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Book-3 - Psychrometrics - 2013 Code Update - Atlanta Mar 2015 - Final
Book-3 - Psychrometrics - 2013 Code Update - Atlanta Mar 2015 - Final
Book-3 - Psychrometrics - 2013 Code Update - Atlanta Mar 2015 - Final
PSYCHROMETRICS
1
Definition
The science that involves the properties of moist
air and the process in which the temperature
and/or water vapor content of the mixture are
changed
“Understanding Psychrometrics”
2
Psychrometric Chart
• Graphic representation of the property interrelationships of mixtures
of air and water vapor “Understanding Psychrometrics”
• Used to solve process problems with moist air
– Heating & Cooling
– Humidification & Dehumidification
• Chart Availability:
– Temperature
• Normal 32° to 120°F
• Low Temp ‐40° to 50°F
• High Temp 60° to 250°F
– Barometric or Atmospheric Pressure
• At sea level: 29.921 inches of mercury
• 5000 ft and 7500 ft altitude
3
4
Elements of Psych Chart
• Dry‐Bulb Temperature (DB)
• Wet‐Bulb Temperature (WB)
• Relative Humidity (RH)
• Humidity Ratio (W or G)
• Dew‐Point Temperature (DP)
• Specific Enthalpy (h)
• Specific Volume (v)
5
Dry‐Bulb Temperature (°F)
• Air temperature measured by an ordinary
thermometer
• Easiest psychrometric property to measure
6
7
40°F 50°F 60°F 70°F 80°F 90°F 100°F 110°F 120°F
Wet‐Bulb Temperature (°F)
• Temperature of evaporation
• Measured with a wet wick in air stream
8
90°F
80°F
70°F
9
30°F 40°F 50°F 60°F
Relative Humidity (%)
• The ratio between the mass of water vapor
present and the maximum mass of water vapor
that can be contained at the same DB
temperature
40%
30%
20%
10%
11
Humidity Ratio (lbwater / lbair)
• Ratio of mass of water vapor to the mass of
dry air
• Moisture content
• Also referenced as Grains
– 7000 Grains = 1 lb water
– Conversion for simplification: W x 7000
12
0.028
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.012
0.008
0.004
13
Dew Point Temperature (°F)
• Surface temperature at which condensation
occurs
• Surrounding air conditions relative to a
surface
14
80°F
70°F
60°F
50°F
40°F
15
Enthalpy (BTU/lbair)
• Convenient Sum of the two components of
the energy balance equation:
Enthalpy = internal energy + flow‐work energy
16
55 60
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
17
Specific Volume (ft3/lbair)
• Volume per unit mass
18
19
Given two pieces of
Information, a point can be
located and other properties Wet Bulb
Humidity Ratio
for that point can be
Dew Point
determined Enthalpy
Room conditions: Specific Volume
75˚F and 50% RH
28.2 BTU/lbair
62.8°F
55°F 0.0094 lbwater/lbair
50%
13.68 ft3/lbair
75°F
Movement on Psych Chart
• Vertical Movement = Change in moisture
– Down: Dehumidify (remove moisture)
• Decrease W (lbwater/lbair )
– Up: Humidify (add moisture)
• Increase W (lbwater/lbair )
– Latent
• Horizontal Movement = Change in temperature
– Left: Cool
• Decrease DB (°F)
– Right: Heat
• Increase DB (°F)
– Sensible
21
Humidify
Cool Heat
Dehumidify
22
Latent Change
Sensible Change
23
Movement on Psych Chart (cont.)
• Combination of direction more common
• Typical cooling process:
– Decreases the air temperature (satisfy thermostat)
and removes moisture (condensate)
– Movement on chart: left and down
24
Humidify
Cool Heat
AC Process
Dehumidify
25
Application in Design Process
• Can determine:
– Design delivery air temperature
– CFM
– Coil load (cooling)
– Coil performance line
• Issues with oversizing a system
– Quantity of condensate (cooling)
26
Example – OA and Room
• Plot known air state points
– Outside air (Atlanta, GA)
– Room air conditions
27
74°F
OA (Atlanta)
Room
50%
75°F 91.5°F 28
Example – SA Volume (CFM)
• Based on sensible load only
qs= 1.1 CFM (ΔT)
• qs= 69,980 BTUh
• 1.1 constant
– Standard conditions (dry air @ 68°F, 14.7 psia)
• ΔT
– Difference between room entering and leaving air
temperature
– Room leaving = 75°F
– Room entering = ?
29
Example – RSHR
• Room Sensible Heat Ratio (RSHR)
RSHR = qs/qt
• Space:
– Sensible Load (qs) 69,980 BTUh
– Latent Load (ql) 32,240 BTUh
– Total Load (qt) 102,220 BTUh
30
OA (Atlanta)
Room
31
OA (Atlanta)
SH Factor Line
Room
32
OA (Atlanta)
SH Factor Line
Room
44˚F 74˚F 33
Example – SA Volume
• qs= 1.10 CFM (ΔT)
34
Example – SA Volume (cont.)
SA Temp = 44°F SA Temp = 74°F
• CFM = 2,050 • CFM = 63,620
• Smaller duct size • Larger duct size
• Easier coordination • More plenum space
• Smaller fan size • Larger fan size
• Equipment with capacity to • Potentially greater choice in
reach this temp equipment options
35
Example – SA Temp
100% RH
SA CFM = 69,980/[1.10(75-47)]
90% RH CFM = 2,270
47°F
36
Example – SA Temp
100% RH
SA CFM = 69,980/[1.10(75-55)]
CFM = 3,180
78%
90% RH
55°F
37
Example – SA Temp
SA
100% RH
CFM = 69,980/[1.10(75-55)]
CFM = 3,180
90% RH
SA
100% RH
CFM = 69,980/[1.10(75-55)]
CFM = 3,180
90% RH
40
Example – Unit Graphic
RA
1510 CFM Space
qs = 69,980 BTUh
SA ql = 32,240 BTUh
MA qt = 102,220 BTUh
3180 CFM
OA 55/90%RH
1670 CFM 75˚F/ 58%RH
91.5/74 UNIT
Q
41
Equations
Room Load Coil Load
Sensible Sensible
qs= 1.10 CFM (ΔT) Qs= 1.10 CFM (ΔT)
Latent Latent
ql= 4840 CFM (ΔW) Ql= 4840 CFM (ΔW)
Total Total
qt= qs + ql or qt= 4.5 CFM (Δh) Qt= Qs + Ql or Qt= 4.5 CFM (Δh)
42
Example – Mixed Air
• Mixed Air: Combines OA and RA
• MA = [CFMOA(TOA)+CFMRA(TRA)]/CFMSA
= [1670(91.5°F)+1510(75°F)]/3180
= 83.7°F
RA
1510CFM
75˚F/ 58%RH
MA
OA
1670 CFM
91.5/74 UNIT
Q 43
OA (Atlanta)
Unit Ent
RA
MA
Coil Ent
SA
Room Ent
Coil Lvg
83.7˚F 44
OA (Atlanta)
W=0.0124
Unit Ent
Coil Ent
83.7˚F 45
Example – Coil Load
Qs = 1.10 CFM (Tcoil ent – Tcoil lvg)
= 1.10 (3180) (83.7°F – 55°F)
= 100,395 BTUh
Ql = 4840 CFM (Wcoil ent – Wcoil lvg)
= 4840 (3180) (0.0124‐0.0084)
= 61,565 BTUh
Qt = Qs + Ql
= 161,960 BTUh
Convert to Tons:
161,960 BTUh / (12,000 BTUh/Ton)= 13.5 Tons
46
OA (Atlanta)
RA
MA
SA
47
OA (Atlanta)
Coil Ent
Coil Lvg
48
Example – Dew Point
• Condensate on exterior of duct?
• A beverage in a 80°F / 50% RH room
80°F/50%RH
60°F DP
50
Example – Condensate
• Quantity of moisture removed from air stream
• GPM = CFM x 1/V x ΔW x 0.12 gallon/lbwater
51
OA (Atlanta)
W=0.0124
Unit Ent
Coil Ent
52
Example – Condensate
• Quantity of moisture removed from air stream
GPM = CFM x 1/V x ΔW x 0.12 gal/lbwater
CFM = 3180 ft 3/min
V = 13.15 ft 3/lb air
ΔW = (0.0124– 0.0084) lb water/lb air
= 0.004 lb water/lb air
GPM = 3180 x 1/13.15 x 0.004 x 0.12
= 0.116
53
Example – Heating Coil
RA
1510 CFM Space
qt = 11,698 BTUh
SA
70˚F
MA 3180 CFM
OA 90˚F
1670 CFM
20.7˚F UNIT
Q
54
Example – Heating Coil
QHTG= 1.10 CFM (Tcoil ent – Tcoil lvg)
MA = [CFMOA(TOA)+CFMRA(TRA)]/CFMSA
= [1670(20.7°F)+1510(70°F)]/3180
= 44°F
55
Heating Coil
• Why 90˚F entering room temp?
Coil Load:
QHTG= 1.10 (3180) (73.6‐44)
= 112,985 BTUh = 113 MBH
56
Heating Coil
• What air flow for 90˚F entering room temp?
58
Example – Duct Heat Gain/Loss
RA
+/- 3˚F
Space
50% SA 75˚F/ 58%RH
MA
55/90%RH
OA
91.5/74
UNIT
Q
59
OA (Atlanta)
Coil Lvg
60
+3˚F
MA
Unit Entering
78˚F 91.5˚F
Example – Fan Heat Gain
RA
+/- 3˚F
Space
50% SA 75˚F/ 58%RH
MA +3˚F
55/90%RH
OA 85˚F
91.5/74
UNIT
Q
62
MA
Coil
Entering
Unit
Entering
Effect on Sizing
• No change to CFM delivered to the space
– Space loads remained constant
– Space entering and leaving temperatures unaffected
RA
+/- 3˚F
Space
50% SA 75˚F/ 58%RH
MA +3˚F
OA 85˚F 55/90%RH
91.5/74
UNIT
Q
Equations
Room Load Coil Load
Sensible Sensible
qs= 1.10 CFM (ΔT) Qs= 1.10 CFM (ΔT)
Latent Latent
ql= 4840 CFM (ΔW) Ql= 4840 CFM (ΔW)
Total Total
qt= qs + ql or qt= 4.5 CFM (Δh) Qt= Qs + Ql or Qt= 4.5 CFM (Δh)
65
Effect on Sizing
• Increase the coil cooling load
– Increased MA temperature
– Increased coil entering conditions
RA
+/- 3˚F
Space
50% SA 75˚F/ 58%RH
MA +3˚F
OA 85˚F 55/90%RH
91.5/74
UNIT
Q
Evaporative Cooling
Evap effect = (EAT db‐EAT wb) x efficiency
Both direct and indirect evap cooling
ASHRAE Weather Table
69
OA (Atlanta)
70
Direct Evaporative Cooling
Constant Wet Bulb Process
Evaporative media efficiency
LAT = EAT db – Evap effect
Evap effect = (EAT db – EAT wb) x efficiency
Evap effect = (86.5 – 76.2) x 0.85 = 8.8˚F
LAT = 86.5 – 8.8 = 77.7˚F
LAT = 77.7/76.2
71
OA (Atlanta)
72
Evaporative
• Use both indirect and direct together to get
the greatest effect
73
3 1
74
Indirect Evaporative Cooling
• Change location to a dry climate:
Las Vegas, NV (94.7/71.2)
75
3
1 Start: 94.7 db/71.2 wb
Indirect 1
(94.7 ‐ 71.2) x 0.45 = 10.6˚F
94.7 – 10.6 = 84.1˚F 2 OA (Las Vegas)
2 84.1 db/69.2 wb
Direct
(84.1 – 69.2) x 0.85 = 12.7˚F
84.1 – 12.7 = 71.4˚F
3 Final: 71.4 db/69.2 wb
76
Questions?
77