Data given

Internal diameter of wall A d1 = 16 m

Internal diameter of wall B d2 = 8 m
Height from ground level H = 48 m
Bottom level of inverted cone Lcb = 14 m
o
Angle of cone = 60
o
Temperature of material = 115 C
o
Outer temperature = 30 C
2
Grade of concrete = 30 N/mm
Thickness of shell assumed ts = 0.3 m

Cone Dimensions
Diameter of cone at top dct = 2 m assumed
Thickness of cone tc = 0.3 m assumed
Internal diameter of cone dc = 15.25 m
Height of cone hc = 11.47 m

16 m

8 m

lvl 48 m
16 m 2 m
lvl 46 m
1 2 1

8 m 21 m

2 m
lvl 25.5 m
5.1
11.5 m
7.9 m
lvl 14 m

14 m 15.247 m
lvl 0 m
Capacity of silo

3
Unit weight of material W = 1550 kg/m
For inner area ( 2 )
3
Volume of cylinder Vc2 = 1288 m
3
Volume of frustum Vf2 = 109.5 m
3
Volume of material stored Vm2 = 1179 m Vc2 - Vf2
Weight material stored inner area Wi = 1827 Tonne
For outer area ( 1 )
Volume of cylinder Vc1 = 6434 m3
3
Volume of frustum Vf1 = 692.3 m
Volume of material stored Vm1 = 4453 m3
Weight material stored in outer area Wo = 6903 Tonne Vc1 - Vf1
Capacity of silo Wc = 8730 Tonne Wi + Wo

Horizontal pressures on wall as per IS 4995 Part 1 - 1974 cl 6.1.1.3

o
Angle of internal friction Φ = 25
Angle of wall friction ( filling ) δf = 25
Angle of wall friction ( emptying ) δe = 25
Pressure ratio ( filling ) λf = 0.5
Pressure ratio ( emptying ) λe = 0.7
Co efficient of friction ( filling ) μf = 0.466
Co efficient of friction ( emptying ) μe = 0.466

Variation of horizontal pressure ( Ph ) along W R 1 - e - z / zo

=
depth µ
Hydraulic Max hor.
Max hor. filling
mean radius Zf Ze emptying
pressure Pmf
R pressure Pme
A/U R / (λf . μf ) R / (λe. μe ) W x R / μf W x R / μe
2
m m m kg/m kg/m2
Material load in 2 2.00 8.58 6.13 6648.0 6648.0
Material load in 1 2.00 8.58 6.13 6648.0 6648.0

Horizontal P Due to material 2 on wall B Due to material 1 on wall A and B

Level Z Z / Zf Z / Ze Filling Pf2 Empty Pe2 Z / Zf Z / Ze Filling Pf1 Empty Pe1
2 2 2
m m kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m2
46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
42 4 0.47 0.65 2478 3187 0.47 0.65 2478 3187
38 8 0.93 1.31 4032 4846 0.93 1.31 4032 4846
34 12 1.40 1.96 5007 5710 1.40 1.96 5007 5710
30 16 1.87 2.61 5618 6160 1.87 2.61 5618 6160
26 20 2.33 3.26 6002 6394 2.33 3.26 6002 6394
22 24 2.80 3.92 6002 6394 2.80 3.92 6002 6394
18 28 3.26 4.57 6002 6394 3.26 4.57 6002 6394
14 32 3.73 5.22 6002 6394 3.73 5.22 6002 6394
Horizontal pressures on wall as per ACI 313 - 97 cl 4.2.2.1

3
Bulk density of material γ = 1150 kg/m
o
Angle of internal friction Φ = 30
Lateral pressure co efficient k = 0.5
Co efficient of friction μ = 0.8
Over pressure factor f = 1.35
Variation of horizontal filling pressure (Phf) along kΥR -µky/R
= 1-e
depth µk

Horizontal P Due to material 2 on wall B Due to material 1 on wall A and B

Level Z Filling Pf2 Empty Pe2 ( Pf2 x f ) Filling Pf1 Empty Pe1 ( pf1 x f )
m m kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2
46 0 0 0 0 0
42 4 1583 2137 1583 2137
38 8 2295 3098 2295 3098
34 12 2614 3529 2614 3529
30 16 2758 3723 2758 3723
26 20 2822 3810 2822 3810
22 24 2822 3810 2822 3810
18 28 2822 3810 2822 3810
14 32 2822 3810 2822 3810

Horizontal pressures on wall as per DIN EN 1991 : 2006 cl 5.2.1.1

3
Bulk density of material γ = 1550 kg/m
Angle of internal friction Φ = 30
Lateral pressure co efficient k = 0.54
Co efficient of friction μ = 0.51 wall type D3
Slenderness ratio for outer silo hc/dc = 2.1 slender silo
Slenderness ratio for inner silo = 3.5 slender silo
Zo2 = A = 7.26 Zo1 = 7.26 Ch = 1.15
k.μ.U
2
pho2 = γ . k . Zo = 6078.4 pho1 = 6078.4 kg/m
Variation of horizontal filling pressure (Phf) along =
Υ K z0 1 - e - z / zo
depth

Horizontal P Due to material 2 on wall B Due to material 1 on wall A and B

Level Z Z / Zo2 Filling Pf2 Empty Pe2 (Pf2 x Ch) Z / Zo1 Filling Pf1 Empty Pe1 (Pf1 x Ch)
m m kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2
46 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0
42 4 0.55 2574 2960 0.55 2574 2960
38 8 1.10 4058 4667 1.10 4058 4667
34 12 1.65 4914 5651 1.65 4914 5651
30 16 2.20 5407 6218 2.20 5407 6218
26 20 2.75 5691 6545 2.75 5691 6545
22 24 3.30 5691 6545 3.30 5691 6545
18 28 3.86 5691 6545 3.86 5691 6545
14 32 4.41 5691 6545 4.41 5691 6545
Design horizontal pressures on walls

Since horizontal pressures exerted due to material stored in 1 and 2 is same due to same hydraulic radius,
comparision is shown only for pressures exerted by material stored in inner wall.

IS code ACI Code DIN EN code Maximum Maximum Design

Z Filling Pf2 Empty Pe2 Filling Pf2 Empty Pe2 Filling Pf2 Empty Pe2 Filling Emptying Pressure
m kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2478 3187 1583 2137 2574 2960 2574 3187 3187
8 4032 4846 2295 3098 4058 4667 4058 4846 4846
12 5007 5710 2614 3529 4914 5651 5007 5710 5710
16 5618 6160 2758 3723 5407 6218 5618 6218 6218
20 6002 6394 2822 3810 5691 6545 6002 6545 6545
24 6002 6394 2822 3810 5691 6545 6002 6545 6545
28 6002 6394 2822 3810 5691 6545 6002 6545 6545
32 6002 6394 2822 3810 5691 6545 6002 6545 6545

Thickness of silo wall as per IS 4995 Part 2 - 1974 cl 5.5.4 and 5.5.4.1

Inner silo wall Outer silo wall

2 2
Grade of concrete fck = 30 N/mm = 30 N/mm
Concrete shrinkage co efficient n = 0.0003 = 0.0003
2 2
Modular of elasticity of steel Es = 2000000 kg/cm = 2000000 kg/cm
2 2
Stress in steel σsa = 2100 kg/cm = 2100 kg/cm
Modular ratio m = 7.3 = 7.3
2 2
Tnesile strength of concrete σt' = 38.34 kg/cm = 38.34 kg/cm
2 2
Filling pressure Pf = 0 kg/cm = 0 kg/cm
Tvs = Phf x D /2 = Phf x D /2
= 0 = 0
Thickness of wall t0 = nEs + σsa - mσt' = nEs + σsa - mσt'
Tvs Tvs
100 x σsa x σt' 100 x σsa x σt'
= 0.0 cm = 0.0 cm

Thickness t1 = 10 + 2.5 ( D - 3 ) / 3 = 10 + 2.5 ( D - 3 ) / 3

= 14.17 cm = 20.83 cm
t2 = 10 + 2.5 ( h - 6 ) / 12 = 10 + 2.5 ( h - 6 ) / 12
= 14.09 cm = 15.42 cm

Minimum thickness for slipform t3 = 15 cm = 15 cm

Minimum thickness required tm = 15 cm = 21 cm

Thickness provided t = 30 cm = 30 cm
Moments due to temperature variation as per IS 4995 Part 2 - 1974 cl 5.5.4 and 5.8.1

Inner silo wall Outer silo wall

Thickness of bin wall t = 30 cm = 30 cm
2 o 2 o
Surface conductance of concrete to air Ca = 15 kcal/m h C = 15 kcal/m h C
2 o 2 o
Thermal conductivity of concrete Cc = 1.75 kcal/m h C = 1.75 kcal/m h C
2 o 2 o
Conductance of concrete to material Cs = 2 kcal/m h C = 2 kcal/m h C
o o
Inside temperature Ti = 115 C = 115 C
o o
Outside temperature To = 30 C = 30 C
1 1 t 1 1 t 1
= + + = + +
K Ca Cc Cs Ca Cc Cs
2 o 2 o
= 0.738 kcal/m h C = 0.738 kcal/m h C
Temperature gradient δt = t T - To = t T i - To
x i x
Cc 1/K Cc 1/K
= 19.74 = 19.74
Coefficient thermal expansion concrete ϵt = 0.000011 / o / cm = 0.000011 / o / cm
2 2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec = 273861 kg/cm = 273861 kg/cm
4 4
Moment of inertia of bin wall I = 225000 cm = 225000 cm
Bending moment across bin wall M = ϵt x δt x Ec x I = ϵt x δt x Ec x I
t t
= 446041 kg/ cm = 446041 kg/ cm

Hoop tension force T = Pressure x D

2 D = 16 m
Area of R/F required for hoop tension Ast = T
σst
2
Permissible stress in r/f steel σst = 2300 kg/cm

Area of R/F required for moment due to M j = 0.87

Asm =
temperature changes σst j d D=t = 30 cm
2
= 7 cm d = 29.75 cm
Minimum area for circumferential R/F = 0.25 % bD
2
= 7.5 cm / m
Minimum diameter of bar = 8 mm IS 4995 Pt 2 -1974 cl 6.1
Maximum spacing = 200 mm
 Design Hoop Outer face Dia.of Spacin As Inner face Dia.of Spacin As
Level Ast
Pressure Tension Ast/2 + Asm bars g prov. Ast / 2 bars g prov.
m kN/m2 kN/m cm2/m cm2 /m mm mm cm2/m cm2 /m mm mm cm2/m
46 0 0 7.50 11.24 16 150 13.40 3.75 10 150 5.24
42 32 255 11.09 13.04 16 125 16.08 5.54 10 125 6.28
38 48 388 16.86 15.92 16 125 16.08 8.43 12 125 9.05
34 57 457 19.86 17.42 16 100 20.11 9.93 12 100 11.31
30 62 497 21.63 18.31 16 100 20.11 10.81 12 100 11.31
26 65 524 22.77 18.88 16 100 20.11 10.38 12 100 11.31
22 65 524 22.77 18.88 16 100 20.11 10.38 12 100 11.31
18 65 524 22.77 18.88 16 100 20.11 10.38 12 100 11.31
14 65 524 22.77 18.88 16 100 20.11 10.38 12 100 11.31

For vertical Reinforcement

Minimum area for vertical R/F = 0.2 % b(лD)

2
= 334 cm D = Centerline dia. of wall
2
Area of R/F on each face = 167 cm = 17.7 m
лD = 5561 cm
Minimum diameter of bar = 10 mm
Maximum spacing = 250 mm

10 mm bars 222 No. of bars on each face equally spaced

2
Ast provided = 175 cm
Loads on cone

Height of cone hc = 11.5 m

No. of divisions longitudnally n = 10 D = 16 m
No. of divisions circumferentially n' = 40 2 m
Height of each longitudnal division h = 1.15 m
2
Volume of each strip V1 = л D xh
4
3
= 230.7 m 11.5 m
2 2
Volume of cone in each strip V2 = лh ( r1 + r2 + ( r1 x r2 ) )
3
3
Net volume of each strip V = V1 - V2 m
15.25 m
Material load on each strip W = ϒ V kg
ϒ = Unit wt. of material
3
= 1550 kg/m
Division Bottom dia. of Net
Top dia. of strip Volume Material load
No. strip Volume
n a1 a2 V2 V W
 m m m3 m3 kN
1 2 3.32 6.52 224.15 3474
2 3.32 4.65 14.46 216.21 3351 r1 = a1 /2 m
3 4.65 5.97 25.55 205.11 3179
4 5.97 7.30 39.82 190.85 2958 r2 = a2 /2 m
5 7.30 8.62 57.24 173.43 2688
6 8.62 9.95 77.83 152.84 2369
7 9.95 11.27 101.58 129.09 2001
8 11.27 12.60 128.49 102.18 1584
9 12.60 13.92 158.56 72.10 1118
10 13.92 15.25 191.80 38.87 602

Height of material above cone hm = 20.5 m

3
Volume of material above cone Vm = 4127 m
Weight of material above cone Wm = 63973 kN
Top perimeter of cone Pt = 6.28 m
Bottom perimeter of cone Pb = 47.9 m
Slant height of cone lc = 13.25 m
2
Surface area of cone As = 358.9 m
2
Pressure on cone due to top material Pm = Wm = 178.3 kN/m
As

Presure Top Material Cumulative Total

from Slant height perimeter Surface area pressure pressure pressure
s(m) Pu ( m ) as (m ) ( kN/m2 ) Ps ( kN/m2 ) ( kN/m2 )
( л x a1 ) s(Pu+Pb)/2 W/as P s + Pm
1 to 11 13.25 6.28 358.89 9.68 9.68 188
2 to 11 11.92 10.44 347.81 9.64 19.32 198
3 to 11 10.60 14.61 331.22 9.60 28.91 207
4 to 11 9.27 18.77 309.11 9.57 38.48 217
5 to 11 7.95 22.93 281.49 9.55 48.03 226
6 to 11 6.62 27.09 248.36 9.54 57.57 236
7 to 11 5.30 31.25 209.71 9.54 67.11 245
8 to 11 3.97 35.42 165.55 9.57 76.68 255
9 to 11 2.65 39.58 115.88 9.64 86.32 265
10 to 11 1.32 43.74 60.70 9.93 96.25 275

Design of cone

Cone will be designed for axial forces and uniaxial bending in both the directions

Vertical reinforcement

Sy = Axial force in local Y direction N/mm ( kN/m ) per mm thickness

My = Bending moment in local Y direction kNm/m
Pu = 1.5 x Sy x thickness of cone kN/m b = 1000 mm t or D = 300 mm
Mu = 1.5 x My kN/m d' = 40 mm d' / D = 0.13 mm
min % of steel = 0.8 % of required area ( Ag )

Strip Sy My Pu Mu Pu/fckbD Mu/fckbD2 pt Ag Ast spacing spacing after

2 2 curtailment
kN/m.mmkNm/m kN/m kNm/m % mm mm mm
1 -0.49 4.09 221 6.14 0.02 0.002272 0.8 15024 120 25 99
2 -1.16 1.06 522 1.59 0.06 0.000589 0.8 35566 285 36 142
3 -1.81 0.14 815 0.21 0.09 0.000078 0.8 55496 444 46 186
4 -2.46 0.01 1107 0.02 0.12 0.000006 0.8 75425 603 57 115
5 -3.12 0.06 1404 0.09 0.16 0.000033 0.8 95661 765 68 136
6 -3.8 0.46 1710 0.69 0.19 0.000256 0.8 116510 932 79 158
7 -4.51 1.69 2030 2.54 0.23 0.000939 0.8 138279 1106 90 90
8 -5.26 1.16 2367 1.74 0.26 0.000644 0.8 161275 1290 101 101
9 -6.1 16.28 2745 24.42 0.31 0.009044 0.8 187030 1496 111 111
10 -6.8 25.21 3060 37.82 0.34 0.014006 0.8 208492 1668 122 122
r/f is calculated for bottom most strip having maximum axial force and moment and as we move top bars will be
curtailed.
2
Area of r/f on each face = 834 mm

12 Φ 8 nos . per m лD/4 = 12 m = 96 Nos. of bars for 1 quadrant on each face

Spacing = 126 mm
Total bars on each face = 384
Circumferential reinforcement

Sx = Axial force in local Y direction N/mm ( kN/m ) per mm thickness

Mx = Bending moment in local Y direction kNm/m
Pu = 1.5 x Sx x thickness of cone kN/m b = 1000 mm t or D = 300 mm
Mu = 1.5 x Mx kN/m d' = 40 mm d' / D = 0.13 mm

Ast on 1 spacing
Strip Sx Mx Pu Mu Pu/fckbD Mu/fckbD2 pt Ag Ast
face req. prov.
kN/m.mmkNm/m kN/m kNm/m % mm2 mm2 mm2 mm mm
1 -0.51 0.06 230 0.09 0.03 0.000033 0.8 15637 125 63 1250 150
2 -0.78 0.06 351 0.09 0.04 0.000033 0.8 23915 191 96 800 150
3 -1.09 0.018 491 0.03 0.05 0.000010 0.8 33420 267 134 575 150
4 -1.41 0.028 635 0.04 0.07 0.000016 0.8 43231 346 173 450 150
5 -1.77 0.042 797 0.06 0.09 0.000023 0.8 54269 434 217 350 150
6 -2.14 0.074 963 0.11 0.11 0.000041 0.8 65614 525 262 275 150
7 -2.59 0.42 1166 0.63 0.13 0.000233 0.8 79411 635 318 225 150
8 -3.18 0.069 1431 0.10 0.16 0.000038 0.8 97501 780 390 200 150
9 -3.5 3.5 1575 5.25 0.18 0.001944 0.8 107312 858 429 175 150
10 -2.4 6.74 1080 10.11 0.12 0.003744 0.8 73586 589 294 250 150

Area of r/f on each face = 429 mm2

10 Φ 150 mm c/c on each face.
Check for shear

Section is checked for maximum shear force

SQY = Shear force in local Y direction = 0.05 N/mm ( kN/m ) per mm thickness
Vu = 1.5 x SQY x thickness of cone = 22.5 kN/m

Vu
τv = = 0.0865 N/mm2 per m b = 1000 mm D = 300 mm
bd

pt provided = 0.603
τc = 0.5 τv < τc Safe in shear

Design of ring beam

Ring beam carries Sy force from cone whose vertical component will induce torsion moments and horizontal
component will induce hoop tension. Hence, the cone will be designed for hoop tension and torsional moment
converted into equivalent bending and shear.

Inner ring beam Outer ring beam Outer ring beam

o o
Angle of force acting ϴ = 60 ϴ = 60
Sy force from cone/mm thickness Syi = 2.46 kN/m Syo = 6.8 kN/m
Eccentricity ei = 258 mm eo = 348 mm
Depth of ring beam Di = 1500 mm Do = 2000 mm
Width of beam at bottom bi'' = 346 mm bo'' = 346 mm
Width of beam at top bi' = 1206 mm bo' = 1498 mm
Avg. width of beam bi = 776 mm bo = 922 mm
Outer dia of beam di = 16799 mm do = 17091 mm

Force on beam Fi = Syi x tc Fo = Syo x tc Inner ring beam

= 738 kN/m 2040 kN/m
Vertical component of force Fvi = Fi sin ϴ Fvo = Fo sin ϴ
= 639 kN/m = 1767 kN/m
Horizontal component of force Fhi = Fi cos ϴ Fho = Fo cos ϴ
= 369 kN/m 1020 kN/m

Hoop tension Ti = Fhi x di /2 To = Fho x do /2

= 3099 kN = 8716.5 kN
2 2
Permissble stress in steel σst = 2300 kg/cm σst = 2300 kg/cm
Area of r/f required At = Ti / σst At = To / σst
2 2
= 134.8 cm = 378.98 cm
20 Φ 43 nos. 20 Φ 121 nos.

Torsional moment Ti = Fvi x ei To = Fvo x eo

= 165 kNm = 615 kNm
Equivalent bending Mi = Ti x 1 + Di bi Mo = To x 1 + Do bo
1.7 1.7
= 284.5 kNm = 1146.1 kNm
Area of r/f required Am = Mi Am = Mo
σst j d σst j d
2 2
= 10.16 cm 30.423 cm
20 Φ 4 nos. 20 Φ 10 nos.

Total number of bars = At + Am = At + Am

= 47 131

Equivalent shear Vi = 1.6 xTi Vo = 1.6 x

To
bi bo
= 340 kN = 1066.9 kN
Total shear Vsi = Fvi + Vi Vso = Fvo + Vo
= 979 kN = 2834 kN
Actual shear stress τv = Vsi τv = Vso
bi di bo do
2 2
= 1.305 N/mm = 2.3641 N/mm
pt = 1.312 % pt = 2.2891 %
2
Permissible shear stress τc = 0.74 N/mm τc = 0.88 N/mm2

Shear to be resisted by stirrups Vus = Vsi -τc bi di Vus = Vso -τc bo do

= 146 kN = 1251.5 kN

Check for bearing stresses

1. Inner silo wall on inner ring beam

Weight of inner silo wall = 5207.7 kN

2
Bearing area on ring beam = 7.5398 m

2
Actual bearing stress = 0.6907 N/mm Ok
2
Permissible bearing stress = 7.5 N/mm IS 4995 Part 2 1974 cl 5.4.2

2. Material in inner silo on inner ring beam

Weight of material = 18270 kN

2
Bearing area on ring beam = 12.873 m

2
Actual bearing stress = 1.4193 N/mm Ok
Permissible bearing stress = 7.5 N/mm2 IS 4995 Part 2 1974 cl 5.4.2

3. Outer silo wall on shaft

Weight of wall = 12818 kN

Bearing area on shaft = 15.08 m2
 2
Actual bearing stress = 0.85 N/mm Ok
2
Permissible bearing stress = 7.5 N/mm IS 4995 Part 2 1974 cl 5.4.2

4. Outer ring beam on shaft

Weight of material load, ring beam and self weight of cone will be taken
Weight of outer ring beam = 2131.6 kN
Weight of cone and material = 6000 Tonne
Total weight on shaft = 6213.2 Tonne
2
Bearing area on shaft = 19.478 m

2
Actual bearing stress = 3.1899 N/mm Ok
Permissible bearing stress = 7.5 N/mm2 IS 4995 Part 2 1974 cl 5.4.2

Design of shaft

Shaft is designed only for axial forces by LSM

Total axial load on shaft P' = Wt. of outer and inner silo wall + Wt. material + Weight of cone +
Weight of inner and outer ring beam
= 80836 kN
Self weight os shaft P'' = 10358 kN

Axial load at bottom of shaft P = 91194 kN

Pu = 136790 kN
2
Area at bottom of shaft A = 29.59 m

Pu
Actual stress = 3.082 N/mm2 Ok
A

2
Permissible stress = 8 N/mm By WSM IS 4995 Part 2 1974 table 1

Pu
Actual stress = 4.622 N/mm2 Ok
A

2
Permissible stress = 13.2 N/mm By LSM 0.44 fck

Since, concrete is good in compression minimum r/f will be provided (0.8% of required concrete area)

2
Required concrete area Acr = 9320171 mm
Area of r/f = 74561 mm2

Area of r/f on each face = 37281 mm2

consider b = 1000 mm D = 750 mm d = 693 mm

For vertical reinforcement

12 Φ 150 mm c/c No. of bars = 329 As provided = 37189 Not ok on each face
2
mm
For circumferential reinforcement
12 Φ 200 mm c/c

6.9
8

1.84
14.75
15.1
15.9

16.3
15.1
14