LESSON 1: CLIMATE Factors affecting Climate

• PRECIPITATION
• TEMPERATURE
Weather
- The day to day condition of the
What Is Precipitation?
atmosphere.
- When you see rain or snow fall from
above, you're watching precipitation in
Monsoon
- A major wind system that seasonally action!
- Where does precipitation come from and
reverses its direction
why does it fall in different forms?
Precipitation
- Any product of the condensation of Liquid or Solid
- Precipitation happens when water falls
atmospheric water vapor that falls under
down to Earth's surface. This water might
gravity.
be in a liquid or solid state.
- Rain = liquid
Latitude
- Measures the distance north and south of - Hail = solid
the equator

Humidity
- Concentration of water vapor present in
air

Altitude
- The elevation or distance above the mean
sea level

Pressure
- It means how much something is pushing
on something else

Cyclone Factors Affecting TEMPERATURE

- Synonymous to the word “storm" • Latitude
• Altitude
Climate • Ocean Currents
- The condition of the atmosphere that
covers a large for a longer period of time When we talk about climate, it’s all about the
amount of radiant energy received by
Temperature different places here on Earth.
- It refers to the hotness or coldness of an
object. 3 climatic zone
• Polar
What is CLIMATE? • Temperate
CLIMATE is: • Tropical
- LONG-TERM
- LARGE AREA POLAR ZONE
- AFFECTS WEATHER PHENOMENA - Lowest average temperature.
- Yearly temperature remains below PREVAILING WINDS
freezing - Carries different amount of moisture
which affects the amount of
TEMPERATE ZONES precipitation a region receives.
- Precipitate may fall in the form of rain or
snow depending on the distance from the
Equator.
- Average temp. from 6 to 28 degree
Celsius

TROPICAL ZONE
- 30 degrees north and south of the
equator.
- High temp and humidity.
- Precipitation is heavy due to tropical
storms and monsoons.

Mountain Ranges in the Philippines

- Sierra Madre
- Cordillera
- Caraballo Mountains

Climate Change
So, what exactly are the natural causes
for climate change?

- Elevation or distance above the mean sea
level
- As altitude increases, air pressure
decreases.
- The atmospheric layers have different
temperature fluctuations as altitude
increases.
- High Pressure – Cold regions
- Low Pressure – Tropical Regions
OCEAN CURRENTS
- Stream of ocean water that flows in a
definite path.
- May be WARM or COLD.
Factors Affecting PRECIPITATION:
- Prevailing winds
- Mountain Ranges
- Global Climate
- Phenomenon
- El Niño and La Niña
El Niño
- Happens 2 to 7 years with irregular onset
and cycles between the two events;
- Can cause major impact on weather
systems across different large areas;
- Strongest El Ñino happened in 1982 and
1983 causing severe flooding due to
heavy rains.
This is the source or energy that drives the
process of climate and weather on Earth. —
Sun / Solar Energy
 LESSON 2: VOLCANOES Andesitic lava:
- Chemical composition similar to both
AND THE EARTH'S rhyolitic and basaltic magma
INTERIOR - It forms an igneous rock called andesite;
intermediate between basalt and rhyolite
WHAT IS A VOLCANO: Other volcanic materials
OVERVIEW: - Volcanic dust
• According to PHIVOLCS, a volcano refers - Volcanic as
to any vent, hill or mountain from which - Cinders (Volcanic Bombs
molten or ho
rocks with gaseous material erupts or may Types of Volcanoes according to
have been ejected. STRUCTURE
- Cinder Con
- Shiel
- Composit

CINDER CONE VOLCANOES

- Single vent; explosive type of eruption
- Very narrow base and steep sides or
slopes
- Small in terms of size

WHY DO VOLCANOE
ERUPT
• Pressure buildup of magma deep inside
the Eart

LAV
- Outsid

MAGM
- Insid

TYPES OF LAV SHIELD VOLCANOE

Rhyolitic lav
- Broad, slightly domed volcanoes
- Light-colored; contains iron, magnesium - Accumulation of basaltic lava
and silica
- Quiet type of eruption;
- When this lava cools, it forms an igneous
rock called rhyolite

Basaltic lava
- Dark-colored; contains a lot of water.
- Rich in iron and magnesium
- It forms an igneous rock called basalt
A

 COMPOSITE VOLCANOE
- Alternating layers or rock particles and
lav
- Stratovolcanoe
- Explosive type of eruption followed by
quiet eruption;
- Alternating eruption produces the typical
cone shape of composite volcanoes

LESSON 3:
CONSTELLATIONS
LET'S KNOW THIS!
- Astronomers have calculated that stars
originate from loose clouds and gases that
gather and dump together. The center
becomes very hot and nuclear reactions
Level of Activit start to take place. The nuclear reactions
produce a lot of light and heat thus giving
Volcanic Activit birth to a star.
• Activ
• Dormant/Inactiv
- As the star collapses in size, it continues
• Extinc to cool. It then becomes faint until it
cannot be seen anymore. A collapsing star
Geographical Distribution of may suddenly flare up and become
VOLCANOE thousands of times bigger. It is called a
nova. It is the last stage and it indicates
LOCATIO that the star is about to die. After such
- Paci c Ring of Fir brilliance, the star collapses and finally
- The paci c plate subducts beneath dies
adjacent plates Alpine-Himalayan Bel
- The seismic and orogenic belt resulting - Stars do not really twinkle. They appear to
from the collision of the African Plate and twinkle because we see them through
Indo- Australian Plate layers of air surrounding Earth as their
light passes through the air layers,
GEOTHERMAL ENERG thelight'sspeed changes as it moves from
• Hot Spring one layer to another.
• Geyser
• Fumarole Common Stars

Sun
- star in the Solar System
- 4.5 billion years
a

fi
e

fi
s

- Yellow star
- Sir William Huggins

Proxima Centauri
- star closest to Earth, next to sun

Polaris
- North Star
- ** Only about 2500-3000 stars can be
seen with the unaided eye at any time, but
there are still billions of stars that can be
seen with the aid of powerful telescopes.
They vary in brightness, depending on
their distance from the Earth, their size - Stars that have the same absolute
and their temperature. magnitude often have different apparent
magnitudes.
Characteristics of Stars
- The larger the absolute magnitude
- BRIGHTNESS number, the dimmer the star.
- COLOR - Hence, the lower magnitude stars (0, 1, 2
- SURFACE TEMPERATURE etc.) are the brightest.
- SIZE
- MASS Color and Surface Temperature

Brightness: SIZES
- 26.74 (brightest object in the Earth's sky) - Supergiant
- Giant
Color and Surface Temp:
- Medium-sized
- Yellowwhite/5578 to 6000 degree Celsius - White dwarf
- Neutron star
Size:
- Averagesized star (864,000 miles) Supergiant
- Rigel
Mass:
- Constellation: Orion
- 1.989 x 10^30 kg
Giant
Brightness:
- Aldebaran
- Temperature, size, and proximity - Constellation: Taurus
- Luminosity and magnitude
- Apparent Magnitude Medium-sized star
- Absolute Magnitude - Alpha Centauri B
- Constellation: Centaurus

White Dwarf
- Sirius B
- Constellation: Canis Major

Neutron Star
- Crab Pulsar
- Constellation: Taurus of internal reactions that will cause it to
expand.. When most of the nuclear fuel is
Masses of Stars 60-80% consumed, the star will pulsate and finally
Hydrogen 20-40% contract to a cooling white dwarf.
Helium Oxygen, Neon, Carbon, Nitrogen
Rigel - 3.5

Milky way galaxy

- Sun, Earth, other planets, large system of
stars

STAR GROUPS
- Star cluster/cloud - group of stars
- Globular, Open

Globular cluster
- tight groups of thousands of very old stars
- Gravitationally bound - spherical or round
shaped

Open cluster
- Loosely clustered group of stars
- Very young
- Gravitational influence, stellar association/
moving group

Constellation
- Star patterns

Like us, stars have their own life cycle. They

born and they die. They do not live forever.

A star is a large ball of hot gas, emitting

large amount of radiant energy from nuclear
reactions in its interior. It is thousands to
millions of kilometers in diameter.

Stars evolve from hydrogen gas found in

interstellar medium called Nebulae. The
mass of gas contract within a nebula. The
hot ball begins to glow and it is the birth of a
new star.

During the early stage of thestar 'sevolution,

the temperature rises due to nebular
reaction within the stars. The young star then
becomes a mature white star, like the sun.
Eventually a star will undergo a new series