PDHPE Notes

I am who I’m meant to be:

Stereotypes & Norms:

- Stereotypes are often based on assumptions rather than facts and can be directly
influenced by the values, beliefs & attitudes of a community.
- Norms reflect the patterns of behaviour that a particular group consider normal.
- Stereotypes and norms are dynamic and change over time.
Diversity in the media:
- Diversity includes understanding that each individual is unique and recognising our
differences, despite our cultural, gender, religious, racial and life experiences.
- Within the media, there is a lack of racial and cultural diversity, as most people shown
are white individuals who follow a certain dress code, and look a certain way.
Gender in the media/body image & unrealistic expectations:
- Gender bias plays a crucial role in forming the way we perceive gendered roles and
responsibilities. The media plays a critical role in reinforcing these ideas.
- The media sets unrealistic expectations for the way people should look and act, and
makes people believe that everything needs to be perfect.
- Ways to challenge these unrealistic expectations include spending time away from
social media and having more body and model inclusivity.
Mental Health:
- Stigma: a mark of disgrace associated with a particular quality, person or event.
- Social media, influencers, family, friends & personal experiences help to influence
our perceptions on mental health
- These perceptions can either be positive or negative. Eg: Kids Helpline and Lifeline
can slowly begin the process of an individual healing themselves, allowing anyone to
access free services to help recover from their illness. Other the other hand, following
accounts of models and celebrities may lead people to believe that their body isn’t up
to the standards of others.
- Situations that might promote an emotion include getting a mark you’ve hoped for,
losing a loved one or getting jump-scared in a horror movie.
- Categories of loss
 Loss of a significant person
 Loss of part of the self
 Loss of physical capabilities
 Loss of social/mental capabilities
 Loss of external objects
 Developmental loss
Positive self-talk:
- The behaviours and feelings an individual have about themselves are strongly affected
by how other people treat them. When feelings of worthiness and acceptance and
prominent, young people are more likely to engage in their own lives and
relationships with others such as their peers, family and broader community.
- Some people believe they need to exert power and dominance over others to
compensate for their own low-self worth by putting others down. To counter this, one
should engage in positive self-talk by interpreting thoughts, opinions & self-
reflections in a positive way.
- Resilience – the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties & to bounce back with
new skills & the ability to navigate tough situations.
Healthcare and Support Services:
- Factors that influence a young person’s access to healthcare and support services
include their location, financial situation, transport availability, education, age, gender
& disability.
- Inequalities that may exist include socioeconomic status, age, location, disabilities
and gender
Road Safety:
- Major casuality factors in road & traffic..
 Speeding
 Fatigue
 Alcohol consumption
 Mobile phone use
 Inexperienced driver
 No seatbelt
 Reckless driving
 Weather conditions
- People speed if they are in a rush, need a thrill or are affected by peer pressure
- Fatigue while driving causes restlessness, delayed reactions, crossing lanes &
variations in speed along with sore/heavy eyes
- Using your mobile phone while driving means that you are not alert to your
surroundings, have slower reactions, may wander out of your lane and affect your
judgement and concentration.
Getting your drivers license:
- Learners: be over 16, prove your identity, pass an eyesight test & pass the Drivers
Knowledge Test (DKT)
- P1: pass the Hazard Perception Test (HPT), pass an eyesight test & pass the driving
test. If you are under 25, you must have had your Ls for a year & logged 120 hours
- P2: hold your P1 license for a year, apply online.
- Full: have held you P2 license for 2 years & pass an eyesight test
First Aid & Road Safety:
- The 5Ps:
 Preserve life
 Prevent further injury
 Protect the unconscious
 Promote recovery
 Procure medical aid
- First aiders are responsible for ensuring personal health and safety, maintaining a
caring attitude, composure and up-to-date knowledge and skills.
- Some first aiders have an obligation to provide first aid. In the case of an error when
providing assistance and the victim’s condition worsens as a result is not the fault of
the first aider.
- Duty of care is the legal duty owed by one person to another to act in a certain way.
First aiders have a duty of care towards casualties to exercise reasonable care and skill
in providing first aid treatment.
- If a first aider is sued in connection with providing first aid assistance, the courts
would look at the circumstance surrounding the event to see if the first aider reacted
negligently in the way first aid was provided.
- Before treating a causality, one should ask for and receive consent. If the person does
not have the capability to respond, one should assume consent and start treatment. If
 the casualty is under 18 years old, ask for consent from a parent, if not present, start
treatment. You can not start treatment if someone does not consent to it.
- Human crash factors: behaviour of any people involved.
- Vehicle factors: type, site, condition, safety equipment
- Environmental factors: features of the road/surrounding area, weather.
Drug Information:
- Drugs are any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or
relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition, OR alters mood or body
functions that can be habit-forming or addictive.
- Types of drugs include..
 Stimulants which increase activity in the CNS
 Depressants which slow down the CNS
 Hallucinogens produce a wide range of vivid sensory distortions and alter peoples
moods and thoughts
- Short term effects of drugs
 Sleeplessness
 Anxiety (or relief of)
 Pain relief
 Euphoria (happiness, estactic)
- Long term effects
 Addiction
 Depression
 Liver, heart & brain damage
- Males have a higher chance of using illicit drugs compared to females.
- People aged 20-29 years old are most likely to take illicit drugs.
Vaping:
- Battery operated devices that are used to heat a liquid into vapour that users inhale
- Inhale nicotine e-liquid
- Types of vapes:
 Disposable vapes: most common vapes and have between 300-4000 puffs each
 Refillable vapes: pod-style device where the user refills it with e-liquid
- Influences to vape include the variety of flavours, colourful packaging, to fit in, to
rebel, to experiment or because it is thrill-seeking
First Aid overdose & responding to it:
- An overdose is when you have more of a drug than your body can cope with.
- Symptoms of overdose include
 Nausea/vomiting
 Diarrohea
 Drowsiness
 Seizures
 Failing respiration
- Do’s:
 Call for help
 Stay calm
 Bring the remaining substance to the hospital
- Don’ts:
 Don’t make the person vomit
 Don’t give them anything to eat or drink
 Do not leave the casualty alone
Gaming & Mental Health:
- A gaming addiction is defined by spending more time gaming than sleeping
- If you can’t stop yourself/lose track of time when gaming
- Negative implications of gaming addiction include eyesight getting worse and
families relationships suffering as a result
- Influences of gaming addiction include
 Parents not letting children out
 Internet is easily accessible
 Screentime is used as a baby sitting tool
 Kids are not being monitored
- Strategies that can be implemented into preventing gaming disorder include
 Free/low cost sports programs
 In-school programs talking about the symptoms and consequences
 Screen-time limits
 Counselling services
 Public holiday to talk about the effects of gaming disorder