ZOOLOGY- CHAPTER 10 The Smaller Lophotrochozoan Phyla
EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
 zoologists use evidence to establish
monophyletic animal lineages.
 Major clades: Lophotrochozoa,
Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia.
 Animals' diversity results from evolution.
Bilateral Triploblastic Animals
 All discussed animals are protostomes
and lophotrochozoans.
 Protostome development: spiral
cleavage.
 Shared genetic makeup and lophophore
or trochophore structures.
Platyzoa: A Traditional Group
 Includes Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha,
Micrognathozoa, Gnathostomulida,
Rotifera, Acanthocephala.
 Paraphyly of Platyzoa considered.
Other Lophotrochozoan Phyla
 Overview of Nemertea, Cycliophora,
Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda.
Lophotrochozoan Relationships
 Total of nine lophotrochozoan phyla
discussed.
 Mollusca and Annelida covered later.
 Example: Chinese liver fluke from
Platyhelminthes.
Lophotrochozoan Hallmarks
 Trochophore larval stage with cilia for
movement.
 Lophophore for feeding and generating
water currents.
Class Turbellaria
 Phylum Platyhelminthes: Over 34,000
species.
 No unique defining traits.
 Various sizes, organ-system level of
organization.
General Characteristics
 Flat, triploblastic, acoelomate, and
bilaterally symmetrical.
 Incomplete gut, cerebral ganglion, and
protonephridia.
 Monoecious, complex reproductive
systems.
 Nervous system with cerebral ganglia
and cords.
Class Turbellaria
 Free-living in water, some terrestrial
species.
 Use cilia and muscles for locomotion.
 Incomplete digestion and extracellular
digestion.
 Gas and waste exchange via diffusion.
 Adaptation to freshwater with
protonephridia.
 Asexual reproduction through transverse
fission.
 Some species have free-swimming
larvae.
Conclusion
 Turbellarians are a diverse group within
Platyhelminthes, adapted to various
environments and lifestyles.