MODULE 1

CPPREP4001 - Prepare for professional practice in real estate (Release 1)

Reading Guide

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Table of Contents
Legislative Requirements ..................................................................................................4
Property and Stock Agents Act 2002 & Property and Stock Agents Regulation 2014
2003 ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Equal Opportunity and Anti-Discrimination ............................................................................... 5
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) ............................................................................................................... 6
Fair Work Act 2009 .......................................................................................................................................... 6

Key Agencies and Industry Bodies .....................................................................................7

Office of Fair Trading (NSW) ..................................................................................................... 7
Civil and Administrative Tribunal .............................................................................................. 7
Real Estate Institute of Australia (REIA)..................................................................................... 7
Real Estate Institute of Australia (REINSW) ............................................................................... 7
Property Council of Australia (PCA) ........................................................................................... 8
Real Estate Business – Ownership Structure ......................................................................8
Sole Traders ............................................................................................................................. 8
Partnerships............................................................................................................................. 9
Company ................................................................................................................................. 9
Trust ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Organisational Structures - Types of Real Estate Agency Models .....................................10
Independent .......................................................................................................................... 10
Franchise ............................................................................................................................... 10
Real Estate Services ........................................................................................................12
Sales ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Property Management ........................................................................................................... 12
Agency Personnel and Real Estate Job Roles ........................................................................... 13
The Relationship between the Agent and Client...............................................................14
Real Estate Licensing and Registration Requirements ......................................................15
Unlicensed Trading ................................................................................................................. 15
The Licensee in Charge ........................................................................................................... 17
Corporation Licence................................................................................................................ 19
Certificate of Registration ....................................................................................................... 20
Support staff in a Real Estate Agency ...................................................................................... 20
Commission Sharing/Licence Lending ..............................................................................21
Conjunctional Agreements ..................................................................................................... 21

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 Licence Lending ...................................................................................................................... 22
Employment Arrangements ............................................................................................23
Modern Awards ..................................................................................................................... 23
Employees ............................................................................................................................. 24
Payment by wages with commission, bonus or incentive payments ......................................... 24
Agreements ........................................................................................................................... 24
Commission-only Employment ............................................................................................... 25
National Employment Standards............................................................................................. 25
Employer Responsibilities ...............................................................................................26
Work Health and Safety.......................................................................................................... 26
Comply with Legislation.......................................................................................................... 26
Employer Tax Obligations ....................................................................................................... 26
Pay and entitlements ............................................................................................................. 26
Leave Entitlements ................................................................................................................. 26
Superannuation ..................................................................................................................... 27
Legal obligations when training staff ....................................................................................... 27
Record keeping ...................................................................................................................... 27
Employee Responsibilities ...................................................................................................... 27
Communication ..............................................................................................................27
Types of Communication Strategies ........................................................................................ 28
Building a conversation .......................................................................................................... 29
Conflict .................................................................................................................................. 30
Continuing Professional Development .............................................................................32

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Legislative Requirements

The Law and its Legislative Acts play an important role in society and in Real Estate.

It is imperative that anyone working in a profession today understands the legal requirements when
dealing with consumers. All acts are available for viewing on the internet and can be ordered
through Government print agencies.

The importance of having legislation in the Real Estate environment is to:

• make business legal and equal

• put into practice policies

• provide a framework to regulate the protection of consumers and fair trading

There are a number of Acts (State and Federal) that will impact on the duties performed by an agent,
here are some of the most common:

• Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW)

• Anti-Discrimination Regulation 2014 (NSW)
• Property and Stock Agents Act 2002 (NSW)
• Property and Stock Agents Regulation 2014 (NSW)
• Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)
• Competition and Consumer Regulations 2010 (Cth)
• Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW)
• Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)
• Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW)
• Fair work Act 2009 (Cth)
• Spam Act 2003 (Cth)
• Privacy Act 1988 (Cth)
• Residential Tenancies Act 2010 (NSW)
• Residential Tenancies Regulation 2010 (NSW)
• Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW)

This list is not exhaustive, but it gives an indication of the range and scope of the legal obligations
and requirements that apply to agents.

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Property and Stock Agents Act 2002 & Property and Stock Agents Regulation 2014

This Act (and the regulation) are the primary legislation covering property, stock & station agency,
strata management and business agency practice.

This Act came into force on 25 March 2020, and has been updated since then.

The PSA Act and regulations cover all aspects of the real estate industry, including:

• The registration, licensing and on-going professional development of agents

• Employment of staff, and supervision by licensees in charge
• Rules of conduct
• Conflicts of interest
• Advertising and representations
• Agency agreements
• Conduct of real estate sales agents, auctioneers and auctions
• Selling price estimates and substantiations
• Leasing and management of real estate
• Trust account management
• Availability of sales contracts
• Record keeping and inspection of records
• Complaints and disciplinary action

The Legislation is produced in two parts – The “Act” itself and the supporting regulations.

The purpose of having regulations is that they provide:

1. An interpretation of the act – and how it should be applied in day to day real estate practice and

2. A framework for making changes to real estate business practices without having to re-draft and
prepare a new Act of Parliament.

You should ensure you are familiar with the provisions in both the Act and Regulations.

The Act and Regulations, together with the Rules of Conduct can be accessed on the internet via
www.legislation.nsw.gov.au. You should now visit this site and download a copy of both the Act and
the Regulations to your PC for reference.

Further supporting information on the implication and operation of the PSBA is available on the
NSW Fair Trading Website at: www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au

Equal Opportunity and Anti-Discrimination

In Australia, it is unlawful to discriminate on the basis of a number of protected attributes including

age, disability, race, sex, intersex status, gender identity and sexual orientation in certain areas of

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public life, including education and employment. Australia's federal anti-discrimination laws are
contained in the following legislation:

• Age Discrimination Act 2004

• Disability Discrimination Act 1992
• Racial Discrimination Act 1975
• Sex Discrimination Act 1984

The Australian Human Rights Commission has the statutory power to receive, investigate and
conciliate complaints of unlawful discrimination under Australia's anti-discrimination legislation.

Each state and territory has also enacted anti-discrimination legislation.

Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW)

The Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW strives to eliminate discrimination in New South Wales by
resolving enquiries and complaints, raising awareness about discrimination and its impacts, and
taking action to influence change and administer the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977.

Fair Work Act 2009

The Fair Work Act established a new system of regulation creating a national system for regulating
industrial relations in Australia. All employees of that state will effectively be covered by the
National Fair Work Act. The Act provides workplace laws and guarantees a safety net in relation to
wages and is the source of the National Employment Standards, Modern Awards and Enterprise
Agreements in Australia.

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Key Agencies and Industry Bodies

Office of Fair Trading (NSW)

Regulation of the Real Estate Industry: The Role of the Office of Fair Trading

The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) control over agents is absolute and is dictated by the Property and
Stock Agents Act 2002. The role of the Office of Fair Trading in administering this Act includes:

• Licensing and Registration

• Improving the delivery of real estate services
• Promoting community awareness of real estate services
• Investigating complaints made by the public and helping resolve disputes
• Continuing the development of the regulatory framework.
• Additionally, the OFT administers the Fair Trading Act that also affects the conduct of real
estate agents and real estate practice in NSW.

Civil and Administrative Tribunal

The NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal (NCAT) is established under the Civil and Administrative
Tribunal Act 2013 NCAT deals with a broad and diverse range of matters, from tenancy issues and
building works, to decisions on guardianship and administrative review of government decisions.
Consolidating the work of 22 former tribunals into a single point of access for specialist tribunal
services in NSW, NCAT provides services that are prompt, accessible, economical and effective.

Real Estate Institute of Australia (REIA)

The Real Estate Institute of Australia (REIA) is the peak body and national association for Australia’s
real estate profession. REIA is a politically non-aligned organisation that provides research and well-
informed advice to the Federal Government, Opposition, members of the real estate profession,
media and the public on a range of issues affecting the property market. Each State and Territory
has a real estate institute.

Real Estate Institute of Australia (REINSW)

The Real Estate Institute of New South Wales is the peak industry body for real estate agents and
property professionals in NSW. The largest and most influential association of its kind in NSW,
REINSW represents thousands of agents across the state. With a track record and reputation for
delivering valued products and services, REINSW promotes and responds to the changing needs of
members and boasts over 100 years of experience.

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Property Council of Australia (PCA)

The Property Council of Australia represents owners and managers of commercial, industrial and
retail properties, providing members with:

• Forums for developing markets,

• contacts and doing business.
• Representations and recommendations to government when considering new regulations,
laws or standards.
• Provision of information & basic market research such as commercial rentals and vacancy
levels, as well as cost-effective management.
• Specialised training & professional development.

Real Estate Business – Ownership Structure

https://www.fairtrading.nsw.gov.au/trades-and-businesses/business-essentials/starting-a-
business/business-structures

The Agency is the business and the office is the premises where property transactions are delivered,
while the Agent is the individual that delivers the services. There are a number of business
structures, main types common to real estate are:

• Sole trader business structure - an individual trading on their own

• Partnership business structure - an association of people or entities running a business
• Company business structure - a legal entity separates from its shareholders
• Trust business structure – a relationship where a trustee carries on the business

Sole Traders

If you operate your business as a sole trader, although you may decide to have employees, you
trade, control and manage all aspects of your business.

Advantages

• There are very few legal and tax formalities involved setting up the business.
• The structure is inexpensive to set up.
• You have full control of the business.
• You receive the full benefit of profits made by the business.
• You keep all the after-tax gains if the business is sold.

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Partnerships

A formal voluntary business arrangement in which two or more parties unite to share in the profits
and risks of a continuing business venture and which by law is considered to be a group of
individuals and not a single entity.

Advantages

• Partnerships are inexpensive to set up

• Greater access to finances from the resources of all partners
• There are more people to share the workload
• There are more people to share losses and legal responsibilities

Company

Companies are regulated by the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). The ASIC
is an independent government body that administers the Corporations Act.

Advantages

• it is a separate legal entity from the owners;

• you can own property in the name of the company;
• there is usually limited liability for the shareholders (unless they have given a personal
• guarantee);
• you may be able to take advantage of tax minimisation schemes (legal ones, of
• course!);
• it can be owned and operated by only one shareholder and director;
• it may make it easier to attract capital investment because of shareholders' limited
• liability.

Trust

A trustee may carry on a business for the benefit of a particular family and distribute the profits to
those in the trust. This type of business is often more tax effective.

Advantages

• Asset protection and limited liability

• Tax advantages as income and capital gains is distributed to all those in the trust.
• Debts are not passed on to beneficiaries

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Organisational Structures - Types of Real Estate Agency Models

In most cases, it makes no difference if a Real Estate Agency is an independent or a franchise.

The success of the individual agency and the perks it can offer an Agent are the most important
things to consider when seeking a real estate position.

Independent real estate agencies are companies that operate on their own, without a network of
affiliated firms, making decisions about every aspect of the business. While, franchise agencies have
quite a bit of freedom in their operations but must stick to the basic guidelines of the company with
which they are associated.

Independent

Independent agencies maintain control of every aspect of business functions, such as schedules,
accounting, marketing, training and all other activities associated with operating a real estate
business. Examples include – One Agency, Coronis, Bob Smith Real Estate.

Benefits of independent businesses:

• Full control over the business operations

• Unrestrictive growth potential
• Flexibility in all decisions
• No ongoing franchise fees/costs

Drawbacks of independent businesses:

• Branding may not be as recognisable

• Less structure in operations and training support
• Limited resources
• Less group purchasing power

Franchise

A franchise is an agreement or license between two parties. The first party, the franchisee, (which
can be a person or group) is given the rights to market a product or service using the trademark of
the other party, the franchisor. Examples include – Ray White, Raine and Horne, L J Hooker RE/MAX,
Harcourts, Place Real Estate and Century 21.

The franchisees operate with standards and rules set out by the “first party” and a percentage of
commission is paid to that party in return, referred to as a franchise fee.

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Benefits of franchise businesses:

• Brand name recognition

• Operational and training support
• Marketing and advertising support
• Group purchasing power

Drawbacks of franchise businesses:

• Costs involved (capital & ongoing fees)

• Operational restrictions
• “Guilt by association”
• Limited growth potential
• The ACCC regulates the Franchising Code of Conduct, which is a mandatory industry code
• that applies to the parties to a franchise agreement.
• https://www.accc.gov.au/business/industry-codes/franchising-code-of-conduct

From 1 January 2015 Franchising Code is replaced with a new Franchising Code of Conduct.

The new Code will apply to conduct on or after 1 January 2015.

It will

• Introduce an obligation under the Code for parties to act in good faith in their dealings with
one another
• introduce financial penalties and infringement notices for serious breaches of the Code
• require franchisors to provide prospective franchisees with a short information sheet
outlining the risks and rewards of franchising
• require franchisors to provide greater transparency in the use of and accounting for money
used for marketing and advertising and to set up a separate marketing fund for marketing
and advertising fees require additional disclosure about the ability of the franchisor and a
franchisee to sell online
• prohibit franchisors from imposing significant capital expenditure except in limited
circumstances.

These are significant changes and it is important that franchisors, franchisees and potential
franchises understand their rights and responsibilities under the new Code.

For further information about the changes to the Code, please see the updated Franchisor
Compliance Manual and the Franchisee Manual

Membership Models

Similar to a fitness club membership, the principal of each office makes their own decisions and pays
a membership fee to access and utilise the business name and products they offer such as forms,
access to real estate websites, marketing and trust account. They are not governed by the strict
rules associated with a Franchise Agreement. @Realty are examples of the membership model.

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Real Estate Services

Within the real estate industry, a wide range of services are offered by specialist agencies and
individuals, including:

• Residential Sales - The sale of land, property, homes, apartments, units and townhouses,
where people live or erect a home
• Commercial Sales - The sale of land and property zoned for commercial or business purposes
• Industrial Sales - The sale of land zoned for industrial purposes and factories, warehouses
etc.
• Business Sales - The sale of an actual business or income producing commercial enterprise,
such as hotels, shops and other business entities
• Residential Property Management - The leasing and management of residential property
• Project Management - The sale or leasing of multiple properties on behalf of a developer or
builder
• Commercial, Industrial and Retail Management - The leasing and management of property
used for retail, business, commercial and industrial enterprises
• Strata Management & Community Management - The management of property
developments on behalf of an owner's corporation or neighbourhood association with
common property, and shared facilities and amenities such as buildings, lifts, swimming
pools, etc
• Stock and station Agency - The sale, leasing and management of rural land and property, the
sale of livestock stock and agistment.
• Buyers Agency - Locating and securing property for buyers
• On-site residential property management - Leasing and management of property specifically
within a development where your office and residence is located
• Holiday lettings - Leasing and management of property usually for short term periods to
casual occupants.
• Valuations - The sworn valuation of land and property. Only qualified and registered valuers
may undertake this function.

Sales
• Source and obtain new sales listings
• Provide market appraisals
• Coordinate marketing activities
• Inspecting properties for sale
• Negotiation processes
• Organising, overseeing and presenting of contracts

Property Management
• Source and obtain new rental listings
• Appraising rental properties
• Collecting and monitoring rental monies and accounting to Landlords
• Organising and overseeing of maintenance
• Leasing property

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 • Property Inspections

Agency Personnel and Real Estate Job Roles

The various roles and licence / certificate categories are defined in the PSBA Act as follows:

A Real Estate Agent - Is a person who, for reward, carries on the function of an auctioneer of land or
as an agent for Real estate transactions

• Inducing or attempting to induce or negotiating with a view to inducing any person to enter
into, or to make or accept an offer to enter into a real estate transaction or contract for a
real estate transaction
• The introduction, or arranging for the introduction, of a prospective purchaser, lessee or
licensee of land to another licensed agent or to the owner or agent of the owner of land
• Collecting rents payable in respect of any lease of land and otherwise providing property
management services in respect of the leasing of any land. This does not include a person
who carries on business as an auctioneer or agent in respect of any parcel of rural land.

A Stock and Station Agent - is a person who, for reward, carries on business as an auctioneer of
rural land or livestock or as an agent for:

• Carrying out any of the functions of a real estate agent where the land consists of rural land
• Livestock transactions
• Inducing or attempting to induce or negotiating with a view to inducing any person to enter
into, or to make or accept an offer to enter into a livestock transaction or contract for a
livestock transaction
• Providing agistment for livestock or collecting fees for the agistment of livestock.

A Business Agent - is a person who, as an agent, carries out the following functions for reward:

• Selling, buying, exchanging or otherwise dealing with or disposing of a businesses or

professional practices
• Dealing with shares or interest in the business, or the good will of any stocks connected with
businesses or professional practices
• Negotiating for sale, purchase or exchange of any interest or share in the stocks, inventory,
fixture and fittings connected with the business or professional practice.

A Strata Managing Agent - is a person who, for reward, exercises any functions of an owners
corporation within the meaning of the Strata Schemes Management Act 1996 or any function
that is prescribed by the regulations for the purpose of the definition. This excludes people who:

• Are owners of a lot in the strata scheme for which the owner’s corporation is constituted
• Are lessees of a lot in the leasehold strata scheme for which the owner’s corporation is
constituted
• Are secretaries or treasurers of the executive committee of the owner’s corporation
• Maintain or repair any property which the owner’s corporation is responsible for
maintaining or repairing.

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A Community Managing Agent - is engaged or appointed for reward, to exercise the functions of an
association constituted for a scheme under the Community Land Development Act 1989 or any
other function that is prescribed by the regulations. This does not include:

• A proprietor of a lot within the scheme

• The secretary or treasurer of the association
• A person who maintains or repairs any property that the association is required to maintain
and keep in repair.

On-site Residential Property Manager - is a person who, for reward, carries on business as an agent
for giving possession of residential premises under a lease, licence or contract and who collects
bonds, deposits, rents fees or other charges in connection with any such lease, licence or other
contract.

It is a condition of an on-site residential property managers licence that the licensee must only act
for the principal’s place of residence and only if the licensee owns or has a prescribed interest in that
principal place of residence.

A Buyers Agent - is a person who, for reward, acts on behalf of the buyer of property. A Buyers
Agent is prohibited from acting on behalf of both the seller and the buyer of the property.

Those who hold a Certificate of Registration are required to obtain additional qualifications in order
to undertake the functions of a Buyers Agent.

Real Estate Licence holders hold the appropriate qualifications within the qualifications required to
obtain their licence and are able to act as Buyers Agents.

The Relationship between the Agent and Client

• A real estate agent must comply with a fiduciary obligation and must act honestly, fairly and
professionally in the conduct of a real estate agency practice.
• Agents should never knowingly give a prospective client an overestimate of the likely sale or
rental price of a property.
• Agents should always disclose relevant facts and information to the buyer that affects the
property i.e. easement at the property or future infrastructure.
• An agent must not accept an appointment to act, or continue to act, as a real estate agent
for a client if doing so will place the agent’s duty or interests in conflict with the client’s
interests.

The two duties that agents are obligated to perform when entering into a relationship with a client:

• Fiduciary Duty - implied by common law. This relates to the confidence and trust within the
relationship. It is important that care and diligence is taken to ensure that the trust
relationship is not breached in any way.
• Contractual Duty – duties carried out that are outlined in the contact signed between the
Client and the Agent; Appointment of a property agent.

When acting on behalf of a Client, it is important that the agency and the representatives within the
agency act within following requirements:

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 • Comply with a fiduciary obligation incurred as a real estate agent.
• Act honestly, fairly and professionally
• Act within the conduct of a real estate agency practice.
• Exercise reasonable skill, care and diligence.
• Act in the client’s best interests
• Protect client’s assets and money

Agents must not only comply with their clients’ instructions, unless it is unlawful or unreasonable to
do so, but they must also comply with legislation when dealing with money.

Real Estate Licensing and Registration Requirements

All Real Estate occupations are licensed by each state or territory. To determine the correct licence
will depend on the type of duties you will perform in the relevant state.

All agents who carry on activities covered by the PSBA Act must hold a Real Estate Licence or
Registration certificate, which is granted by the Office of Fair Trading.

In addition, each place of business must be operated by a separate licensee in charge, whether or
not the business is owned by an individual (as a sole trader) or by a corporation (Pty Ltd Company).

Unlicensed Trading

The following sections of the legislation apply to the requirements of principal and its staff to hold
appropriate licences to carry out real estate activities.

Part 2 Licences and certificates of registration

Division 1 Requirement for licence or certificate of registration

8 Agents required to be licensed

(1) A natural person must not act as or carry on the business of (or advertise, notify or state that
the person acts as or carries on the business of or is willing to act as or carry on the business of):
(a) a real estate agent, unless the person is the holder of a real estate agent’s licence, or
(b) a stock and station agent, unless the person is the holder of a stock and station agent’s
licence, or
(c) a business agent, unless the person is the holder of a business agent’s licence, or
(d) a strata managing agent or community managing agent, unless the person is the holder of a
strata managing agent’s licence, or
(e) an on-site residential property manager, unless the person is the holder of an on-site
residential property manager’s licence or a real estate agent’s licence.
Maximum penalty: 100 penalty units.
(2) A natural person is not entitled to bring any proceeding in any court or tribunal to recover any
commission, fee, gain or reward for any service performed by the person:

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(a) as a real estate agent, unless the person was the holder of a real estate agent’s licence, or
employed the holder of such a licence, at the time of performing the service, or
(b) as a stock and station agent, unless the person was the holder of a stock and station agent’s
licence, or employed the holder of such a licence, at the time of performing the service, or
(c) as a business agent, unless the person was the holder of a business agent’s licence, or
employed the holder of such a licence, at the time of performing the service, or
(d) as a strata managing agent or as a community managing agent, unless the person was the
holder of a strata managing agent’s licence, or employed the holder of such a licence, at the time
of performing the service, or
(e) as an on-site residential property manager, unless the person was the holder of an on-site
residential property manager’s licence or a real estate agent’s licence, or employed the holder of
such a licence, at the time of performing the service.
(3) This section applies to a natural person whether or not the person is a member of a
partnership.
(4) The fact that a particular activity is an activity for which more than one class of licence may be
appropriate does not require the holding of more than one type of licence so long as at least one
of the licences that is appropriate to the activity is held.
(5) For the purposes of this section, a person is not considered to carry on a business merely
because the person is a member of a partnership that carries on that business.
Note. Subsection (5) makes it clear that “silent” partners are not required to be licensed.

9 Corporations require corporation licence

(1) A corporation must not act as or carry on the business of (or advertise, notify or state that the
corporation acts as or carries on the business of or is willing to act as or carry on the business of)
an agent unless the corporation holds a corporation licence.
Maximum penalty: 200 penalty units.
(2) A corporation is not entitled to bring any proceeding in any court to recover any commission,
fee, gain or reward for any service performed by the corporation as an agent unless the
corporation was the holder of a corporation licence at the time of performing the service.

10 Salespersons and managers require certificate of registration

(1) A person must not do any of the following things unless the person is the holder of a
certificate of registration:
(a) be or remain as a real estate salesperson, stock and station salesperson, business salesperson
or registered manager in the employment of a person licensed (or required to be licensed) under
this Act,
(b) represent, whether expressly or impliedly, that the person is a real estate salesperson, stock
and station salesperson, business salesperson or registered manager,
(c) act as or exercise any of the functions of a real estate salesperson, stock and station
salesperson, business salesperson or registered manager.
Maximum penalty: 100 penalty units.
(2) An employed licensee is not required to hold both a certificate of registration and a licence to
allow the licensee lawfully to do anything that, in the absence of this section, the licensee could
lawfully do as the holder of the licence.
11 Registered salespersons and managers required to be employed and supervised by licensee
(1) The holder of a certificate of registration must not act as or exercise any of the functions of a
real estate salesperson, stock and station salesperson, business salesperson or registered
manager unless the person does so as an employee of the holder of a licence under this Act.

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 (2) The holder of a certificate of registration must not exercise any of the functions of a real
estate salesperson, stock and station salesperson, business salesperson or registered manager
unless he or she does so under the supervision of a person who:
(a) is the licensee in charge of the place of business at which the employee is employed, and
(b) is the holder of a licence that allows the licensee to exercise that function without
contravening this Act.
Note. See Division 2 of Part 3 for requirements for a place at which a business is carried on under
a licence to be in the charge of a licensee and for staff to be properly supervised.
(3) The holder of a certificate of registration must not act as an auctioneer, except as permitted
by subsection (4).
(3A) A person carrying on business as an auctioneer must ensure that the holder of a certificate of
registration does not act for or on behalf of the person as an auctioneer, except as permitted by
subsection (4).
(4) The holder of a certificate of registration as a stock and station salesperson may auction
livestock if the holder conducts the auction:
(a) as an employee of the holder of a stock and station agent’s licence, and
(b) under the immediate and direct supervision of the holder of a licence that allows the licensee
to auction livestock (whether or not that licensee is the licensee in charge of the place of business
at which the employee is employed or is the employer of the employee).
Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units.

11 A Person carrying on business of agent to ensure staff exercising regulated functions hold
licence or certificate
A person carrying on the business of an agent must not make use of the services of another
person (a service provider) to exercise any regulated functions in the course of the business
unless:
(a) the person is the holder of a licence that authorises the regulated functions concerned to be
exercised by the person, and
(b) the service provider is the holder of a licence or a certificate of registration that authorises the
service provider to exercise the regulated functions concerned, and
(c) in the case of a service provider required to hold a certificate of registration to exercise the
regulated functions concerned—the service provider is an employee of the person.
Maximum penalty: 100 penalty units.

12 Production of licence or certificate of registration

A licensee or registered person must on request at the premises on which the licensee carries on
business or exercises functions as a licensee or registered person produce his or her licence or
certificate of registration to an authorised officer and permit the authorised officer to inspect the
licence or certificate of registration.
Maximum penalty: 20 penalty units.

The Licensee in Charge

Each place of business must be in the charge of a licensee, who is responsible for the proper
supervision of the business carried on there and for the actions of all employees.

An individual licensee is responsible for the supervision of their own place of business. A licensee
who has more than one place of business must employ a licensee to be the person in charge at each

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other place of business. A corporation that holds a corporation licence must employ licensees to be
in charge of each of the corporation’s places of business. A licensee-in-charge of a place of
business must hold a licence in the category relevant to the type of business carried on there. For
example, a person in charge of a real estate agency business must hold a real estate agent’s licence.

The licensee-in-charge is responsible for the supervision of the business.

Proper supervision entails:

• Supervision of employees engaged in the business,

• Establishment of procedures designed to ensure that the provisions of the Act and
regulation and other relevant laws are complied with
• Monitoring the conduct of the business to ensure that those procedures are followed.
• Ensuring that those employed in the business are suitably qualified and are not disqualified
from holding a licence or certificate of registration

The Commissioner for Fair Trading has issued guidelines as to what constitutes proper supervision of
the business of a licensee.

Whilst a licensee who employs anyone at any place of business of the licensee is responsible for
anything done or not done by the person, the Act also recognises that some functions of the licensee
may be delegated to staff within an agency.

The Supervision Guidelines (Summary)

• A licensee must have written procedures regarding banking practices of the agency with
respect to the receipt of trust money. The licensee must be able to provide details of the
process to ensure employees comply with the procedures.
• A licensee must have written procedures about the review of trust account cash flow on a
monthly basis. The review must include a process which shows that the amounts banked to
the trust account have been verified using the financial institution's records as source
documents.
• A licensee must have written procedures that set out the steps that all relevant staff must
take to substantiate any selling price estimates which have been provided to a seller or
prospective buyer. They should reference the Estimated Price Guidelines published by the
Commissioner.
• A licensee must maintain and be able to demonstrate that listing agents use a checklist in
the property sales process to ensure that the following requirements are met:
• All advertising material accurately describes the property concerned and that the
information provided complies with the requirements of the relevant agency agreement and
with the Act and Regulations;
• Proper disclosures of conflicts of interest as required the Act are made to clients, and where
appropriate, any prospective buyer of land;
• The listing agent engaged to sell the property is aware of the restrictions on obtaining a
beneficial interest in property.
• The completed checklist must be certified in writing by the agent representing the principal
and be retained in the Sales File as a record.
A licensee must maintain documented complaint handling procedures, including a process to ensure
that all complaints about staff behaviour towards consumers, and the agency's response to those
complaints, are recorded and retained. The procedure must require that complaints of a financial

18
nature are directed to the licensee in charge or the Manager to be supervised directly by that
person. A separate record of the handling of financial complaints must be kept.

Where any of the above requirements stipulate the preparation and use of a set of documented
procedures a checklist, or a review system; the licensee must be able to produce this documentation
to an authorised officer in accordance with the provisions of section 105 of the Act. The licensee
must also be able to produce information demonstrating the regular use and maintenance of the
required documentation within the agency.

A failure to comply with the requirements of the guidelines is deemed to be a failure to properly
supervise the business and carries a penalty not exceeding 200 penalty units ($22,000) in the case of
a corporation or 100 penalty units ($11,000) in any other case.

Corporation Licence

Where the proprietor of the business is a company, this company must have a separate Corporation
Licence.

All applicants for a corporation licence must satisfy the Commissioner for Fair Trading that:

• The corporation is fit and proper to hold a licence

• Each director of the corporation is a fit and proper person to hold a licence
• No director or executive officer is a disqualified person
• At least one of the directors holds a personal licence for the industry sector in which the
corporation proposes to operate
• The corporation has paid the relevant contribution to the property services compensation
fund.

One of the directors of the corporation, as well as the licensee-in-charge, must be licensed in all the
licence classes in which the corporation wishes to do business.

Anyone working in the industry as a real estate agent must hold a Real Estate Licence.

In addition, those in the following positions must hold the appropriate additional Licence:

• Stock and Station Agent

• Business Agent
• Strata Managing Agent
• On-site Residential Property Manager
• Auctioneer

All real estate and stock and station agent licence holders need specific accreditation to act as
auctioneers. Those who were granted licences under the pre-2003 regulations are required now to
obtain additional accreditation.

Since 2003, the Real Estate Licence course has included the relevant auction unit of competence as a
mandatory subject, but this still requires separate accreditation on the Real Estate Licence.

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In order to be eligible for a Licence, applicants must be:

• At least 18 years of age

• A fit and proper person to hold a licence, for example not have a criminal record (established
by a police check) and Hold the qualifications specified in the regulations
• Not be a disqualified person (people can be disqualified because of convictions for
dishonesty and fraud, bankruptcy and a range of other reasons)
• Have paid the relevant contribution to the Property Services Compensation Fund.

Certificate of Registration

In order to work in the following positions in NSW, a NSW Certificate of Registration is required:

• Real Estate Salesperson

• Stock and Station Salesperson
• Business Salesperson
• Property Manager
• Registered Strata Manager or Registered Community Manager
• Registered On-site Residential Property Manager
• Anyone who wants a Certificate of Registration must be:
• At least 16 years of age
• A fit and proper person to hold a certificate of registration (established by a police check)
• Have the qualifications required for the class of certificate of registration concerned
• Not be a disqualified person.
• The appropriate qualifications for a licence or certificate of registration involve one or more
of the following:
• Completing a course of study; or
• Completing of a period of training in a particular activity;
• Achieving a standard of competency in a particular activity.

The specific education requirements vary according to the category of certificate or licence, for
example the requirements for a stock and station agents or buyer’s agents are different to those for
a real estate certificate of registration.

Support staff in a Real Estate Agency

Depending on the size of the agency there may be the following staff, who may or may not require
Registration Certificates depending on the role they perform, and whether or not they have direct
contact with clients and customers or undertake the functions of a real estate agent.

• Administration staff – due to the nature of their role – i.e. supporting salespeople and
property managers, it is likely that they will come into contact with the agency’s clients and
customers. Therefore, they should ideally be registered.

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 • Marketing staff – Deal with and look after both the marketing and advertising of client
properties, but also undertake public relations – corporate advertising and community
involvement initiatives.
• Business Development staff – Larger agencies may have business development staff who
could undertake 2 functions: 1. Developing business networks, or 2. Co-ordinating
prospecting activities.

If support staff undertake any sales or property management roles or are in a position to provide
real estate information to customers and clients, they should hold a Certificate. For instance – the
receptionist may be asked questions about properties on the rental list or in the window. Let’s
assume that the customer asks how many bedrooms a property has. If the receptionist answers that
question, a statement has been made that falls under the act, and a Certificate of Registration would
be required.

Commission Sharing/Licence Lending

The agency can share the commission they earn from the sale of property with any person that holds
the necessary registration certificate of licence. They cannot share commission or lend their licence
with anyone that does not hold a real estate licence. The following legislation is applicable;

Property Stocks and Business Agents Act 2002

S 33 Licensee not to share commission with certain persons
(1) A licensee must not enter into an arrangement with or act in conjunction with a person that
the licensee knows to be an unlicensed person (other than an employee in the licensee’s business
as a licensee) whereby the unlicensed person is entitled to a share of the commission, fee, gain or
reward payable to the licensee in respect of any transaction by or with him or her as a licensee or
generally.
Maximum penalty:
(a) 100 penalty units in the case of a corporation, or
(b) 50 penalty units in any other case.

Conjunctional Agreements

Sharing of commission between two separate agencies where the Seller pays the listing agent
commission for the service of selling their property and the listing agent will share that commission
with another agency that acts for the buyer (but not as a buyer’s agent). Where an agent works as a
“buyer’s agent” the buyer would pay the agent the commission for the service of finding them a
property. In this case a conjunctional agreement with the listing agency would not be an option as
this would be a conflict of interest.

34 Non-commercial subagency agreements to be in writing

(1) An agreement between licensees to share any commission, fee, gain or reward paid or
payable to a licensee in respect of any services performed by him or her as a licensee is
unenforceable unless the agreement is in writing, is signed by the licensees and contains such
terms (if any) as may be prescribed by the regulations.
(2) Any provision in, or applying to, such an agreement and purporting to exclude, modify or
restrict the operation of the terms (if any) required by this section to be contained in the
agreement has no force or effect.
(3) A licensee who enters into an agreement a provision of which is unenforceable because of this
section is guilty of an offence.

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Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units.

(4) This section does not apply to:

(a) an agreement between licensees who are in partnership with one another or in the
relationship of employer and employee with one another, or
(b) an agreement, transaction, circumstance or person prescribed by the regulations as exempt
from this section or an agreement, transaction, circumstance or person of a class or description
prescribed by the regulations as exempt from this section, or
(c) an agreement in respect of services relating to commercial land, being land used or intended
to be used solely or principally for commercial, business or industrial purposes, but not including
land used or intended to be used solely or principally for agricultural or pastoral purposes.

Licence Lending

13 Transfer or lending of licence or certificate of registration prohibited

(1) The holder of a licence or certificate of registration must not transfer, let out, hire or lend the
licence or certificate of registration to any other person or permit any other person to use the
licence or certificate of registration.
Maximum penalty: 100 penalty units.
(2) A court that convicts a person for an offence under this section is to order the cancellation of
the licence or certificate of registration concerned. The licence or certificate of registration is
cancelled on the making of the order.

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Employment Arrangements

Enterprise agreements and modern awards contain minimum entitlements for wages and conditions
of employment for anyone working in the real estate industry. The National Employment Standards
(NES) are minimum standards that cannot be overridden by the terms of enterprise agreements or
awards.

Modern Awards

If you are not covered by an agreement, your minimum wages and conditions are likely to be set by
a modern award.

The modern award will deal with:

• minimum wage rates

• annual leave, and annual leave loading
• other types of leave
• hours of work
• penalty rates, overtime and casual rates
• allowances
• consultation, and
• many other minimum conditions.

For all wages and awards for Real Estate, visit www.fwc.gov.au

Real Estate Industry Award 2010 [MA000106]- applies to Real Estate Agents

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Employees
14.1 The minimum weekly wage for an adult employee engaged on a full-time basis is set out below:

Clerks—Private Sector Award 2010 [MA000002]– applies to Administrative employees and those
that are not registered.

Payment by wages with commission, bonus or incentive payments

15.1 Where the employer and the employee agree that, in addition to the minimum weekly wage,
the employee will be entitled to a portion of the commission paid to the employer, then any method
of calculation or any formula for calculating the amount of commission that will be payable to the
employee must be evidenced in a written agreement between the employer and the employee.

15.2 Where it has been agreed between the employer and the employee that the employee will be
entitled to a bonus or an incentive payment (as opposed to commission under clause 15.1)
particulars of the bonus or incentive payment entitlement must be evidenced in a written
agreement between the employer and the employee.

Agreements
Most enterprise agreements include:

• wage rates
• employment conditions (eg hours of work, meal breaks, overtime)
• a consultation processes
• dispute resolution procedures
• deductions from wages for any purpose authorised by an employee.

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Enterprise agreements cannot include unlawful content (such as discriminatory or objectionable
terms).

Commission-only Employment
16.1 Agreement to enter into commission-only employment arrangements

An employee engaged in property sales or commercial, industrial or retail leasing as a Real Estate
Employee Level 2 or higher (other than a casual employee) may agree with the employer to be paid
on a commission-only basis. Such an employee is considered a pieceworker and is referred to in this
award (and within the real estate industry) as a

commission-only employee. An employee paid on a commission-only basis must not be engaged as a

casual employee.

More information is available from www.fwc.gov.au.

National Employment Standards

The National Employment Standards (NES) are a set out in the Fair Work Act 2009 and comprise of
10 minimum standards of employment.

• Maximum weekly hours

• Requests for flexible working arrangements
• Parental leave and related entitlements
• Annual leave
• Personal/carer's leave, compassionate leave and unpaid family and domestic violence leave
• Community service leave
• Long service leave
• Public holidays
• Notice of termination and redundancy pay
• Fair Work Information Statement

More information can be obtained here: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-

entitlements/national-employment-standards

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Employer Responsibilities

Employers must understand employment-related legislation and your obligations towards the
people who work for them (their employees).

Work Health and Safety

Among the most important responsibilities is the primary duty of care. Employers must observe all
legal requirements for giving employees safe and healthy work. It is also a requirement to
investigate work hazard reports and take corrective actions. Under the Work Health and Safety Act
2011, you must assess risks and implement and review control measures to prevent or minimise
exposure to the risks.

Every Queensland employer must have workers' compensation insurance. Premiums paid by an
employer cover the costs of benefits received by employees if they are injured or become ill because
of their work.

Comply with Legislation

Issues such as tax and pay, annual leave and time off, and the rights of parents are all covered by
employment legislation and must be applied fairly to employees across your business.

Employer Tax Obligations

Employers must know and comply with their employee tax obligations including withholding an
amount from payments made to them, to cover their income tax, any Higher Education Loan
Programme (HELP) repayments and the Medicare Levy. Under the PAYG withholding system, the
employer must report and send all amounts withheld to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).

Pay and entitlements

The employer must pay their employees correctly, and ensure the employee receives everything
they are entitled to as an employee under the law in accordance with Modern Awards, Written
Agreements and Commission-only employment.

Leave Entitlements

There are many reasons why an employee may need to take time off. All employees (except casual
employees) are entitled to paid annual leave based on their ordinary hours of work. Full-time and
part-time employees are entitled to 10 days paid personal leave (for sick and paid carer's leave) each
year. Paid personal leave accumulates from year to year. There are also other leave entitlement
employees have under the National Employment Standards (NES).

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Superannuation

An employer must make superannuation contributions for each eligible employees under the law,
introduced from 1 July 1992. Currently the minimum employer contribution is 9.5% of an employee's
'ordinary time earnings'. The 9.5% is not payable on overtime rates, but is payable on other types of
remuneration such as bonuses and commissions.

Legal obligations when training staff

An employer is legally obliged to make sure staff are trained to do their jobs safely. Certain
industries also require specific training. Employers should keep a record of any training completed
by staff. Work health and safety training is mandatory in order to keep your workplace safe for the
employer, staff and any visitors or customers.

Record keeping

Employee records must be kept private and confidential and for 7 years.

Employee Responsibilities

Employers can also have expectations of their employees. Employees have responsibilities including
but not limited to

• To know and comply with the conditions of their employment

• To take reasonable care to protect themselves and others that may be affected by their
actions, from risks to health and safety while at work
• To obey lawful orders
• To comply with requirements for privacy/confidentiality of personal information held by the
agency
• To comply with codes and standards for ethical conduct and professionalism

Communication

Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It used to be that
you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has
changed this completely. It is important for people to take into account every aspect of how they are
relaying information. This is where communication strategies come into play. Communication
strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.

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Types of Communication Strategies

• Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the strategies
together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to meet employee
needs and increase workplace knowledge.
• Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written and
oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat.
Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face
conversation.
• Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language,
facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice.
These cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to realize the message you
are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is hearing another.
• Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, webpages, and illustrations.
These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation.
Human resources is required to post certain visuals throughout the workplace to comply
with safety laws.
• Communication is considered one of the major aspects when it comes to real estate
business. It is essential for a real estate agent to understand the importance of
communication and be able to confidently utilise their knowledge and skills.
• Skill in the art of successful communication and negotiation can make or break a career!
Every great real estate professional develops the ability to use open and closed questioning
techniques, to collect the information they need, while attentively listening to the client’s
needs.
There are numerous ways of learning how to communicate appropriately and ultimately this is one
area that you may already be experienced in. Negotiation is a form of communication that may
require more training.

Good negotiators are:

• flexible
• creative
• aware of themselves and others
• good planners
• honest
• win-win oriented
• good communicators.

Understanding when to listen and when to talk can be quite confusing so try to have a clear idea of
what you are offering and be consistent and prepared with a compromise option.

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Building a conversation

Simple response closed questions don’t leave much room for elaboration or really a full response.
These are often question using phrases like, did you, when, do you want to, will you, have you, etc.
Each of these just require a couple of words to answer and they don’t transition well from one topic
to another in a conversation.

Responses to open ended questions provide much more detail, thought, comments and more
information that can assist you in determining the person’s needs. Here are some examples of
typical questions in an open format:

• Tell me what you think about the price?

• What did you choose our agency?
• Why would you prefer to sell by private treaty rather than auction?
• How did you come to that price?

Establishing rapport

There are two types of questioning techniques that are important to know in order to keep your
conversations going and to build more rapport with others in conversation.

Open and Closed Questioning techniques

Open ended questions be answered with a one-word response. They require some thought and
provide details to reasonably answer the question.

Closed questions can be answered with a single one- or two-word response. They are often a yes or
no response and don’t leave much room for elaboration, interpretation or opinion.

Let others talk more than you

Open ended questions also ensure that you give others a chance to talk more than you. It forces you
to listen more in any conversation because you have to wait for a longer response. You can still lead
a conversation by steering with closed questions but at least the open questions will allow room to
elaborate.

Ask them to talk about themselves

Have people talk more about themselves, their thoughts and their feelings on a subject shows that
you have some genuine interest in them and care enough to want to take the time to listen. This is
immensely powerful to strengthen the relationship more.

Establishing client motives and expectations

Establishing and understanding the potential client’s motive for wanting to list a property for sale or
rent is very important to the Client/Agent relationship. Motives can be determined by gathering
information and by asking questions whenever contact is made with a client or potential client.

29
The most common reasons for selling /renting could include:

• Another property has been purchased

• Upsizing or downsizing
• Retiring
• Job Transfers
• Marriage, separation or divorce
• Moving interstate or overseas
• Financial reasons

It is important to build the client’s confidence in the ability of you and your agency to sell/rent their
property. To do this, the expectations of the client will need to be fully understood. So you have
done everything you can to help and they still don’t list with you. Don’t give up, it maybe that you
just didn’t impress them as much as the next agent.

Conflict

There will be times during your career when the communication is just not going well. It could be the
Receptionist apologising for the Agent who failed to turn up for their appointment or the Property
Management being abused by a tenant in the office, right in front of your new clients

Conflict is everywhere today, we see it on the roads, in pubs and even on the streets. Conflict in real
estate usually arises due to poor communication -- someone didn't say what they meant to say or
perhaps misunderstood what was intended. Before you allow a situation to escalate, ask questions.
It won't cause any loss of face, and it may result in a quicker resolution.

Successful individuals seem to have an inherent understanding of what causes conflicts and how to
resolve them quickly. Here are 10 steps to ensure that if you are presented with a situation that
starts to get a little out of hand, you can professionally diffuse the situation and move onto to a
solution.

1: Ask questions

How are you feeling, what happened, can we sit down and discuss? These are all open-ended
questions that should assist in providing sufficient information to come up with a resolution.

2: Analyse expectations

Often, conflicts develop as a result of unmet expectations on one side. If the other party expected
something they didn't get or something that didn't happen, the whole conversation can become
negative and closed. If a conversation seems to be getting rocky, take a step back and review
together with the other person to try to uncover what just occurred.

3: Recognize differing perspectives

Keep in mind that conflict may arise due to people having different perceptions. You, or the other
person, saw things differently. This happens most frequently when one is dealing with someone
from another organization, background, or culture. It's easy to believe that we all see things the
same way and then get derailed unexpectedly.

30
4: Identify mistakes

Honest and unintended mistakes frequently result in conflict. Before you let temperatures rise, do a
reality check of your understanding with the other person(s). Mistakes, even small ones, can erode
one's credibility -- someone made a mistake.

5: Watch out for emotional triggers

Beware of emotions. Fear of not being in control or being asked to accept less than what was
previously indicated, whether real or perceived, anger, and surprisingly even excitement can all
result in unintended conflict, which may cause your interaction to go downhill.

6: Focus on preventing escalation

Conflict resolutions always start with one or both parties making an honest attempt at avoiding
further escalation. This recognition, even if only by one of those involved, often causes a more
objective review to occur.

7: Take action to control the situation

Escalation-avoidance tactics may involve one of more key steps including separating the parties,
changing the location of the discussion, signalling empathy to the other involved.

8: Commit to working it out

Take charge of the process by committing to reach a resolution. A powerful impact occurs when one
person makes this statement. It can turn down the temperature immediately.

9: De-escalate the conflict

De-escalation is next: This can be accomplished with a joint statement of the facts at hand, always
eliminating exaggerations, embellishments or personalities, which may inadvertently apply
judgments and re-created the cycle of escalation.

10: Stay calm

Cooler heads prevail in even the most difficult conflicts. Whether you're in a business or personal
situation, you can take control of it by keeping cool. And when you're maintaining your calm, it will
be easier for others involved to get back to the task at hand.

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Continuing Professional Development

It is a mandatory requirement in some states for licence and certificate of registration holders to
undertake Continuing Professional Development (CPD).

Since 1 September 2003, the renewal of Licences or Certificates of Registration is conditional on

holders undertaking CPD each year. CPD is mandated under the PSBA Act 2002, and administered by
the Office of Fair Trading. The aims of the CPD scheme are to:

• Improve knowledge and skills of agents, salespeople and property managers

• Increase levels of consumer protection
• Promote professionalism across the property agency industry
• Encourage high standards.

CPD provides industry participants with the means for responding effectively to change, adopting
new work practices and enriching their knowledge and skills.

CPD applies to all categories of licences and certificates of registration.

The Office of Fair Trading has determined specific learning activities to be completed by all licence
and certificate of registration holders as part of the CPD program.

CPD Obligations

Stock and Station

Assistant Agents – Completion of at least 3 units from relevant Certificate IV

Assistant Agents (Livestock Only) – No CPD

Class 2 Agents – 3 hours compulsory topics

Class 1 Agents – 3 hours compulsory topics and 3 hours business skill topics (from 2021)

Real Estate or Strata

Assistant Agents – Completion of at least 3 units from relevant Certificate IV

Class 2 Agents – 3 hours compulsory topics and 3 hours elective topics

Class 1 Agents – 3 hours compulsory topics and 3 hours business skill topics (from 2021)

Outside of mandatory continued professional development it is important to improve your

knowledge and understanding of the business and real estate practices, as legislation and guidelines
regularly change. Continuing professional development is typically a stipulated membership
requirement with industry bodies such as REINSW.

There are numerous opportunities for agents to up-skill or improve their current skill level with
options varying from, audio, books, magazines or attending face to face and in-house training
sessions.

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Training can be undertaken by Registered Training Organisations which deliver qualifications using
only qualified trainers to skills used in the office which are usually taught by experienced agents
currently working in the industry.

Other resources can be found on government websites, both state and federal. Here are a few of the
common sites that offer resources, factsheets and access to training.

https://business-connect-register.industry.nsw.gov.au/Pages/SearchEvent.html

This website lists events organised, sponsored or endorsed by the NSW Government departments
and agencies, including statutory authorities that are aimed at providing advice and assistance to
businesses and employees.

www.ato.gov.au/General/Property/Residential-rental-properties

Information for property investors on claimable tax deductions when investing in property.

33