IMPACT OF ROAD NETWORK ON THE MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

PRESENTER : JESINTA MUTAHI

INDEX NUMBER :

INSTITUTION : NYERI NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

SUPERVISOR : MADAM MARTHA

EXAM SERIES : NOVEMBER 2022

PRESENTED TO : KNEC FOR PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN CATERING AND ACCOMMONDATION.
DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to any other
institution, or university other than the Nyeri National Polytechnic

Signed___________________ Date____________________

MAINA W.JOYCE

The research project has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor

Signed___________________ Date______________________

Madam Martha
DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to my parents and my siblings

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to my supervisor Madam Martha who guided me through this project writing.

I also thank the management of the hotels visited and especially the respondents who were
cooperative during data collection for this study.

I sincerely appreciate my entire family for their patience, understanding and encouragement.
OBJECTIVES

To identify factors that are directry and indirectry related to the marketing of agricultural
produce and to what extent they have contributed to use and fall of agricultural produce

To examine the extent which road transport system has affected the marketing of agricultural
produce

To offer useful recommendation with a view of making the marketing of agricultural produce
more successful and effective

To determine the primitive use of farm tools to produce staple crops in large quantities
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUTION

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The quest to achieve self sufficient food production is one of the highest priority facing most of
the world today. Nyeri westwood hotel.This is also a problem that threaten to be worsening all
year round

Food in Nyeri is critically depended on transportation distribution, it then become obvious that
wide variety of Nyeri food would not be available without the complex transportation network
system ,which serves as stem food industry. Farm produce therefore depend upon transportation
facilities

On the above reasons ,the impact as well as the importance of road transport system should not
be over emphasized especially as regards to agricultural produce

Problems relating to rural inaccessibility have contained to bother the county and in particular
Nyeri county agriculture.It is on this note that government and transport policy makers should
intensify efforts to improve the transportation systems especially in road network which is the
main and porpular mode of transportation in this county. Their collective and individual efforts
should be directed towards fighting against hunger as well as in providing necessary
transportation facilities and services and contribute to the instrument decision in related areas
that can help to assume the supply of addition food and its distribution to customers. [2020]noted
that increase in customers satisfaction has the potential to enhance organization performance and
as result managers should have customer satisfaction as a key target by Odindo and Derlin Oloko
and Ogutu[2012] state that in recent past employee and the impact of road network on the
marketing of agricultural produce in hospitality industry promoted for enhancing agricultural
produce. Empowered employees focus on their job and work life with additional importance and
thus lead to constant progress in co-ordination and work procedures.

JOHNSON [1973] indicated that an attempt to increase agriculture productivity is to a

considerable degree attempts to give farmers what is believed by wants or needs
Miracle [1968] the first distinct character of substances farmers is that they consume majority of
their produce. The second deals with quantity of produce for marketing. Mitiku 2009, Chakwiza
2010 A starting point in dealing with the plight of substances agriculture in the region has been
provision of roads to reduce transport cost and isolation of substance

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the beginning agriculture and transportation are moving hand in hand. This produce must be
reasonably available and when produced must be distributed to ports and factories. Also that
adequate transportation and efficient courier service operation are necessary condition the
affection and efficient transportation network and a cornerstone of modern marketing system.

Transportation thus serves as a means of moving goods ,ideas and information geared towards
increased productivity. In Nyeri road constitute the most important infrastructure and territory of
sharp contrast in climate solid and vegetation which hinders agricultural progress. According to
Henry [1985] in some areas most of the road which are essential for the evacuation of produce
from the farmer to the market place are essential and often inaccessible all year around. Most of
these feeders roads are unsurfaced, narrow, poorly drained they prevent easy access to the hinter
land where the majority of the farmers are located. Even when such roads are in affair condition
there is a problem of poor maintenance , lack of adequate execution capacity, lack of suitable
materials and management problems. All this factors attributed to the low agriculture will
respond to the growing demand of the rural populars then it will necessary include a good rural
structure within road network to reduce the cost of flow of agriculture commodities, information
and all sorts for rural services to enable it contribute meaningful to the general economic growth.
This will help to accommodate the increase traffic flow of input and output moving from rural
areas to urban centres, which will involve extra addition of maintaining rural road network.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Major purpose of this study is to examine development input that agriculture can make to the
economy and to impact of transportation infrastructure on county economics in hospitality
industry.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AREA

1.To identify factors that are directly and indirectly related to the marketing of agricultural
produce and to what extent they have contributed to use and fail of agricultural produce.

2.To examine the extent which road transport system has affected the marketing of agricultural
produce.

3.To offer useful recommendation with a view of making the marketing of agricultural produce
more successful and effective.

4.Determine the effect of road network in the marketing of agricultural produce.

5.To determine the primitive use of farm tools to produce staple crops in large quantities.

This research will provide a deep view to the implication of road network on the marketing and
agricultural produce in hospitality industry leaders will be able to understand new relation and
new concept. Also target the management of the organizations within agricultural producing high
good quality produe.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.What are the facts that are directly and indirectly related to the marketing of agricultural
produce.

2. what extent road transport system has affected the marketing of agricultural produce
3.What offers of useful recommendation with a view of making the marketing of agricultural
produce more successful and effective

4.To what effects to road network in the marketing of agricultural produce

5.How is the primitive use of farm tools to produce staple crops in large quantities

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.To identify the facts that are directly and indirectly related to marketing of agricultural produce
and to what extent they have contributed to use and fall of agricultural produce

2.To examine the extent which road transport system have affected the marketing of agricultural
produce

3. To offer useful recommendation with a view of making the marketing of agricultural produce
more successful and effective

4. Determine the effects of road network in the marketing of agricultural produce

5. To determine the primitive use farm tools to produce staple crop in large quantities
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents literature based on the objectives of the study. Literature on impact of road
network on the marketing of agricultural produce in hospitality industry I examine the road
subsistence agriculture relation to the western Kenya and highlight the concept of
complementarity intervening opportunity and transferability which underpin human special
interaction [Giddens 1984, Gregson 2005] employing structuralism means subsistence farmers
are important in agricultural.

FACTORS RELATED TO MARKETING OR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

Challenge brought about by millennlium development goals and the need to provide reliable and
adequate food for the world population has led many people to embank into small scale farming
[Eskola 2005]. The concept of small scale farming is further influenced by the fact that many
agricultural land has been subdivided among the family members who opt to plant different
varieties of crop.In order to increase their income and improve their lively hood, rural small scale
farmers engages in business by selling their agricultural produce[2007]showed that agricultural
growth is principle direction of reducing poverty in developing countries especially in rural
areas.

IMPORTANCE OF MARKETING

Marketing of these agricultural produce place an important in attaining the overall goal of food
security, poverty reduction and suitable agriculture, mostly among small holder farmer in
developing countries [Altshul,1998].Makhua [2001] found that the market of small scale farmers
is constrained by poor infrastructure distance from the market, lack of own transportation,
middlemen involvement and inadequate market information.

SECTORS TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCE

Despite Kenya identifying agriculture as one of key sector to deliver sustainable economic
growth and improve lively hood for the poor in rural areas in the strategic plan of vision 2030,
the sector continues to face several constraints at the global, religion and national level that
require special attention. Sorghum being one of staple food crop for many low income household
in Kenya and its typically grown on small scale farms, was previously used for home
consumption. It is produced all over the country, even in areas with low income household in
Kenya and is typically grown on small scale farms, was previously used for home consumption.
It is produced all over the country even in areas with low agricultural potential.Sorghum can
grow anywhere from sea level to 2500 meter above sea level and requires a minimum rainfall of
250 mm per year and a minimum temperature of 10c [chemonics 2010] . A human food sorghum
has many uses with some of its products being [sorghum, pilau, ugali, chapatti, porridge, bread,
caves and sorghum beverage among others] as named by the locals [MOA 2007]
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
To achieve its objectives, the study used the descriptive survey method as the research design to
study awareness and prevention of occupational accidents among hotel staff in Eldoret
municipality who comprised the population.

3.2 Research Design

The study design used was the descriptive method, which is the most appropriate in achieving
the stated objectives. The descriptive survey method was used because it allows generalization of
the results to the population (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). The approach was non-
experimental in that it only dealt with the relationship between nonmanipulated variables in a
natural setting.

3.3 Variables
The independent variables to be examined are years worked, type of hotel and level of education
while the dependent variables included awareness of staff on safety requirements and policies,
and accident prevention measures as they relate to the areas of occupational health and safety
promotion activities.

3.4 Location of The Study

nyahururu is a town built in the centre of Uasin Gishu district, Rift Valley Province and is the fifth
largest urban centre in Kenya. The main economic activities in nyahururu are agrobased and
industrial. According to the GeoNames geographical database, Eldoret has a population of
approximately 200,000 which is further increased during the day by people who come from
neighboring areas for a variety of personal and official activities in the town. This creates an
inflow of clients into the hotel industry in search of food and drinks and sometimes
accomodation. The town was therefore appropriate for the study due to the concentration of
hotel facilities which provide a variety of respondents
3.5 Target Population
The study was done in hotels within the Central Business Area of Eldoret town with specific focus
on the High Standard Lodging House/Hotel D Class. There are 20 hotels in this category according
to the Eldoret Municipal Council (EMC) classification. (See

Appendix 6.8)
CHAPTER 4; DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1; INTRODUCTION

This chapter present the data analysis and findings. The data is presented, interpreted and
analyzed regarding to the topic impact of road network on the marketing of agricultural produce.
The focus was on 100 respondents. The interpretation was based on respondents response
provided in questionnaires to answer the research questions, presentations and interpretations of
data which was done with the aid of quotatives and qualitive methods .Quantitive methods
involve use of tables, graphs, percentage and personal analysis as well as shown out of 100
questionnaires were returned fully filled representing [80%]response data.

4.2;INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS

This shows the background of the respondents according to gender, marital status, age and level
of education as per section A of the questionnaire.

RESPONDENTS GENDER
BY
GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Female 66 56.4
Male 41 33.6
TOTAL 107 100.

4.2.2;MARITAL STATUS

The respondent were asked to indicate their marital status.The results shows that the majority of
the respondents were single.this was represented by 50.2% single,married were represented by
27.1% and the rest covered 22.7%.The implication is that for some interpersonal reasons.The
figure below simplifies the indicators of how the marital status was distributed among the
respondents.

PERCENTAGE
 Percentage

single married widow

4.2.3:RESPONDENTS BY AGE

Respondents age was part of the demographic data sort out by the reaseacher.The finding shows
that respondents whose age was between 26 and 30 years were 33%,those between 18 and 25
years were 23%,respondents between 35 and 45 years were 22%,46 and 55 years were 18%
while the remaining 7% were above 55 years old as indicated in the figure below;
 Chart Title

56 +

46-55

35-45

26-34

18-25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

4.2.4:RESPONDENTS LEVEL OF EDUCATION

On level of education,(48%) of the respondents have college level education,(36%) had degree
level of educations,(11%) had masters while the remaining (5%) had highschool level education
as summarized in figure below;

Graph
4.3RESPONDENTS EMPLOYMENT LEVEL

When respondents were asked to indicate their employment level,majority(84%) noted that they
were general employees,(11%)were mid level managers while (5%)were senior level managers
as highlighted in figure below;

EMPLOYMENT LEVEL

general managers mid level magers senior level managers

The chart above shows the respondents employment level.It shows that most respondents have
attained *0* and *A* level with the percentage of 60.7% and 18.8% respectively compared to
the rest respondents especially those lie in*none* level of education.

4.4:DESCRIPTION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE(IV)

This section describe the independent variable(road infrastructure).Section B in the questionnaire

it includes status of roads.In the country roads used during transportation of agricultural
produce.The transportation costs from the plantation to the road and distance in kilometres from
road to plantation to the market.

Table 5:SHOWING STATUS OF ROADS

ROADS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES

Tarmac 60 51.3
Murram 47 48.7
TOTAL 107 100.0

Table 6:SHOWING ROADS USED BY THE RESPONDENTS WHILE TRANSPORTING

THEIR CROP PRODUCE

ROADS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

TARMAC 42 35.9
MURRAM 43 41.9
FEEDER 25 22.2
TOTAL 107 100.0

Table 6 clearly illustraites that murram roads are used mostly by the responders during
transportation of their crop product with 41.9% compered to tarmac roads which are used 35.9%

Table 7;SHOWING THE DISTANCE FROM RESPONDENTS PLANTATION TO THE

ROAD

DISTANCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES

Very far 38 34.2
Far 44 40.2
 Very short 29 8.6
Short 7 17.1
Total 107 100.0
Table 7 shows the distance of the transportation

TABLE 8;SHOWING TRANSPORT COSTS FROM THE RESPONDENTS PLANTATION

TO THE ROAD

TRANSPORTATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES

COST
Very high 40 34.2
High 47 40.2
Very cheap 10 8.6
Cheap 11 17.1
Total 107 100.0

The table 8 shows the transport cost from the respondent plantation to the road for those whose
cost is high are 40.2 and very high are 34.2

TABLE 9;SHOWS THE RESPONDENT PLANTATION DISTANCE FROM THE ROAD IN

KILOMETRES

DISTANCE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

0-1 26 22.2
2-3 30 28.2
3-4 20 18.8
5-6 13 12.8
7 and above 21 18.0
Total 107 100.0

Table 9 shows estimation of distances in kilometres from plantation to roads

4.4 ;DESCRIPTION OF DEPENDANT VARIABLES

This section describes the dependent variable(agricultural output).In this study agricultural
output was conceplualized to frequencies and percentages obtained in types of farming,types of
crops growing, labour used, amount of yields and challenges faced in agriculture.

Table 10 showing the type of farming respondent practices

FARMING TYPE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES

Subsistence farming 97 82.9
Commercial farming 10 17.1
Total 107 100.0
Table 10 shows thatb82.9% of the respondents practice substance farming more that commercial
farming with 17.1% Thus majority do substance farming .

Table 11; showing the type of crops grown by the respondents.

TYPES OF CROPS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Food crops 100 86.3
Cash crops 7 13.7
Total 107 100.0
Table 11; shows and implies that 86.3 % of the respondents grow food crops whereas the rest
percentage grow cash crops. Therefor many respondents grow food crops.

Table 12; showing the kind of labour used by the respondents.

LABOUR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Family labour 70 65.0
Hired labour 30 33.3
Use of machine 7 1.7
Total 107 100.0
Table 12 Indicates that family labour takes the highest percentage that is 65.0 % followed by
hired labour with 33.3% and machine1.7%.

TABLE 13 ;Showing how much the respondents yield .

 YIELD FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Very high quantity 10 13.7
High quantity 60 53.9
Very low quantity 5 5.1
Low quantity 37 27.4
Total 107 100.0
Table 13; Implies that 53.9% of the respondents produce high quantity ,27.4% produce low
quality ,13.7 produce very high quantity and 5.1% very low quantity . This implies that most of
the respondents yield high quantity.

4.5 VERIFICATIONOF HYPOTHESE.

Table 14 ;showing summary statistics relationship between road infrastructure (IV) and
agricultural output (DV).

DV coefficient Standard t Interval Prob F

error p>{t} coefficient
95%
IV 0.04619 0.06931 0.67 0.506 -0.09109 0.5065
Constant 5.7873 0.5401 10.71 0.00 4.7174
The regression line is = 5.7873+ 0.04619x

(10.74,0.670)

Since 0.506 is greater than 0.05 then road infrastructure is not statistically significant. The
constant is statistically significant since it is less than 0.05. However, the F value of the whole
model is 0.5065. Accept the null by potheesis that there is no significant effect of road
infrustructure on agricutrural output .

4.6 CORRELATION ANALYSIS

4.6 The linear correlation relationship between road infrastructure and agricultural output

Table 15; Showing the correlation relationship between road infrastructure and agricultural
output.

AGRICULTURAL ROAD
OUTPUT INFRASTRUCTURE
AGRICULTURAL 1,0000
OUTPUT
ROAD INFRUSTURE 0.0620 10,000
A correlation analysis was done to determine whether the study variables had any significant
relationship. The finds revealed that the relationship between agriculture products and road
infrastructure (network) r ( 0.722) has the highest performance in marketing p ( 0.010) followed
by the relationship between where there is poor road network .

4.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This is chapter has presented results and findings for the study . The major and finding of the
study shows that there exists a positive relationship between road network and marketing of
agricultural produce performance followed by relationship rewards
employee performance .Finally the relationship between other factors
and employee performance in agricultural product . The multiple regression
analysis revealed an square of meaning that 68% of the employee performance
was attributed to crops products . The remaining 32% of the employee performance is attributed
to other factors not considered in this study.

STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRUCTION; Please respond to the following questions where applicable mark the relevant
box with a tick .
Confidentiality. The responses you provide will be strictly confidential. No references will be
made to any individual in the report of the study.

SECTION A; GENERAL INFORMATION

1. What is your gender Male ( ) Female ( )

2. In which of the following age bracket do you belong ( ) below 20 years, ( )
21-30,9
COMPLETE THE QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER FIVE; SUMMARY, CONCLUSTION AND RECOMMENDATION.

5.0; INTRODUCTION.

This chapter introspects the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the research study.
Discussion on impact of road network in agricultural produce is presented first followed by
marketing process after transportation and finally discussion on other factors influencing
employee performance. The study conclusion and recommendation are presented in the same
order.

5.1; LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.

The findings of this study are directly applicable to the starred to marketing of agricultural
produce in Kenyan hospitality industry. The time duration was no adequate to conduct a survey
of all working and marketing areas in Kenya, this is the reason the study chose only mamba
village farms and gardens in Nyeri.

Changes of the environment due to heavy rain and drought there is less of agricultural
produce.This is the reason the study chose only mamba village garden.The researcher also
experienced negative attitudes from the respondent, they did not answer or wore not willing to
participate in the questionnaire.

5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

According to the findings of this study,females responded most,single and married respondents
were higher than any other by marital status, farming is done mostly by youths aged between 26
-30 and highest level of education obtained by most responders is college.

The findings revealed that the status of road in central municipality are tarmac and most roads
used by the respondent in transportation of their agricultural output are murram. Also, the
findings conveyed that the roads are far from the plantation with overage distance of 3km and
high transport cost are incurred the respondents.

The findings of this study confirmed the findings of the Kisoro report Kiambu population and
housing census (2002) who concluded that most people do subsistence farming. These findings
of this study indicated that most of the people grow food crops with the use of the family labour
producing high quantity of the yields. The findings also revealed that price fluctuations. Limited
market. Inadequate capital, pests, and diseases, stiff competition poor transport as a major
challenge, soil erosion faced by people during agriculture practice and farming.
5.3 CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY

The following conclusions were drawn as a result of the research work carried out in the area of
study about the road infrastructure and agricultural output during the plantation, growth,
harvesting, transportation and the infrastructure of that agricultural produce.

The researcher confirmed that hypothesis that there is significant effect of the road infrastructure
on agricultural output. The researcher also confirmed that there is a positive correlation
relationship between road infrastructure and agricultural output. The majority typically still
depend on subsistence farming.
5.4 RECOMMENDATION

Basing on the study findings and the conclusions the researcher derived the following
recommendations. Roads are life line that is the arteries of economic region. These crucial
channels promote agricultural developments and form integral part of a metropolis and the area
that serves it. For exploitation of the agricultural potential of an area particularly isiolo district
roads should be developed on a priority basis for a complete change in the agricultural landscape.
Road network comprising of trunk roads line roads. Village roads will provide proper access to
markets for all types of farmers.

For the development of inherent agricultural potentials of an area, road accessibility is a desire
need as road transportation plays an important role in marketing cereals, vegetables and fruit
produce. As a matter of fact, this critical distance should vary in accordance with the nature of
transportation and total distance. The government should invest highly in agriculture through
adoption and introduction of new and modern technology, creating ready market, putting
measures on pests and disease control encouraging people to do commercial farming for both the
government and people involved in agriculture to benefit. The agricultural sector in Kiambu
county for the fore seeable future will remain the mainstay and engine as well as the stepping
stone of growth of the economy.