Sets in Python

A set object is an unordered collection of

objects.
 It is commonly used in membership testing,
removing duplicates from a sequence, and
computing mathematical operations such as
intersection, union, difference, and symmetric
difference.
 Ex:
s=set([1,2,3,4,1,2,1])
print(s)

Output:
{1, 2, 3, 4}
 A set is can also be created by placing all the items
(elements) inside curly braces {}.
 It can have any number of items and they may be of
different types (integer, float, tuple, string etc.).
 But a set cannot have a mutable element, like list,
set or dictionary, as its element.

 Ex:
s={1,2,3,4,"helllo",(1,2,3)}
print(s)

Output:
{1, 2, 3, 4, (1, 2, 3), 'helllo'}
 Setsare mutable. But since they are unordered,
indexing have no meaning.
 We cannot access or change an element of set
using indexing or slicing. Set does not support
it.
Iteration Over Sets
 Ex:
s=set([1,2,3,4,1,2,1]) #we can make set from list
for i in s:
print(i)

Output:
1
2
3
4
Adding members in set
 We can add single element using the add() method and multiple
elements using the update() method. The update() method can
take tuples, lists, strings or other sets as its argument.

 Ex:
s=set()
s.add("Red")
print(s)
s.update(["Blue", "Green"])
print(s)

Output:
{'Red'}
{'Red', 'Blue', 'Green'}
 Ex:
s={1,2,3,4,"helllo",(1,2,3)}
s.update([4,5,6],{1,7,8})
print(s)

Output:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, (1, 2, 3), 'helllo'}
Removing items from set
 Ex:
s=set([0,1,2,3,1,3,4,2])
print(s)
s.pop() #any item will be popped
print(s)
s.pop()
print(s)
s.remove(3)
print(s)
s.discard(4)
print(s)
Output:
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
{1, 2, 3, 4}
{2, 3, 4}
{2, 4}
{2}

- The only difference between the discard() and

remove() is that, while using discard() if the item does
not exist in the set, it remains unchanged. But
remove() will raise an error in such condition.
- clear() method also can be used, to remove all
elements.
Intersection of sets
 Ex:
setx = set(["green", "blue"])
sety = set(["blue", "yellow"])
setz = setx & sety
print(setz)
#print(setx & sety)
#print(setx.intersection(sety))

Output:
{'blue'}
Union of sets
 Ex:
setx = set(["green", "blue"])
sety = set(["blue", "yellow"])
setz = setx | sety
print(setz)
#print(setx|sety))
#print(setx.union(sety))
Output:
{'green', 'blue', 'yellow'}
Set difference
 Ex:
setx = set(["green", "blue"])
sety = set(["blue", "yellow"])
setz = setx - sety
print(setz)
#print(setx - sety)
#print(setx.difference(sety))

Output:
{'green'}
issubset and issuperset
 Ex:
setx = set(["green", "blue"])
sety = set(["blue", "yellow", "green"])
sub = setx <= sety
print(sub)
sup = setx >= sety
print(sup)

Output:
True
False
 EX:
A={1,2,3,4}
B={3,4}
print(A.issubset(B))
print(A.issuperset(B))
print(A.isdisjoint(B))

Output:
False
True
False
Shallow copy of sets
 Ex:
setx = set(["green", "blue"])
sety = set(["blue", "yellow", "green"])
c = setx.copy()
print(c)

Output:
{'blue', 'green'}
Set Membership Test
 We can test if an item exists in a set or not,
using the keyword in.
 Ex:
A = set("apple")
print('a' in A)
print('p' not in A)
Output:
True
False
Built-in Functions with Set
Frozenset
 Frozenset is has the characteristics of a set, but
its elements cannot be changed once assigned.
 While tuples are immutable lists, frozensets are
immutable sets.
 Frozensets can be created using the function
frozenset().
 Ex:
A = frozenset("apple")
 This datatype supports methods like copy(),
difference(), intersection(), isdisjoint(),
issubset(), issuperset(), symmetric_difference()
and union(). Being immutable it does not have
method that add or remove elements.