s© arad su ch ; £©©y en o ug h , weiry

so and suc/i
We use so and smc/x in different ways, in the following patterns:

Form Meaning/Use Example

SO

so + adjective/adverb very, extremely It’s so hot in here!

to such a great degree or amount
so + adjective/adverb to emphasise the degree or
(+ that) amount of sth, by saying what
the result is
so many/much/little/few to emphasise the degree or
amount of sth
so many/much/little/few to emphasise the degree or
(+ that) amount of sth, by saying what
the result is
such
such + adjective + plural/ very, extremely
uncountable noun
such + adjective + plural/ to emphasise the degree or
uncountable noun amount of sth, by saying what
(+ that) the result is
such a/an + adjective + very, extremely
singular noun
such a/an + adjective + to emphasise the degree or
singular noun (+ that) amount of sth, by saying what
the result is
She could run so fast!
Don’t look so angry.
Don’t walk so fast!
My car is so old (that) I can’t get any spare
parts for it.
She drives so fast (that) nobody can keep up
with her.
How did you make so much money?
There were so many people queuing outside the
theatre (that) we went back home.
She’s got such lovely hair!
They’re such good friends.
They’re such good friends (that) they tell each
other everything.
It was such a beautiful day!
It was such a hot day (that) we decided to go
for a swim.

to o , e n o u g h , v e ry
• Too means ‘more than is acceptable or
possible’. Very means ‘a lot’. Compare:
I was too tired. (= so I couldn’t do any work)
I was very tired. (= but I could still do some
work)
1-wm-too happy when I received your email. X
I was very happy when I received your email. S
° We do not use very with adjectives that already
have a strong meaning:
Mono Park in Tokyo is very huge. X
M eno Park in Tokyo is huge. /
M eno Park in Tokyo is absolutely huge. /
S ee also: ^

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 SO AND SUCH; TOO, ENOUGH, VI HY

We use too and enough in the following patterns:

Form Example
enough + noun Do we have enough cheese for a pizza?
enough + noun + fo-infinitive Do you have enough money to buy the book?
not + adjective/adverb + enough You’re jiot driving fast enough! We’ll be late!
not + adjective/adverb + enough (+ for sb) + I ’m not clever enough to study medicine.
fo-infinitive She didn’t explain it clearly enough for everyone to
understand.
e
too + adjective/adverb I can’t drink this - it’s too hot.
too + adjective/adverb (+ for sb) + fo-infinitive The coffee was too hot to drink.
He walked too quickly for the children to keep up with him.

Q Match 1-6 with a -g to make sentences.

0 The pianist played so badly that
1 The kids were so tired that
2 The food was so bad that
3 She’s got so many clothes that
4 It’s such a tiny kitchen that
5 He eats so much sugar that
6 They were making so much noise that
H a I don’t have to do much to keep it clean.
□ b they went straight to bed.
□ c she never wears the same thing twice.
□ d his teeth will rot.
□ e the audience walked out.
□ f I couldn’t concentrate.
□ g nobody could eat it.

Q Choose the correct answer.

0 We had to pay a such /(suchjphigh price for coffee in London!
1 Passing my driving test was so /such a relief.
2 W e’re having such /such an awful weather that we can’t go for a swim.
3 We had so / such a terrible time that we swore we wouldn’t do it again.
4 She loved him so /such deeply that she couldn’t bear it when he was away.
5 There were so /such few people there they nearly
cancelled the performance.
6 The film was so /such a boring I wanted to leave.
7 I had so /such many things to do I didn’t know where
to start.
8 It was so /such a lovely day we decided to have a picnic
in the park.
9 There was so /such much noise I could hardly hear
myself think!
10 Joe was so /such an angry that he started shouting at me.

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 I Complete the sentences. Use too, enough or very.
0 It’s much .. .+£<?... hot in here - turn the heating down.
1 If you’ve h a d ..............food, I’ll take the plates away.
2 She doesn’t speak Spanish w ell.............. to order a meal on her own.
3 The food was m u ch .............. salty to eat.
4 That’s a .............. beautiful piece of music. What is it?
5 She was speaking.............. fast for us to understand what she was saying.
6 It seems that she isn’t g ood ..............to be in the team.
7 I don’t have.............. room to put them up.
8 The film w as............. good - I wouldn’t mind seeing it again.
9 We’r e ..............different characters; I don’t know how we’ll manage to get on.
10 Your test w as............. good; well done!

Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a sim ilar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change
the word given.
0 I was almost two hours late because there 6 Craig’s marks were too low for a place at
was heavy traffic. Harvard.
SUCH HIGH
There was heavy, .fjrtffftc . I Craig’s m arks......................for a place at
was almost two hours late. Harvard.
1 I didn’t have the strength to carry the case 7 If there had been fewer people in the queue,
on my own. we would have waited.
HEAVY so
The case w as......................carry on my own. T h ere......................in the queue that we
2 The shelf is too high for me to reach. decided not to wait.
TALL 8 He couldn’t sleep because the coffee was very
I’m ......................the shelf. strong.
3 I cried because the film was sad. so
THAT The coffee..................... he couldn’t sleep.
The film w as......................I cried. 9 If this soup was not so hot, I could eat it
now.
4 Nobody can believe she’s Spanish because
her English is very good. FOR

WELL This soup i s ..................... eat now.

S h e ......................that nobody can believe 10 The ticket was too expensive for us.
she’s Spanish. ENOUGH

5 My brother’s too young to vote. We didn’t ...................... a ticket.

OLD
My brother......................vote.

An acquaintance is someone you know well enough

to borrow from but not well enough to lend to.

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 q u ite , r a t t e r ^ l i n k i n g w e i r b s

a b it / a little , fa irly , q u ite , ra th e r, v e ry

•»
° These have meanings which range from ‘slightly’ (marked - below) to ‘very strong’ (marked +++):

She's a bit/a little tired. She's fairly tired. She's quite tall. She's rather tall. She's very tall.
+ + ++ +++

» They can be followed by a number of structures:

Form Meaning/Use Example

a bit + adjective/adverb
a little + adjective/adverb
fairly + adjective/adverb
a fairly + adjective + noun
quite + adjective/adverb
quite a(n) + adjective + noun
quite a(n) + noun
quite + verb
rather + adjective/adverb
rather a(n) + adjective + noun
a(n) rather + adjective + noun
rather a(n) + noun
rather + verb
very + adjective/adverb
slightly
quite
not very but more than slightly
to emphasise that something is
very good, large, interesting, etc.
fairly but not very
fairly or to some degree
a lot
She’s a bit short for the team.
She’s a little short for the team.
She’s fairly tall.
It’s a fairly long trip.
He’s quite talented.
It was quite a rude answer. /
It was a quite rude answer. X
It was quite a surprise.
I quite like coffee.
We were all rather surprised.
He did rather badly in the test.
It came as rather a!a rather big
surprise.
It came as rather a surprise.
I rather like her.
I’m very sorry.
You did very well.

» Quite isn’t as strong as very. Compare: We can use rather/a bit/a little before
She’s very clever. She’s quite clever. comparative forms:
° Quite is stronger than a little. Compare: The new house is rather/a bit/a little smaller
She’s a little greedy. She’s quite greedy. than the old one.
° Quite + adjective/adverb can also mean ° We use quite as ... (as ...) or not quite as!so ...
‘completely’: (as ...) to make comparisons:
No, thanks, I won’t have any m ore to eat. I ’m His new book isn’t quite as interesting as his
quite full. (= completely full) first book.
Yes, I ’m quite certain that h e’s the sam e man. Kelly isn’t quite/as/so tall.
(= completely certain) ° We use very with adjectives ending in -ful but
• Here are some words we often use with quite to not -less. (See 10e.)
mean ‘completely’: The information in this article is very useful. /
quite am azing quite clear quite right The information in this article is very useless. X
quite safe quite true quite wrong
1 73
 NATHtll, ETC.; UNKING VERBS

Linking verbs ° After some linking verbs, we can use to be +

adjective:
• A linking verb joins a subject to an adjective or The house seems to be empty.
clause. Here are some linking verbs: The children appeared to be hungry.
appear keep o We can also use a to-infinitive after some
be look linking verbs:
become seem She seems to know what she’s doing.
come smell ° Here is a summary o f the patterns after linking
feel sound verbs:
get stay
g° taste Form Example
grow turn
linking verb + I feel sick.
• We can use different adjectives after linking
adjective Her face turned red.
verbs:
They didn’t want to look suspicious. linking verb + to The fridge seems to be empty.
I feel sick. be + adjective He appears to be French.
H e seems happy. linking verb + They seemed to know her.
This tastes awful! to-infinitive She appeared not to understand
what was going on.

Q Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Q
0 It was fairly good day, so we went for a walk.
... .Tit. W A - S .A . g o o d .dayj s o .W e .....
....W e w t .$PX.. 4 w a l k , .......................
1 Wembley Stadium is very enormous.
2 He’s rather a noisy in class.
3 She’s always been a quite hard-working.
4 I quite I like the theatre but I prefer the cinema.
5 Ed is rather much taller than his brother.
6 Yes, I quite to agree.
7 It was quite shock to get home and find the
house burgled.
8 Well, I found the film bit boring.
9 The test seems it is quite easy.
Choose the correct answer.
0 The film vyasCquite)/ quite an interesting but
fairly /(a In i)too long.
1 We had quite a l a quite nice time at the
party.
2 She’s a bit /very careless.
3 I’m quite /a bit certain that you will pass the
test if you work a little I very harder.
4 Don’t look so worried - I promise you, I’m
very /a very careful driver.
5 It came as rather /rather an unpleasant
surprise to get a bill for 1,000 euros.
6 I was a bit /very pleased to get such a lovely
present but rather /quite a disappointed that
you couldn’t come to the party.
7 This milk has gone sour /to sour - it smells!
8 If you water the plants, they will grow
healthy /to healthy and strong /a bit strong in
a month or so.
9 His hair has turned grey /to grey.
10 Dave appears he understands /to understand
what really happened.

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 QUITE, RATHER, ETC.; LIN KIN G V ERBS

Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

0 She can b e ........ .... bad-tempered in the mornings.
A quite B a quite C quite a D quite the
1 In fact, she’s .... ........unpleasant most of the time.
A rather B a rather C rather an D rather the
2 -That w as........... .. good attempt but you still failed.
A fairly B a fairly C fairly the D fairly your
3 Excuse her - she’s usually.............. shy with strangers.
A a little B little bit C bit D a,-rather
4 The film was ... ......... ; my grandson screamed at one point.
A quite fright B the quite fright C quite a fright D quite frightening
5 I’m .............. at maths!
A hopeless B very hopeless C quite a hopeless D a fairly hopeless

O Choose the correct verb. Then use it in the correct form to complete the sentences.
0 Look at Jana; she so pleased to have won the competition, (look, see)
1 Finding a cure for cancer still.............. impossible, (stay, seem)
2 Avoiding illness is one th in g ;.............. healthy is another, (sound, stay)
3 I .............. quite exhausted after the race but I was happy I’d won. (feel, keep)
4 I believe him; h e ..............to be completely innocent o f all charges, (look, appear)
5 S h e .............. really worried when I phoned her this morning, (sound, turn)

Q Choose the correct answer.

®O0

Life in London
Someone once said that if you are tired of
London, you are tired of life. Well, this is a bit of
an exaggeration but London does (0)seem)/look
to be an exciting multicultural city.
I arrived in London for the first time two years ago
all the way from Tokyo to do a Master’s degree
in Civil Engineering. It was a bit of a culture
shock. The city first (1)appeared /sounded to be
grey and unwelcoming. Everybody (2)seemed to
be /appeared that they were busy and for the first
month, it (3)kept /felt pretty lonely. Meeting new
people was mquite/bit difficult at first but many
of the students at the university turned out to be
® rather /quite friendlier than I had expected and
I ended up moving in with some of them.
The flat I was staying in was actually (6)much/bit
bigger than my flat in Tokyo. My new flatmates
were from different countries and at first we found
it (7>a bit/quite a difficult to relate to each other,
especially to the British guy, who spoke m quite
a/a bit quickly. We were <9) fairly la rather shy
about speaking at first. However, everyone was
friendly and m very/rather more informal than
back home; soon everyone (11) turned/became
more'relaxed and we got to know each other
better. Living in London wasn’t quite as difficult
as it first(12)appeared /grew to be.
◄►

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