn X

SyttemL
2 yem
tb
Suttem
Seies Corechom
Ytem
p Syeteny l
syetns

fcedback Conneshom i

-1syero2
BASICSYSTEM PROPERTÍEs

ConshuOu Ame Aiscvee Tune Syeem

AConAnuotu m e yLtm iba syLtm n hieh CSAAntir
uty
me }p Jignaa esu _ConÄnuou
time p mas
xt) LSytko
yt

e1-oe electncckh CompoLed of R, L9 C that are

aen by Coahnudu- umeLoUkces TheLe nms are de-
eanuwhoh Cau easly
cibady " diterHa
selued laploce panomahon

Adis e e ttme y i m a yslm that tsons1om dicet

me 9b Lnto dluCtte time otpt

doce
fmeYeD
eq b a gumple moda)_t the balonce t a bank
accoutt Jom mbTth to month .Thas lin_avreodeci-
bed y " diernbia eqM huch tan be eouuy be
seled by "2-pana abmt"

TIHE JAUau aul § time vayung syutm3

ALyten tmeme -

thuaiau U / p o -

Preln ihep
deu n6t Chan9e wlh tme
A yLttm in timc-
91p o1p relnthtb
Chonges l h tme.
Y
Unco
Lneor nm unear SYLtem

m C)+ C
eqyt)= yt) rCt) fc
(U) 9nstaulanepus 4 Cimamuc ysluns
 AGE C..

Snstantancou
91, at cyutem)- A SYLEm
CATE

he Lent Hme tor LALch

nly_
ny
xn '_ cp a
A OlPfOI
dumamuc yslom ome taub memoyless
mem0Y
tuine {es or
20oomemow.
20omemmy
tltvre valuu shese -/p
þat, olp indpendo
pres ent p e 91p,8t m
had &t
acld, to he
o P past os hue valuu
eg ConRnuous me pout blpp
Dcsete yutem- yCt
YCt) 3tt)-12(t)
3tt)-72(t)
91
.
Untaitaneou 3n] - C=
ay baxtiulax osRhe vaue of y 8 **n]
umeta on no
Value c xlt)oor Rn1 depends 4[°Ja
at a t ume Ony
omy Om
on he
-he
l y a eitet to an
inataneeus ulem
= e.ilt)
hl a
capatulet ba dumauc
t dt'+ veCo) 'AYAs rt

Caua6 Nen-Causa Sytem. P pusent 4 post ine olp

A
Syttm io
be cauad sad to
e p oeno-alici pabe
he yutem ot any Tme depen d
valuaco Ip a the pruent me G mly m
C the
Sytem ola n e a t i cipate t u valw pat Le
ooj he
the ph
eg y Ct
=z t) tx lt-1)
ym]=x[»]'+zm17
Wen-oural eg
yct) zt)F1(t+1) y =*fm]+|n*
Snveribiüty.G Inveru ysem
Asytem Said to be Invet ble i dinnet 9/
leadoto distnct o 9 o syem to Lve bl,then
an yvers e s em exvt that,7 when cascaded unth
h e omgina 9Ltem, yielols an wC)_o o u)equat
t ) or [n) to -the JiYst sy1tem
 www.n. 1villc
PAGENO

DATE

egSnvextble
yct) w t ) = xtt)-
Systtm nvers Syatn -

ie Resitant,R Comductant, iUy

Stasitdy
t )another imbt Jyutem pacopAety. A tabl
Systm is ome at wuW rema at_ t i l
wnles eruited
by an exttmal 4ourto ulU etym t o L t all he
ercams qt tmoued he netesooy Cono erhe
C e n s n u bus - me jtttm to be s t o b l e
r a t he r t t
Ch n have. - v t eal -patl lte in Lut ha -
plane) whtle 0 oltCete Sme iytemsthe oel Ch
eh a Unedo h e u n t Urel Ceoettuncy

Fr Conh nuu-tmLyLHem
Ladcnetuety
t a b Pege Dnstablu j o o

epersee)
Frr dime te me Lyct)

Untccle
Stalkslabte

Cta b
Roal z
Unsteble Ungtable
 Y,IVETE

wGE NO.
S9malo waetetm htheisl

STGNA
t i dekneoa axn o ne ot mete vauah/eu to COnve
-ysAceikt itokmatian A vartbu o t m t a sAyuita
qty ohich vasieu twith time, thace or Qny other pavameler
A cigna in usually eoepctud
d b y mathe makc as eqn

3tmay be l+ t mulli -diintnsida n evechitod cyutem

Hhe excitaNm /p) G_ Aeahouse (o/p) a uen
T Uotages Moitty, thue Ze & U au_u Hmo n
9eney heae ens o H at Catled mas 4igraly an
ale catted athe kuucHon
CLAS SICA TiON OF SrGNAL
Cotunuou-um u ele LLm nalo
4iu&ed tot eocli nuubu - lume dependent Vauable
n8mT used tet disl Inu

Cotiueu-ua gualo ( dnalej A1gals )aay bt dkue

e t euuy valu ofiue e tey Lake e valug ui tlu cf
tinubu 'uitinvat là,b) Aie la'ca te - 0 g b cau ber

eg , -lun wt *aCt) =
eete
The Qmplitud hi Ceittneueu lum al vasiu ce
tinubuAy 0 t lume Cbolk apli lude , Tu aL Ce
niLeu õuer bhtu Aup ituun)

Dyoul tue gnal u epruelud by a hen which thu i-

depucdeil Vauable i» in ducnalk {etm th etue werd, a

sopled veubn Cetiubuu u u 1gals (eg fc)= 3t
t t 6, 1,2.
(a Conti n u t u s i m
-

(6 tiocete lume
t ) = Sihwt

ot
 even t odo= Netheretw.
ne v e n
even n
e
Odd + otd o d d fn V w. V?,Dn

CEO.
CUeneuen E even O
d d o d o = euen
evtn - o t l o l
odo en
=

EVEN
EYEN ODDSrGNAL
A cLgnal fCt s a d to bi even 6 gmauu Aymme
ep1entajo
o ackos Ohe vertical axi h Ab doman
La
8 Aatugies tue otowi9 CPud
et) =ft)
A sgnal io sad b e 0dd t hve h ketlactton
Aaliukie tu fatt eln 1
,

to ziso a t-0
An odd signal has amplitude e9ual
Even Gnal Odd Cgna
fL

tt

RERIODIC 4 APeR10DIC SIC NALSI

A wmih
19rialH) io dehuned to a pexiodic tume pexird
T450=flt+T)S-te]
elt) ta1 Thi ndamea pedd T
hhuu Tn tve Consti
Ft Apertooluc nal
fLtli(t+7
6 hLN Tr0 2 sec
the kurnelctmental
flt perod

( t t bty tg

fetf Ct+ T)
t(fec)
FLt

T-T +T T 3T t (sec
 YwwiV

DETERMInsTIC 4 RANDOM SIU7NAS

chen hele is no untetnly
about 'L value al
h e mal inthen detem mis bo. 2t s
any nitaul time,
dekuned Comptetely at
specifed ken of tftme.
cignad a whuch has
Smal ib dyined a s
Random
cetainly betete h actual Ccuence
eg teue Sgnab ane xandem sima
Detem)nistc eignal Randl em g n a

plt

t
Poruer Snugy ab
Peuddue Randem gmals ax power Cigmab
Detem)nis Hc G Apetlbd tc enugd

STANDALD SiaNAU ORSNGOLARIZy foA

ugulatuty Ca be 6 t a u n n d m one ano

ditbehahm ntrahom

Stp rgna )Unt deublet n a

Pamp 6 pontuhal
inute/dal
Golo
 wW.nevn et.ce m-
FAGE NC

S7eP SIGNA >

9nhys/cal Ckts, Chen a ceitch és cloced 220f me
a battexy Uoltae io 0Pples to the cer 9 t o paoducy o

Sep usttage atsou A6whon ths magnitude t s tep is

A
to
V
B
he thep ken/Sqnal s (U 6dekineol by
fsct) D; t<o
CK_t>o
yhe k AmOUtude Gthe Lep tngnal
No that Hu en dekuud atE-o
fsCt U(t)

K
Ke

the vatue k
= (unuEy),hn this sep c a l feU
calld as uuut Shep &sna) E UTt} G aletneda

Ut) t<O

1t>o
Snitted | Delayed feni A
tep n Occumung net at t-o hut at
t : 0 , t io dehned a

htt) (t-a) = tsa

ta
Cnd

Ult-a) teq
ta
 www.n n tOm

AedStep tlna) LAKted und skp 1 g

sCt-a Últ-a)

,fom the dekini ton opla c

delayed uut ihp e o4

e ime hutt rile

fk U(t«]
as
KULta)7 S

x paus temssteP Sma

t
Seln f t ) =k u[t-(-ti)]
Llt) k U[ttt) Au

RAMP SIG7NA
he Tanp ignal fr Ct) dehtned 6y

tso
kt t0
tuhe E= lope amp Cnal

S t e p- to=

91the value e glepe k =l, thenthis ranp stm Ct)

i_alled aunt
wnit amp Sqnåt r ) 4 dyine d a
TCt) t<0
,t20
 www.nVneelrrrn

AGF NC.

Sted amp gna

Ct-a) = 0, t <a
klt-a), tz a

ft-a

Kslopek
>t
a

as
Shijted untt amp lo qtuned
Ct-a) = tsa
t-a) t-a), t 2 a

Slope=

unit Ranp Jen) _

4Ramp
-aS
ddayed untt pamp S

olesuyod Ranp ke2

s

Ditjeventiahim vamp en eter ten

n t ramp s
t)= t Ut)
t-a) edacb- Ct-a) U Ct-a)
Ranp Sgral fct) =k7Ct) =kt Utt)
fr Ct a) K Ct-a) k(t-a Ult-a)
 c 6cpus the 9utn buangulay unf t ) tn terimt f ramp
Shep Sipals

Seln ho wnue omm may be9hnate d u cury t

stepe k
lepe

t) Ct)-f, ct)-fsct)
krt) -Kr(t-1) k UCt -1)
-

kt UCt)- k tt -i) Ult-"1) ku (t

-
kt Ut) - (t-14+1) U(t-1))
k t UCt)- t Ült-1)
ktutt) - ult-1)1. *
TMPULE STGAA also knOum a Arac de lto tgn
b a t t e d iy f s ) .

, #o

AC R A Aea a Smpule nal

A t h i tmbeulseen, callsdn
ttnit fpiulse nal SA) d ! tneo,4
St)
S ,to
, t -O
 F/GE NO

DATE

7he A o of Hhe unt m/puulce L al is dened as

Are a: SCt) tt

eonpulenf defned

fsCt-a) t
A t a
f s l ta

Aea z A

a ited unut 9mjoulse nal

SCt-a)= O t4a
a
sLt-a)

Jmpaulas fan)1

-f4) fst dt f.t)

OTHER BAS ZC SZGhJALS
UNiT DoUBLE T SI GJAL 6
2 a untt inpetlee ignal ( t ) ib din: wrt t,ue get

SCt)ofs]=
oi
+ - to
tzo
Thts mal b caled n t doublt tignalS')

Sigtd Unt doublet g n a l

S'Ct-a)= t® and - t=9
S Lt) o
;ta
s'Ct-a)

1
(11

>t

Aesei vahve tuAit umpulbe cgnal= wnet deublet Snoa

e7 S't) oto
ot
 EGL C. m

eXPOexPO NEATA
9t bdescsetbto
STGAALS
as

ke-at

whe e a a k Uce e a l consU

fct)= kea
k

368 k
t

The nversa has the dumen tLom

time cons tt T: Thi is the tme dme h called
G327. faku fo e och
bthetota Changedem mihaj *o fino
SiNUSOIDAL SIG AL5
2t ide ne d aas

t<o
Nm Sawt, tZ0
hee Vm pea ampütude
u lar quenty
ft)-v,smust

(9 GATE SIGNAL
Aecta.gulo pube 6f und hegat (
one), 3tana at t - a
q ending
ve.amptitude
att - b »cpres ented
Cga,bt)= UCt-a)- u
t-b) iCalld
9,ht) aa
gatt fin
 www.. vner t.CCm

FAGL N0.

LTL

T uo galu ken 4tasing at ougun hein

Ca0,a Lt) ult) vtt -a)-

noa lt)

Ap ogt hent
a y t n (ugmal) multeplud by e gau ten
h tAat. khen wll have vau etuds he dlua
be o Thi
qau
DIRLCT fORMULA KM foRMULAE

Thu* Thu we(au olevetep à tmula to eputl th

Cau be
Calud as dint omula. t ib nutn

t) T-
Af-AiuCt- T)
h e u T: u umLnataLul at whuh t e u f ) thange, tl
Value
AEAi an ue tual nu'al valuw a l l h

CPULtomolug unu ndtal

t ) eulo bly ko tzo, theu dutet kommulr

fet) (A- At) ult-T?

T0

lavefom Syfhezis 3 ossi bilu'tes

Step stem Result a a step tn)
Stept Ramp (Resut aramp *n chitd by an
Psump t famp CResud » ampdn)
 Strthesioe usun Aeik dan
)

>t
a 2. 30

Soln

ft)= (+1) Go,a t) +(1) aa,2a (t) +t (t1) G2a,2qlt) t 7 ) h a , yo Ct)

) t - o ) -uttHA+n futt-a)-Ult-2a) t ) Svlt-2a).

v[t-3a)+ (4) futt-34)-Ult-ya) ]+

ULt)- ult-a) - vlt-a) tu(t-2a)Ult-2a)-ult-3a)
U(t-3a) tu(t-ya) +

Ut)2ULt-a) + 2U(t2a) -Ult-3a) + A

Uaing ditd onmula :

fct)= T- D
Cag -At ot -T)
hex T: t-the ttme at ohich ken Change L values .

(1-0) Ct -o)+ (1-1) u(t-a) + i-(-1) Uft-2a)+

(--Ot-3a) +

U4)vlt-a) t2u Ct-2a) u Ct-3a) +.

 ww.nivnee .C m

AGI NC.

7.t

Soln- Gat fx.

Ct) + C-2) G,3 t) + (+) 3 . r t )

HC)UCt-o) -u Ct-2 +E2ult:2Ult-3)+

+ Ult3)- ult-5)
UCt)-3 ult-2) + yu (t-3) -U lt-5) Ans
k M Fomula .

fCt)= CAf- A) uCt-7)

TD

C1-b) u (t-o) +-2-t 1)] ult-a) + /a - (-)

uCt-3)+ (o-) ult-5)
=
Ult)-3ult-2) +4UCt-3)- UCt-5) A L

Sotn Gat dtn 1-

t ) - (+) ang lt) -+ (2) 4t) +{1 s,y&t
(+1)U(t-1) -utt-2 +(tult-2)-v(t-3+
H ult -3) -uCt y)
U t ) +u(t-2) -ult-3) -u (t-4)
 -Ww
.

Usungd M fomula I

CAgT 0 CA A) u lt-T)
CI- Ult-1) (2 -1) ult 2), t (1-2) lt -3) +
+
(0-1) (t4
Ult-1) +U (t-2) - Ult-3)- UCt-1) d

ungat fen'
1 ft
(
f t ) = k t ) no,1lt)

=ktUlt-o-ult-))
ktu) -ult-1)1

f t : k (t-1) a t,2 t
Klt-1)fult-1)-ut-2)
elelet-1 )

t Fen hem lo-a) + fen pon (ato )

_lt-0) Sult-o) -ult-a) +
kfvlta) -o

k t u)- utt-a)+kfutt-a)A
O
lt)
 ftt)= fxn m (a to 2a) +fen pm (2a to o )

k_(t-a) fult-a) -ult-2a)] tkut-a)-o

K t-a) Ult-a) - k_lt-a) Ult-2a) + kult-2a) hy
f )

2-

fen prm t o 2)
t)= fm pom (o to ) +

(t-o)ult-o)-ult-1) ) k lt-2)Ut)-ult-

SAope

PCt)-t)Sut-o) -Ult-2]+-t-3)UU-2)-
Setn Uung Ga ben tt- +2(t5 SUr-y)-u[t-4*

) t -2)Ult-o) -u(t- + (-2t+ c)Sult-2) -ult-v)

Ut2 (t-1o)ut4)-UCt-c) ]+
- 2 Tt
U t +2U
(3t-3) Ut) + (yt +8) ult-2)+ /ut 1) u(t4)+

t - ) Ut) - y lt-2) U (t-2) +4(E-Y) Ut-4) + m

vlt-1) u)- Y( ) y »(t-y)
expes uun Std Sgna
eg
Gadu enl
-

gEtn
CE)=lt-o)sutt-o) -ult-1)}+
ult) -ulE ]
 Slepd-t-0)= t

Slepe 2
4-1) - (t-1)

egs n ens delayed den!-

Sotn Ctt fenl-
f t ) t . ho,ilt) + (t-) 1 2 l t )
-t lult-o) -Ult -1)1+ lt-1)futt-1)- ult
2))
Ut) Ult -I) t-1) Ult-2)
-

tUt) -ult -1)-( t- 2) Ult-2)-U(t -2)

t Ult-1) -Y (t-2) -ult-2)
cg Ustq
A
step amp eni
t )

Selp (t 3
H) lt-o) ao, 1[t) + 1,2 (t) +(2t +6) G2,3t
tUt-) -U[t-1)7 + |vlt-1)
-ult-2)|+ (-2t +)
uttr2) -ult 3)
2t
ut)-(3t-1) Ult-1) -(3t - 5 utt-2) +
(zt -4)ult3)

SKetch h nue m
vt) ) +
2 -13u(t-k)
gctr erpandir g
Vt= Ul4)-
30(t-1)+3u (t -2) -3 u
-ut)-uft-1)) (t-3)+30(t-y)+ . .
ut ult-1) -Ult-2) +
v utt-3)-u Ct -) fuit-2)
 www nr vne l (

GE

P tn

2a ha ya

Sen t) t fult-o) -Ult-a) +ult -ta) ut-3a) ? -

ult-3a)- ult-4a
t U Ct) t-a) ult-a) Lt-3a) U(t-3)+
Llt-ya)
C
(t-ya)

Lrtt)
a
-Lrta)-Lilt-3a) +|(t-ya) An

LTI Sl -
Wnnar me iuasiatyalin
'p
Cauucaluly
Gnveti b.lLib
Stai y
Commutabue preb 9 z.h= h.x
Deibuhve y -x[hi+4) r* h +a.hr
Aoiae yap T h h)=,.h.ha
 L fr 0-, Vldutt)

-oJ
OATE
M
fony-, Vi 1 (4,)
for 9-12,Vi )
VLt)

Sketth he tau m V Ct wuUh appldd 9/p-

V,(t) =Sui t _ hen V2t) = V C) + V, Ct-7/2)
V2lt)= 2Sm2it
r a o h e waucom em Hhe ezhessim - P Sma ( t

ka
Vct)= Ut) + S(H)2U/t -

1 Sonl- V,) = Uut) +A)2Ut-a) tL X 2U{t2a)-1 Xau(t-3a)+

Vt) Utt Ut-a)+au(taa) -2UCE-3) +a U(t-ya)+

uct)-Ult a)]-UCt-R) ~U(taa]+fU(ta)-
u(t-2a
oya ( t ) - Ga,2a (t) t 4 24, 3a (D +
Valt
a