REVIEWER IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

1 - ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY 1.2 - ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY

 Processes in plants & animal  Processes in plants and animals
- Reproduction
 Reproduction - Development
- Has 2 types; Asexual & Sexual - Nutrition
- Gas exchange
 Asexual Reproduction - Transport/Circulation
- Only 1 or single parent - Regulation of bodily fluids
- Offspring produced is physically and - Chemical and nervous control
genetically identical to single parent - Immune system
- Offspring are clones of single parent - Sensory motor mechanism
- Do not involve male and female gametes
- Do not require intercourse/mating to  Fertilization
reproduce PLANTS;
- via pollination with air, insects, animals and
EXAMPLE:
water as agents
 ANIMALS: ANIMALS;
- Earthworm, starfish, etc. - via intercourse
 PLANTS:
- Seedlings, runners, roots, and branches  Embryo Development
ANIMALS:
- cycle/womb/eggshell
 Sexual Reproduction PLANTS:
- Natural way of reproduction among humans, - ovary (after the flower dried out)
and animals that chose to reproduce
- Consist of 2 reproductive system; Male and  Germination and Birth
Female gametes ANIMALS: Birth
- Requires mating/intercourse to reproduce PLANTS: Seeds

 Maturation
BODILY SYSTEMS ANIMALS:
- Female; 1st menstruation
 Nervous System - Male; hits puberty
 Respiratory System PLANTS:
 Circulatory System - Starts bearing flower
 Endocrine System
 Digestive System  Cloning
 Skeletal System - Similar/identical DNA
 Reproductive System - Also known as Duplicate
 Muscular System - ANIMALS: experimental
 Integumentary System - PLANTS: runners (grafting, cutting,
 Lymphatic System budding)
 Urinary System
 Development and nutrition
 Excretory System
PLANTS:
 Immune System
- Autotroph
- Fertilizer
- H2O
SENSORY AND MOTOR MECHANISM - Photosynthesis
 5 types of senses ANIMALS:
- Sense of sight - Heterotrophs
- Sense of hearing - Plants & animals
- Sense of smell - Minerals, vitamins, protein
- Sense of taste - Fats, sugar, carbohydrates
- Sense of touch
  Gas Exchange
- Also known as “Gift Exchange”
- PLANTS; absorbs CO2, releases O2
- ANIMALS: absorbs O2, releases CO2
 Transport System of Plants:
- 2 types of transport fluid
- XYLEM & PHLOEM
- Ability to seek and maintain a condition of
equilibrium
- Deals with external changes
- A skill/effort to stay within optimal range
despite fluctuating environmental conditions
- Makes use of feedback controls & other
regulatory mechanisms or dynamic
processes to maintain constant environment

 Xylem
- Transports fluids HOMEOSTATIC PROCESSES
- Transpiration – via roots
- From soil, to roots, to every part of the plant  Homeostatic Processes
 Phloem - System that effectively interconnects various
- Transports food/nutrients biological processes and functions
- Hydrostatic Pressure – via gravity
- By means of gravity/gravitational pull

 Transport System of Animals:

- 3 transport tissues

 3 transport tissues of animals

1. Blood
2. Blood vessel
3. Heart

 Transport nutrients through active pumping of

heart
 Blood carries O2, nutrients, hemoglobin (white,
and red blood cells, plasma, and platelets)
 OXYGEN can reach cells by diffusing through
the air spaces between the cells
 Despite distinction from one another, working
along side each other in order to sustain set of
internal conditions within the ideal range, and
working by regulating certain variable of living
organism’s internal environment is needed.

SENSORY MOTOR AND MECHANISM

1. Photoreceptors
- Responds to light
2. Mechanoreceptors
- Responds to physical stimuli such as sound
or touch
3. Chemoreceptors
- Responds to chemical in taste, smell and
internal changes
4. Thermoreceptors
- Responds to temperature change
- Hot or cold
5. Nociceptors
- Responds to tissue damage
- Pain

HOMEOSTASIS IN HUMAN BODY

HOMEOSTASIS
 Homeostasis
- Ability or tendency to adjust to achieve
stable internal environment
- From Greek word “same” & “steady
- Living things use to maintain fairly stable
conditions necessary for survival
 Human body can’t function properly if there is
prolonged imbalance in internal and physical
conditions and chemical composition.
 Human body employs various homeostatic
mechanisms to sustain optimal functioning
COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS
 Receptor
 Control center
 Effector
 Receptor
- Picks up information from surrounding and
relay it to the control center
- Receives information regarding status of
body
- Monitors and perceives changes in the
environment (external/internal)
- Form of a sensory nerve terminal that
receives information via stimulus and
response by producing nerve impulse
according to type, presence/absence, or
extent of stimulation
RECEPTORS IN HUMAN BODY
 Photoreceptors – reacts to light stimuli
 Olfactory receptor cells – receptor in olfactory
epithelium; reacts to odor/smell
 Gustation receptors – receptor for taste
 Auditory receptor cells - organ of Corti; reacts
to sound stimuli
 Thermoreceptors – sensory receptor cell
sensitive to changes in temperature
 Mechanoreceptors – reacts to various
mechanical stimuli
 Interoceptors – respond to stimuli inside the
body
 Nociceptors – responds to pain
 Peripheral chemoreceptor – responds to
chemical changes in blood, such as oxygen
concentration
 Control Center
- Process information and sends signal to
effector
- Processes impulses relayed by receptors
 Brain
- Control center of the body
- Controls functions of organs and
movements and actions
 Effector
- Produces response based on signal from
control center
- Muscle & glands
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM
 Homeostatic Mechanism
- Respond to a perturbation I form of
looping mechanism/feedback
mechanism that is either positive or
negative
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
 Positive feedback
- maintains direction of stimulus
- Accelerate or promote effect of stimulus
- Internal
EXAMPLE OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK:
 Labor contractions
 Blood clotting
 Action potential generation
 Negative feedback
- Self-regulatory system
- Employed in various biological systems
- Reverses direction of stimulus
- Tends to inhibit source of stimulus
- Slow down metabolic process
EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:
 Thermoregulation
 Blood glucose regulation
 Baroreflex in blood pressure
 Calcium homeostasis
 Potassium homeostasis
 Osmoregulation
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
HOMEOSTASIS
 Homeostasis is important to maintain internal
stability and sustain life. Without these
homeostatic mechanisms to ensure that the
innate variables are kept within the optimal or
suitable values, there would be instability in the
body.
 Without it, system would not be able to function
properly and efficiently, individual would get ill,
or worse, face death from the failure of the body
to rectify rogue variables that impede the system
to function as it should
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
 Biological Molecules
- What organisms need to survive; H2O, etc.
2 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES - Carbs are sugar (glucose)
- Chief Energy
 Organic Compound
- Building blocks are glucose
 Inorganic Compound
 Organic Compound 3 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
- Contains Carbon
1. Monosaccharides
- Has 4 components
- Fructose; sugar from fruits
- Galactose; sugar from dairy
2. Disaccharides
4 COMPONENTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND - Sucrose; glucose + fructose
1. Protein - Lactose; glucose + galactose
- Builds and repairs muscles - Maltose: glucose + glucose
- Building block is Amino Acid 3. Polysaccharides
- Oligosaccharides (Polygosaccharides)
 24 Amino Acid in human body - Glycogen; animals
 AMINO ACID - Starch; plants
- Dipeptide = 2 Amino Acid - Chitin; fungi
- Tripeptide = 3 Amino Acid 4. Lipids
- Polypeptide = 3 or more Amino Acid - Fats, oils, steroids
- Compounds that does not dissolve in water
- Protect organisms from extreme cold
- Thermoregulators
2. Nucleic Acid
- From nucleus
- Blueprint
- Ha 2 types; DNA & RNA INORGANIC COMPOUND
- DNA & RNA are carrier of genetic - No carbon
information - Water
- Composed of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, - Salt
Nitrogen, Phosphorus - Acid; bitter
 Nucleotides - Base; sour
- Basic unit of nucleic acid
- Composed of Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine,
Guanine, and Uracil
GENETICS

 Genetics
 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - Study of heredity
- Double helix
- Contains heredity
- Uses organic bases; Adenine, Thymine,  Father of genetics
Cytosine, & Guanine - Gregor Johann Mendel
 Reginald Punnet
- Studied probability of division of
 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) genes/traits
- Single helix
- Involves protein synthesis
- Replicates DNA 3 Mendelian Laws
- Uses organic bases; Adenine, Cytosine,
Guanine, & Uracil 1. Law of Segregation – Separates Randomly
- Has 3 types; RRNA (ribosome), TRNA 2. Law of Independent Assortment
(transport), MRNA (messenger) 3. Law of Dominance and Recessiveness

 Protein Synthesis NON-MENDELIAN PATTERN OF INHERITANCE

- Process of making protein from RNA
3. Carbohydrates
- Stores energy to use for moving or doing an
act
1. Principle of incomplete dominance
- There is a building of characteristics
between the appearances of 2 parents
2. Principle of complete dominance/
codominance
 - Heterogenous characteristics are fully
expressed in the offspring

 Human body have 23 chromosomes

 There are 22 pairs of chromosomes in human
body
 Sex chromosomes consists of a pair between egg
and sperm cell

SEX LINKED TRAITS AND PUNNET SQUARE
REVIEWER

 Colorblindness
- Unable to see colors in a normal way or also
known as color deficiency

 Genes that are located on the X chromosomes

are called sex-linked traits
VARIABLES OF SEX-LINKED TRAITS
XX - Female chromosomes
XY - Male Chromosomes
C - Normal
c - Carrier

EXAMPLES:
Female Normal = XCXC
Male Normal = XCY
Female Colorblind or hemophilia = XcXc
Male Colorblind or hemophilia = XcY

Female Colorblind carrier = XCXc

-Not colorblind but carrier of the disease