Questions For Electrician

Questions for Electrician
What are the protections normally provided for H.T motor?
 Over current (Inst)

 Thermal O/C
 Stalling
 Earth fault
 Negative Sequence
 Temperature
What are the battery maintenance procedures?
 Obtain work permit

 Clean the battery terminals and apply petroleum jelly
 Check the voltage per cell
 Check the specific gravity of electrolyte
 Check the electrolyte level
 Check the electrolyte temperature
 Check the total voltage
 Close the permit.
What is the specific gravity value of battery cell? How to measure?
 1280 for fully charged lead acid cell

 1260 for half charged lead acid cell
 1180 for dead cell (lead acid cell)
 1200 for fully charged nickel cadmium cell and discharged condition same value.
 The specific gravity can be measured by ''Hydrometer''

What is the Bridge Megger? Where it is used
 Bridge Megger is used to measure the lowest value of resistances accurately and it
is used to measure the motor winding resistance and transformer winding
resistance during preventive maintenance. The winding resistance of the three
windings should be equal.
 A bridge Megger can be used for resistance measurement and fault location It is
so known because it measures high (mega-ohm) resistances, and uses a bridge
circuit, which is suited to this type of measurement.
What is the difference between VCB and motor starter

combination?
VCB can make and break in fault condition, contactor cannot. Hence fuses are used
What is use of Clip-on-meter?
 The Tong Tester is called in other words as clip on meter. In this we can measure
the current flowing in each phase with out breaking the circuit for any unbalance,
if is noticed.
What is AVO meter?
 A meter is used in electrical circuit to measuring the value of Current, Voltage

and Resistance is called AVO meter.
What is BASEEFA?
 British approval service for electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres. The

recognized Authorities for the certification and approval of electrical equipment
in Hazardous areas in the United Kingdom.
What are Fire Alarm Systems? How can detect the fire
Fire Triangle
 For the fire above figures illustrates that for avoiding the fire generally two things
cannot be controlled in the Petrochemical industry i.e Oxygen and Fuel. Only
thing we can control is ignition part of it by keeping the environmental and
equipment in safe condition.
Detection of Fire:-
Detection of fires is achieved through the following monitors.
 Smoke detector
 Heat detector
 Gas detector
 UV detector 3
Containing of Electrical Fire:-
 Contain of electrical fire through fire extinguishers like BCF cylinders and Halon
Gas.
What is Halon Gas?
 Halon Gas is in the chemical name of Bromo Chlro-Dyflromethane.

 Halon gas is used generally in the electrical operating system for the fire
extinguishers. This is controlled by fire detection panel. The halon gas is
generally used (Types are 1211 & 1301) in the Petrochemical industry.
CABLES
1. How many types of cables? And explain these factors..

a) Groping factor…? (b) Derating factor..?
PVC- Polyvinyl Chloride

XLPE- Cross linked polyethylene
MICC- Mineral insulated copper conductor
PILC- Paper insulated lead covered
SWA- Steel wire armored
a) Grouping factor:-
Generally cables laid in air and ground. When number of cables
laid for a plant then it is laid in a trench which will be grouped or laid one after one
which is called Grouping of cables. Grouping factor means since the cables are
arranged in a row, their current carrying capacity will be reduced which is given
below:
b) Derating factor:-
4cables touching 0.75

6 '' '' 0.67
9 '' '' 0.54
12 '' '' 0.51
30cm spacing between cables
 4 cables touching 0.79

 6 '' '' 0.71
 9 '' '' 0.61
 12 '' '' 0.57
4 cables touching 0.81

6 '' '' 0.74
9 '' '' 0.63
12'' '' 0.6
2. If the current is 15 A what will be the size of the cable?
2.5 mmsquare
3. MICC cable is used for what purpose? What material used for this cable?
 Used for Fire alarm and lighting circuits without conduits.

 Magnesium oxide
9
4. How to check cable fault?
 Isolated the cable

 Megger the cable
 Trace the cable fault through cable fault locator and cable route through rout
locator
 If the cable resistance is high use the burning kit.
5. What is PILC, where it is used, why lead cover is used?
PILC:- Paper Insulated Lead Covered cable. It is used for chemical plant and refinery.
Lead cover is used to avoid chemical corrosion of cable
6. Why cable glands are used?
Cable glands are used to give mechanical protection of cable against damages of
cables during entering in MCC or junction box. It also gives earth continuity of
cable armour and equipment body.
7. What is the type of armor you have in single core cable? Why?
AWA – Non Magnetic
8. What are the points of a single core cable to be earthed?
Only at source side.
9. Why is it necessary to seal PICC cable ends?
Impregnated paper insulation over conductor is hygroscopic and will absorb moisture
if exposed.
10. What are the factors considered while sizing the cable?
Voltage drop
Load current
Ground factors / Grouping of cables
S.C.Current.
11. What cable do you recommend for hazardous area? What is the advantage of
lead cover for the cable?
 PVCSWALC or MICC. To protect from contamination due to hydrocarbons and

corrosion.
12. What is polarization index?
 Polarization index gives the true value of insulation of electrical equipment under
tish of 2.5/5 KV megger used to test a equipment. IR value taken after 15 seconds
and the 60 seconds gives the true value.
 R60/R15 X IR (PI) should be 1.1 or greater.

11
MOTORS
1 What is the slip of an induction motor at the time of start?
 100%
2 What is the protection against single phasing?
 Negative sequence protection.
3
4 What is the difference between VCB and motor starter combination?
5 What are the possible causes of excessive vibration on a running motor?
Faulty bearing
Unbalance on rotor
Mis alignment
Faulty Foundation
Rotor bars open
6 What are the units of measurement for vibration and spike energy?
Vibration Velocity – mm/sec. Spike energy – gse.
7 How do you measure sleeve bearing clearance?
Plastic gauge or lead gauge wire to placed between the shaft and bearing and bolt
tightened to normal and measure flattened thickness of the gauge.
8 Explain different insulation classes and the corresponding temperature rise

allowed?
Y-90 E-120 F-155 C-180

A-105 B-130 H-180
12
9 What is the maximum speed obtained by 3 phase induction motor with normal
state supply?
Frequency F= PN/120
N= 120F = 120x50 =3000rpm

P 2
10 What is the advantage of Star delta starter over DOL starter?
Limiting starting current.
11 Why single phase motor is not self starting?
No revolving field.
12 What is thrust bearing, where generally it is used? Where sleeve bearings used?
Thrust Bearing is used for vertical plange mounted motor sin drive end side
Sleeve Bearing is used for HT motors in DE and NDE side.
13 YPM of motor
 Obtain the work permit

 Switch off the breaker and lock it
 Put caution notice in breaker and push button station
 Switch 'On' the Earth switch
 Disconnect Fan cover and clean physically
 Open the Terminal cover
 Check the Tightness of Terminals
 Check the Earth connections
 Insulation resistance and winding resistance to be checked
 Switch 'Off' the Earth switch
 Switch 'On' the breaker and start the motor
 Check the load current
 Close the permit
14 If the motor is not stopping what will be the problem?
The 'Off' Button "NC" not open

The Contact gets jammed.
13
15 What is slip ring induction motor, how to take connection from rotor?
 To get high starting Toque, we include external resistance to the Rotor winding.
After motor attain full speed Rotor winding one short circuited.
 By using Slipring, Carbon brushes connections are taken from Rotor winding.
16 What it meant by MURRAY loop test?
Murray loop test:-
 For selecting the cables, manufactures gives the voltage drop/A/Mtr. It should be
selected according to the size and the necessity of power required. The calculation
given in for voltage of cables is for the reference and theory point of it.
17 Draw the power and control circuit for STAR-DELTA starter connected with 3
phase induction motor? And explain brief?
Star –Delta Starter:-

 If the stator winding is directly connected supply, because it will draw high
current. To reduce this high current (to control starting current0 Star/Delta starter
is used.
 In start position the stator windings are connected in star. Then voltage on each
phase winding will be equal to line voltage i.e. 58% of the line voltage. Due to
this reduced voltage the starting current will also reduce 1/3 times the current
which would have been taken while starting the motor direct across the line in
Delta.
 When the motor gains the speed the starter is quickly changed to run position.
Thus connecting the stator winding in Delta.
Figure:
14
18 Draw and explain these below motor? Also explain which type safety of hand
tools will be use when working with these motors?
a) A/C single phase motor. (b) Permanent capacitor motor. (c) Universal motor.
a) A/C Single phase motor
 Single phase's induction motors are not self stating. The single winding of
single phase motor will not produce a rotating filed by itself and some
arrangement is required to turn the alternating field which is improved into
rotating field. By providing a second winding (Auxiliary winding) on the
stator and to alter the phase of the current in the second winding. Thus making
it similar to a two phase motor. The phase displacement may be obtained by

connecting a capacitance in series with the stating winding or shunting one
winding by resistance and another by an inductance.
 Instead of using inductance or resistance for giving necessary phase
displacement in the starting winding a capacitor is used. The connection
diagram shown in the fig. This motor has high torque.
 Uses: - Lathe, Fan, Blower, Pumps etc.
Figure
b) Permanent capacitor motor
In this type there is no centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains permanently in

series in starting and running condition
Use :- Ceiling fan, Table fan and where low torque is required.
Figure:-
15
c) Universal motor
The motor is designed to work on both AC and DC supply

In the universal motor stator winding is in series with rotor winding. The stator is
built up of laminations instead of a solid piece as in DC series motor. When
working on AC the armature and field current have the same direction with
respect to each other. Hence the motor works like a ordinary series motor. The
speed is above synchronous speed and below the dangerous value while
working on AC. The load speed characteristic is similar to that of a DC series

motor.
Uses of Universal motors;- Portable drilling machine, Hand drills, Blowers,
Sewing machines etc.
Figure:-
Safety of Hand Tools
 Mostly all hand tools are high speed motors & Universal motors.
Earthing the machine is more important and the plug and sockets used
should have sufficient current rating. The flexible cable used for
extension should not be more than 15mts. All equipments should have
double insulated winding. The socket supply source should have a
ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) 0.03A protection.
19 Draw and explain D.O.L starter diagram?
16
20 Draw the DOL starter power and control circuit for L.T motor and explain?
21 Draw and explain AUTO transformer starter?
17
22 What are the causes for motor is over loaded?
Over load ; b) Short circuit for motor winding ; c) Single phasing ; d) Loose
connection of power cable ; e) Bearing problem.
23 How to find the motor speed and write equation?
By '' Tacho meter''.

Equation N= 120F/p
24 What is 1 phase preventer?
In single phasing if one fuse blown out the motor will run in the same condition,
Motor will take start.
Single phasing preventer is relay which is used to prevent the equipment from single
phasing. If any fuse blown the motor will take higher current. In that case the
humming sound will come.
25 What are types of bearings?
a) Ball Bearing
b) Roller Bearing
c) Bush Bearing
d) Taper Roller Bearing
e) Sleeve Bearing
f) Thrust Bearing
18
H.T MOTORS
 Motors working with voltage 3.3 KV and above are HT motors. This motor
normally used for higher loads as the operating current can be reduced. Normally
these motors are star connected. These motors are having some special cooling
arrangements like forced air cooling. Condenser type cooling in which water is
circulated to cool the temperature inside. Instead of a ball bearing, sleeve bearings
are also used. For cooling the bearing, separate oil is used.
The following protection normally used;
Instantaneous over current

 Settled normally 10 times the rated current. Operates only during short circuit.
Thermal overload relay

 Set normally at 110% rated operates at motor overload.
Locked rotor or prolonged start protection

 Set normally at 125% the rated operates when the load got jammed. Set at normal
starting time + 2 secs.
Negative phase sequence

 Set normally at 25% the rated. Operates when phase unbalance occurs and single
phasing. (One phase failed)
Earth fault
 Set normally at 20% the rated operates when fault occurs between phase and
earth.
Motor protection relay is having all the above set protection
Motor is provided with the differential relay protection connected between Star side CTs
and phase side CTs as shown.
Figure
19
VIBRATION
 Vibration of motor is usually the result of troubles such as unbalance of rotor,

misalignment, looseness or bad bearings. Vibration is checked by vibration meter
VELOCIY AND DISPLACEMENT
 Vibration can be measured in terms of how fast the part moves. This is called the
peak velocity and is measured in inches/secs or millimeter/secs. Velocity is a
function of both displacement and frequency; it provides an added sensitivity to
high frequency vibrations.
 Vibrations can be measured in terms of how far the part moves back and forth.
This is called the peak to peak displacement measured in mils. 1mil= 25.4
microns.
BEARINGS (TYPES)
 The bearings used in electrical machineries are Ball bearings, Roller bearings,
Tapered roller bearings, Thrust bearings, Sleeve bearings, Needle bearings etc.
Generally on load side of the machine Roller bearings are used .
 D.E - Drive end
 N.D.E - Non drive end
Definition for bearing no. 6308
 6 – Refers deep groove ball bearing

 3 – Refers medium weight ( 2- Light weight 4- Heavy weight)
 08- 08X5 = 40mm diameter of the shaft
 7308 - Angular contact or thrust bearing

 C3 - Clearance extra for high temperature
 Z - Shield bearing
BEARINGS MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
 Remove motor pulley with 3 leg puller if the motor is small and medium size. For
large pulley Hydraulic puller may be used
 Remove fan cover and fan
 Remove outer bearing cover on both ends and remove end shields with markings
 Take out the rotor from stator
 Now the motor is dismantled totally while assembling reverse the above
procedure.
20
PROTECTION
1 What is the different between measuring CT’s and protection CT’s?
Measuring CT
 Ratio error is less
 Saturates at almost 150% of rated current
Protection CT
 Ratio error –more
 Saturates at many times the rated current
2 Explain what is meant by CT 15, 5p 10?
 With a connected Burden of 15 VA; it will have a ratio error of 5% or less for
values of primary current up to 10 times rated current.
3 Draw and explain the principles of operations of biased percentage differential

protection relay?
 This relay protects only the zone connected in between the neutral CT and
residually connected CT in the phase side i.e.,., it is protecting star winding of
transformer. When any unbalance or earth fault occurs after the phase CT there
will be unbalanced current in neutral CT as well as residually connected phase CT
and both currents nullified at point '0' so there wont be and current follow in the
relay and the relay wont operate.
 When fault occurs in the winding there will be a current flow in the neutral CT
only. The current will operate the 87TG relay.
Figure
4 Will the differential relay respond to through faults, why?
 The percentage differential relay employs two restrained coils and an operating
coil per phase. The contact closing torque produced by the operating coil is
opposed by the restrained coil torque. Therefore during through fault conditions
21
 The setting of the relay is increased and relay operation due to spill current is
prevented. During internal faults torque produced by the restrained coil is
ineffective and the relay closed its contacts when setting current flows through the
operating coil.
 The spill current level for the relay to just operate expressed as percentage of the
through fault current causing it, is defined as the % bias of the relay.
 i.e. % Bias = Spill current for relay operation X 100

Through fault current causing it
5 Draw and explain the principle of restricted earth fault relay?
 For the star winding three line current transformers are balanced against current
transformer in the reatral connection. An external fault on star side will result
incurrent flowing in the line CT of affected phase and a balancing current in
neutral CT. the resultant current in the relay is therefore zero. Hence relay will not
operate during an internal fault the neutral CT only carries current and results in
operation of the relay.
6 Will the restricted earth faulty relay respond to earth faults on both sides of
transformer why?
 No because scheme does not cover the primary side.
7 What precautions will you take while disconnecting an ammeter from CT why?
 You will short CT

 With the secondary circuit open there is no secondary MMF to oppose that due to
primary current and all the primary MMF acts on the case as a Magnetizing
quantity, resulting in High secondary voltage.
 Dangerous to insulation of CT connected apparatus and danger to personnel.
8 What is meant by inverse time O/C relay?

 It is the relay whose characteristic is such that the time lag is not fixed but
varies inversely as the overload i.e. the longer the O/C the lesser the time lag.
 Plug setting for current & time setting has to be done.
 Advantage of inverse tike characteristic is that equipments can be utilized to
the most advantage so that it can safely take heavy over loads for short periods
and lesser over loads for longer periods.
22
9 What is relay coordination? What factors are considered in relay coordination?
 When number of relays on in service, obtaining the settings to achieve

discrimination between there to isolate only the faulty section of the power system
network leaving the rest of the system in disturbed is relay coordination.
Factors considered / methods used:-
 Time grading
 Current grading
 Combination of Time & Current grading.
10 What is reverse current protection? why is it required?
 Reverse current protection is used to protect parallel incoming feeders at S/S and
also generators operating in parallel. This safeguards the system against total
interruption of power supply in the event of fault in one of the feeders or one of
the generators.
EXPLIAN BRIEF
OVER LOAD RELAY TESTING.
 The characteristics of the relay should be selected and set to suit the protection
requirement of particular motor as the thermal time constant for the motor can
vary wildly(15 minutes to 1 hour) curve A indicates characteristic of motor
heating to reach maximum permissible temperature in 15 minutes for moderate
overload ( 1.3 times full load currents). The relay will trip according to
characteristics B for overload of 200% the relay will trip in less than 4 minutes.
Motor can with stand 200% overload for 4 minutes.
PUSH BUTTON STATION

 There are installed in the units near each motor for starting and stopping. The
control supply for the stations is 110v D.C leading from the respective switch
gears or 230V A.C
MEGGER VALUE
 The insulation resistance value of the winding of the motor shall be checked
periodically during Preventive maintenance
 For 3.3 KV motor the IR value shall be checked with 1KV megger
 For 11 KV motor the IR value shall be checked with 5 KV megger
WINDING RESISTANCE
 The winding resistance of the motor shall be checked during preventive
maintenance with the bridge. The winding resistance of the three windings should
be equal. 23
LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT
 Due to mechanical overload in motor locked rotor can sometimes happen and
during this time the motor will draw the maximum current equal to the starting
current. This is called the locked rotor current.
STARTING TIME
 The time taken for a motor from the starting to attain its full speed is called the
starting time. It will be generally 4 to 5 seconds for small and medium range
motors and 8 to 10 seconds for large motors.
UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
 Under voltage conditions in a motor greatly affect its performance. During this
condition the motor speed reduces it will draw more current and this will cause
rise in temperature of windings. For protecting the motor from this condition.
Under voltage release is provided.
POLARISATION INDEX
tish of 2.5/5 KV megger used to test an equipment. IR value taken after 15
seconds and the 60 seconds gives the true value.
R60
R15 X IR (PI) should be 1.1 or greater
EFFECT OF VOLTAGE OVER TORQUE
 The torque of machine is proportional to the square of the applied voltage.

Variation of line voltage will, therefore effect the operation of the machine.
EARTHING
 Generally earthing means non current carrying metallic part of electrical

equipments should be earthed to avoid danger of human life.
GRID RESISTANCE
 Grid resistance means in a industry or building the no. of earth pits joined parallel
together to get a minimum earth resistance value and the value should be less than
1.0 ohms acceptable in the industry.
24
PIT RESISTANCE
 Individual pit resistance can vary according to the solid resistance and the value
can be 5 ohms or more than that. But to get a minimum value all the pits should
be connected in parallel as grid.
EARTH PITS
 Earth pits are generally used by using charcoal, salt and G.I pipe of 3 mtrs in
length and 40mm diameter.
 Another type of earth pits is plate earth electrode and mesh type electrode with
copper or GI strip brought out.
 Another type in Gulf generally used are the solid rod of copper driven straightway
in to the earth to get minimum value by driving to a depth of max. 6 mtrs.
EARTH MEGGER
 For measuring the earth resistance earth megger is used, and the diagram given
below how to measure the earth resistance.
SAFE EARTH RESISTANCE

 Generally earth resistance of the total grid should be less than 1.0 ohms which is
acceptable for safe operation in industries.
ELCB
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

 If any leakage current passes through earth the circuit breaker trips.
 Normal operating conditions current will be Zero in the core balance CT. if any
leakage occurs in the load side, there will be an unbalanced current between phase
and neutral. That current will operate the trip. The CB test button is connected
between after the CT and neutral before CT. when test button is pressed current
flows from phase to neutral through the resistor that current only lows through
phase inside the CT. so this unbalance current fall in the CT will trip the CB
immediately.
Figure ;-
25
COORDINATION OF RELAY
 If any fault occurs in motor the nearest relay has trip D breaker itself so that it
won't affect the other system. Similarly if any fault occurs after A breaker the
nearest is A breakers relay. Sp A should trip and other system not affected.
 Normally the operating and tripping of breaker time will be around 350 (Msec)
milliseconds.
 If after A breaker fault occurs A will trip at 350 msec if it fails B will trip at 700
msec. If B also fails C will trip at 1 sec. This is called the co-ordination of Relays
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
 This relay operates when under voltage occurs in a connected system, nor5mally
this relay setting will be 80% of the applied voltage. This relay having two types
instantaneous and IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
 ILDMT relays are all disc type and the setting can be done through plug setting
arrangement.
FREEQUENCY
 In AC the voltage which completes one cycle of Sine wave form is called
frequency and the unit is HERTZ. Hz.
 Normally supply source will be 50hz.
POWER FACTOR
 When AC voltage used to an inductive load. The current tags the voltage by an
angle Cosine of that angle will give pf.
 P.F = cos0
 Other ways of calculating P.F = KW/KVA=R/Z= Resistance/Impedance
IMPROVING POWER FACTOR
 In industries capacitor is used.

 In major S/Stations synchronous condenser is used.
 For 110V DC control supply. A transformer 250/84 V AC is used.
 Reason for that is in AC RMS value=Peak value/root 2
 Peak value = 84X1.414 = 118V
26
ABOUT TRANSFORMER EXPLAIN
1. POWER TRANSFORMER PARTS
 Primary and secondary terminal boxes

 Transformer tank
 Primary winding
 Secondary winding
 Radiator tubes
 Conservator
 Explosion vent
 Bucholz relay
 Oil temperature gauge
 Breather
 Oil drain valve
 Cooling fans
Sample oil collection oil testing BDV
 The transformer windings are placed in oil for cooling as well as for insulation.
Oil samples to be collected and tested for breakdown voltage as per the
recommendation of the manufacture. Generally the transformer oil will be tested
once in three years for the BDV. One oil sample collected will be placed in a test
kit and tested. It should withstand 30KV for one minute. The sphere gap will be
kept at 2.5mm
2. ON AND OFF LOAD TAP CHANGER
 To adjust the operating voltage occasionally off load and on load tap chargers are
used. Off load tap changer can be operated only when the transformer is isolated
from service, the on load tap changer can be operated even in short times or at
peak load to obtain the desired output voltage without switching off the
transformer from service.
3. VECTOR GROUPS DYN
 The primary is connected in Delta and secondary in Star. The star point is
connected to neutral. There is phase displacement of plus 30 between the primary
and secondary. There is a phase shift of 30 forward. Hence the number 11 refers
to hour 11'0' clock.
Figures:-
27
ONAN
 Oil Natural. Air Natural cooling:- The oil converts the heat from core winding to
the tank and equalizes temperature on natural ventilation. Dissipation of heat is
assisted by constructi0on of tank with corrugated surface or by fitting cooling
tube to it. This type of transformers most common and can be used in output up to
3000 KVA.
ONAF
 Oil Natural. Air Forced Cooling:- in this type of cooling the winding is cooled by
air with alternative additional forced air cooling by running the fan fixed at the
radiator tubes.
4. PERCENTAGE IMPEDEMCE
 6.5% which means the percentage of normal voltage required on primary to cause
full load current flow through secondary bei9ng shorted. It refers to the short
circuit current. A short circuit on the secondary with full primary voltage the
current will be 100/6.5 times the full load current. Hence for an example the
percentage impedance of a desalted transformer will be 100% so that even at
shorted H.T terminals ( because of water high level) the primary current will not
go beyond the full load current and continue to work.
5. OIL AND WINDING ALARM TRIP
 The power transformer is provided with dial thermometer for oil temperature
range 0-100degress C. alarm contact set at 84.5c on actuation, flag relay falls and
initiate Minor trouble winding temperature indicator facilities monitoring and
indicating transformer hot spot temperature which initiates alarm and trip circuits.
6. PROTECTIONS OF TRANSFORMER
Buchholz relay (1st stage)

 This relay detects the gas evaluation due to internal trouble and gives an alarm,
and is suited to the detection of minor or slowly developing faults.
Buchholz relay (2nd stage)

 When a major fault takes place suddenly inside the Transformer. Oil flows
suddenly from the transformer proper to the conservator. The second stage of
Buchholz relay is actuated by this oil current.
Pressure relief device

 When the internal pressure of the Transformer rises above the set value. The
pressure relief device function.
28
Differential relay
 This relay detects the internal defects by comparing the input current and the
output current of the Transformer. If it functions combined with other protection
devices. It is indicative, in almost all cases of an internal fault. Note that this relay
sometimes functions by the exciting current when the Transformer is made line.
And this is of course not attributed to internal defects.
Over current relay, Ground fault relay

 These are intended for detecting faults in the electric system connected with the
Transformer. A fault in the Transformer results in the function of these relays.
This is always accompanied by the actuation of protective devices of the
Transformer.
TRANSFORMERS
1 Transformers transformation ratio….is?
 Transformer is a static device. Which converts high voltage to low voltage and
low voltage to high voltage? But temperatures kept constant (Frequency)
 Transformation ratio (K) = V1 = N1 = I2
o V2 N2 I1
2 Explain the function of buchhlozs relay for transformer protection?
 It is the gas and oil operated relay. It has two circuits, one is trip and second is
alarm. Any minor fault develops that time the evaporated gas will actuate the
alarm circuit, otherwise any major fault rush of oil will actuate the Trip Circuit.
3 What are the protections for transformers?
 Bucholz relay
 Overheated relay
 Earth fault relay
 Temperature sensor
For higher transformer additionally
 Restricted Earth fault relay

 Differential relay
4 How to check transformer oil, what should be value?
 To collect oil from bottom drain in test kit

 Adjust test kit spears (2.5mm or 4mm0

 Increase the voltage gradually up to tripping point
 The oil should with stand 30kv for 1 minute gap with a gap of 2.5mm 29
5 What is the breather, details about the silica gel?
 It is a small container, contains silicagel and oil. It absorbs the moisture from, the
atmospheric air and allow the fresh air to the conservator
What is C.T and P.T?
 CT is a Current Transformer which step down the current. It is used for current
measurement and protection.
6 Y.P.M of transformer..?

 Transfer the load to the other transformer
 Switch ''On'' the earth switch on primary and secondary side
 Physically clean the Transformer
 Check the insulation resistance of primary and secondary winding and check the
winding resistance
 Check the terminal tightness
 Check the earth connections of transformer
 Carry out BDV test of transformer oil
 Control box cleaned with contact cleaner
 Check the silica gel
 Check the HT and LT bushings
 Off' the earth switches
 Energize the transformer and give load
7 Which are the conditions for parallel operation of transformers?
 Voltage must be same as check tap-changer position

 Frequency must be same
 Phase sequence must be same
 Impedance of both the transformers has to be same
 Vector group of both must be same
8 What is meant by % impedance voltage?
 When impedance voltage is applied across one winding of a transformer it

produces normal Fl current to flow through second winding when its terminals are
short circuited expressed as % of applied voltage.
30
9 What is the functions breather?
 Accommodate the change in oil level with temperature

 Traps the moisture while breathing
10 Colour of fresh and used silica gel?
 Fresh - Blue
 Used - Pink
11 Quantities of transformer oil?
High dielectric strength 30 kv with 2.5 mm gap between spheres, moisture content
low (2 to 3 mgm JOH/g0). Acidity low, flash pint & pour point, viscosity.
Two transformers feeding a system with bus coupler closed and opened. What are the
advantages and disadvantages?
Bus closed :
Better stability & redundancy – advantage

Fault level increase – disadvantage
More cost of switchgear – disadvantage
Bus open :
 Reverse of the above
12 Draw the vector diagram of DY 11 transformer?

A2
What are the losses in transformer?
 Core loss & Copper loss
31
13 Which of loss is kept to the minimum in (a) distribution transformer, (b) power
transformer? Why?
 Distribution transformer - Core loss

 Power transformer - Copper loss
14 What is the approximate value of transformer’s magnetizing in rush current?
 The management inrush current of a transformer is in the tune of 16-20 times its
rated current.
15 What protections do you recommended for 10 MVA, 11/3.3 KVA transformers?
 Over current inst. & delayed

 Earth fault
 Differential
 Bucholze
 Temperature
32
H V CIRCUIT BREAKERS
1 What are the ratings required to be specified for a HV circuit breaker?
Rated voltage
Rated insulation level
Rated normal current

Rated frequency
Rated duration of short time current
Rated short circuit breaking current
Rated short circuit making current
Rated peak with stand current
Rated TRV (Transit Recovery Voltage for terminal fault)
2 What is meant by short circuit breaking current?
 The rated short circuit breaking current of a circuit breaker is the highest value of
short circuit current which a circuit breaker is capable of breaking under specified
condition of transient recovery voltage and power frequency voltage. Express in
KA, RMS at contact separation.
3 What is meant by short circuit making current?
 Rated making current=1.8xRoot 2 x rated short circuit breaking current.

= 2.5 x rated short circuit breaking current.
4 What is rated short time current (duration of short circuit)?
 It is the R.M.S value of current that the circuit breaker can carry in fully closed
position during a specified time under prescribed conditions of use and behavior.
 Expressed as KA for period of 1 second or 3 seconds.
5 What are the techniques employed to extinguish the arc in AC circuit breaker?
 High resistance interruption

 Low resistance or zero point interruption where are gets extinguished at natural
current zero of AC wave and is prevented from restating again by rapid build up
of di-electric strength of contact space.
6 What is anti pump relay?
 A feature in corperated in the circuit breaker or reclose scheme where by in the

event of a permanent fault repeated operations of the circuit beaker are prevented
when the closing impulse is longer than the sum of the protective relay and circuit
breaker operating times.
33
7 How can you ensure vacuums level inside the vacuums bottle?
 Vacuum Gauge
 By judging the pulling force of contact by hand or by spring balance

 By applying power frequency high voltage test.
8 What are the important checks or OCB’s during maintenance?
Check insulation resistance of each pole phase to phase/phase to ground

Check di electric strength of oil and oil level
Check mechanical operations
Clean insulators
Check contact length land simultaneous contacts touch
Measure contact resistance
12 What maintenance required on oil circuit breaker?

Check all circuit carrying parts and attend to the arcing contact
Test the oil and change it if it is bad
Inspect the insulation for possible damage
Check closing and tripping mechanism
9 What are the types of circuit breakers?
MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker

MCCB – Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
OCB – Oil Circuit Breaker
MOCB – Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
ACB – Air Circuit Breaker
VCB – Vacuum Circuit Breaker
SF6 – Sulphur Hexa fluoride circuit breaker
10 How do you carry out the yearly preventive maintenance of VCB?
Obtain the permit

Transfer the load of breaker
Switch OFF and rack out breaker
Discharge spring already
Physically clean the VCB
Check and clean the finger contact
Check the mechanism and apply grease
Rack in the breaker in test position
Electrically on the breaker three times for trial
Rack in the breaker in service position and give the load
Close the permit
34
11 How do you carry out the maintenance of A.C.B?
Obtain the work permit

Rack out the breaker and discharge the spring and already charged
Physically clean the ACB
Open the Arc check, Check and clean the fixed and moving contacts
Check and clean the finger contacts
Check the mechanism and grease it
Switch ''On'' and ''Off'' the breaker electrically for trial
Rack in the breaker in service position
Energize the breaker
Close the permit
35
LAMPS
INCANDESCENT LAMP
 The lamps consist of an evacuated glass bulb or gas filled having fine metallic
wire within it. The filament material normally used is tungsten. Tantrum & carbon
also used for filament. The filament should have the following properties.
 Melting point should be high.
 Vapour pressure and temp coefficient should be low
 Material should be ductile and mechanically strong enough to bear vibration
during use.
 Tungsten filament lamps have an average life of 1000 hours under normal
condition.
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
 This type of lamp is of low luminously so the length of this lamp is large. To get
the required length it is made in the form of a U tube. Two oxide coated
electrodes are sealed in to the ends. The tube contains a little sodium and neon
gas. The U tube is enclosed in a double walled vacuum flask to keep the
temperature with in working range. Before the lamp starts working sodium is in
the form of a solid deposited on the side of tube walls. In the beginning it operates
as a low pressure neon lamp with pink colour. The lamp gets warm, sodium is
vaporized and it radiates yellow light and after about 10-15 minutes the lamp
starts giving full light.
MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
 It consists of a glass tube of borosilicate which is quite hard. At the two ends in
the tube are provided with specially coated electrodes. Near the upper electrode is
another auxiliary starting electrode which is connected to the bottom electrode
through a high resistance. The tube is sealed with an inside pressure of 1.5
atmosphere. This tube is further evolved by another tube the advantage of which
is that the heat of inner tube may not be dissipated outside.
 The lamp has screwed cap and is connected to the main through choke. To
improve the P.F a condenser connected across the mains.
 The inner in addition to the mercury, also contains small quantity of argon gas.
Since at the time of starting the tube is cold and the mercury is in the condensed
form. When the tube is switched on, tube start is glowing between main and
auxiliary electrodes and after about five minutes the lamp starts giving the full
output.
36
FLUORCENT TUBES
 Due to low pressure the lamp is in the form of long tube coated inside with
phosphor. The tube contains a small amount of mercury and a small quantity of
argon gas. When temperature increases the mercury changes into vapour form
which it takes over the conduction of current. At each end of the tube tungsten
electrode coated with an electron omitting material.
Figure:-
 At the time of switching ON the starter switch is in closed position. Current flows
through the choke and starters. The starter switch is open due to heating of its
bimetallic strip. The energy stored in the choke is suddenly released in the form of
a voltage surge which causes starting of discharge through the tube between
electrodes. This discharge is self sustaining and tube continues to glow. The
colour of the fluorescent lamp depends on the coating used.
 Calcium Tungstate - Blue

 Magnesium Tungstate - White Blue
 Cadmium Silicate - Yellow Pink
 Zinc Silicate - Green
 Average life of fluorescent tube is 3000 hours.

HALOGEN LAMP
 This type of lamp will be having tungsten filament connected from one end to
another end of a lengthy thin glass tube. This glass tube is filled with Halogen
Gas.
 Halogen is a family of gases. The gas the high temperature and the shape of glass
tube do not allow the evaporated gases of the filament to accumulate on the side
of the glass. Hence the life of this lamp is high.
37
BATTERIES & CHARGERS
How to connect the battery in series and parallel?
 If the Batteries are connected in Series the voltage will be increase and the
Batteries are connected in Parallel the Current will be increase
If one battery cell is dead, how to replace that battery?
 One by pass jumper is to be provided across the battery and replace it. After
replacing the by pass jumper must be removed.
How to get 24V using 1.5 V cells?
 16 number of cells are to be series connected we can get 24V

38
DISTRIBUTION
1 What is ring main and what are the advantages?
 In a ring main system each load current is connected to the next in the form of
closed ring around the system.
 The ring main contains advantages of duplicate mains with less cost.
 Quick isolation and more flexibility.
2 How can you limit the fault level in a power system?
 By inserting current limiting reactor in series with line.
3 In a 11 KV bus if you add a transformer 1000 KVA or add 1000 KVA motor in
which case fault level will increase in 11 kv bus and why?
 1000 KVA motor because if feeds fault current to 11KV bus during fault
conditions due to generator action.
4 Draw the single line diagram of a substation?

5 What are the advantages of neutral grounding?
6 What is the disadvantages of low P.F how can it be improved?
 Tariff will more

 Cable and switchgear size will increase by adding capacitors or by running
synchronous motor over circlet.
39
O/H TRANSMISSION
1 What is corona phenomenon? When does it occur?
 Corona is a type of electrical discharge at the surface of conductors at high

voltage because of voltage stress, it occurs at foul weather, depends on pressure,
temperature, humidity, pollution level, in air and condition of conductor surface.
2 What is acceptable corona losses in foul weather?
 5KW/KM
3 How does lightning arrestor work?
 Lightning arrestors employ some form of non leaner type of resistance like thyrite
or matrosil whose resistance decreases rapidly with increases of applied voltage.
But as soon as energy has been dissipated resistance is restored to a high value
which suppresses the arc across the gap effectively when line voltage returns to
normal.
4 What are the points to se checked when carrying out inspection of O/H lines?
 Frequency weekly/monthly depending in location

 Check points non growth of trees, birds nests, cracks of insulators, faulty line
regulation structure for mechanical defect-corrosion.
SAFETY
What precautions should take while working with electrical supply?
How many types work permits explain?
What precautions should take while working with open bus bars?
1. What is UPS? Draw its block diagram.
Uninterrupted Power Supply is very essential for petrochemical/ processing industries

as the computer, which determines the oration under all condition, governs all the
controls.
 UPS have Converter, Inverter, AVR Battery Bank, Static switch and Bypass
Switch.
 The converter is feeding supply to the inverter.
 The battery bank connected in between converter and inverter.
 The static switch have supply on both end i.e Converter supply and AVR supply
(Static switch is nothing – the two SCR is connected in opposite direction)
 The inverter is always taking the load, the converter fails to feed supply to the
inverter, it will work with the help of battery bank.
 If the inverter is fails to take the load, the AVR supply will take the load without
power interruption through the static switch.
 During the maintenance of UPS, changeover the load to standby supply by using
Bypass switch.
Figure:-
2. What are the protections normally provided for H.T motor?
 Over current (Inst)

 Thermal Relay O/C
 Stalling
 Earth fault
 Negative Sequence
 RTD Temperature
3. What is Negative Sequence Relay Used For?
 To detect unbalanced load on a generator, cause excessive rotor heating.

 The relay is also used to detect unbalanced load currents in motors.
4. What is MICC and where we can use?
 Fire alarm systems

 Emergency power systems
 Emergency lighting systems

 Temperature measurement devices; RTD's and Thermocouples.
 Electrical equipment in hazardous areas where flammable gases may be present
e.g. oil refineries, petrol stations
From left to right: Pot (this one has an earth tail), pot seal, gland, potting
compound, joist ripper, pot crimper, stub sleeving, pliers.
5. What is Volt Meter?
 The voltmeter is used to measure the voltage in the power system in low voltage
system the voltage is measured directly and in high voltage system through a
potential transformer.
6. How to check cable fault?
 Isolated the cable

 Megger the cable
 Trace the cable fault through cable fault locator and cable route through rout
locator
 If the cable resistance is high use the burning kit.
7. What are the factors considered while sizing the cable?
Voltage drop
Load current
Ground factors / Grouping of cables
S.C.Current.
8. What is Ammeter?
 Load current is measured through an ammeter only. In A.C lower ranges are
directly can be read through an ammeter kept in series. For larger ranges are the
current transformers are used for measuring the current.
9. What is Energy Meter?
 To measure the power consumed by the circuit (any type of feeder) energy meter
is used and the unit is in KWH
10.What are the battery maintenance procedures?

 Check the voltage per cell (1.2-1.5 Volt)
11.What is the specific gravity value of battery cell? How to measure?
 1280 for fully charged lead acid cell

 1260 for half charged lead acid cell
 1180 for dead cell (lead acid cell)
 1200 for fully charged nickel cadmium cell and discharged condition same value.
 The specific gravity can be measured by ''Hydrometer''
12.Where the shunt resistance used
 In D.C circuit the current is measured through this shunt resistance.
13.What is the Bridge Megger? Where it is used
 Bridge Megger is used to measure the lowest value of resistances accurately and it
is used to measure the motor winding resistance and transformer winding
resistance during preventive maintenance. The winding resistance of the three
windings should be equal.
14.What is use of Clip-on-meter?
 The Tong Tester is called in other words as clip on meter. In this we can measure
the current flowing in each phase with out breaking the circuit for any unbalance,
if is noticed.
15.What is AVO meter?

 A meter is used in electrical circuit to measuring the value of Current, Voltage

and Resistance is called AVO meter.
16.What is BASEEFA?
 British approval service for electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres. The

recognized Authorities for the certification and approval of electrical equipment
in Hazardous areas in the United Kingdom.
17.What are Fire Alarm Systems? How can detect the fire
Fire Triangle
 For the fire above figures illustrates that for avoiding the fire generally two things
cannot be controlled in the Petrochemical industry i.e Oxygen and Fuel. Only
thing we can control is ignition part of it by keeping the environmental and
equipment in safe condition.
Detection of Fire:-
Detection of fires is achieved through the following monitors.
 Smoke detector
 Heat detector
 Gas detector
 UV detector 3
Containing of Electrical Fire:-
 Contain of electrical fire through fire extinguishers like BCF cylinders and Halon
Gas.
18.What is Halon Gas?
 Halon Gas is in the chemical name of Bromo Chlro-Dyflromethane.

 Halon gas is used generally in the electrical operating system for the fire
extinguishers. This is controlled by fire detection panel. The halon gas is
generally used (Types are 1211 & 1301) in the Petrochemical industry.
CABLES
19.How many types of cables? And explain these factors..
20.a) Groping factor…? (b) Derating factor..?
PVC- Polyvinyl Chloride

XLPE- Cross linked polyethylene
MICC- Mineral insulated copper conductor
PILC- Paper insulated lead covered
SWA- Steel wire armored
a) Grouping factor:-
Generally cables laid in air and ground. When number of cables
laid for a plant then it is laid in a trench which will be grouped or laid one after one
which is called Grouping of cables. Grouping factor means since the cables are
arranged in a row, their current carrying capacity will be reduced which is given
below:
b) Derating factor:-
4cables touching 0.75

6 '' '' 0.67
9 '' '' 0.54
12 '' '' 0.51
 4 cables touching 0.79

 6 '' '' 0.71
 9 '' '' 0.61
 12 '' '' 0.57
4 cables touching 0.81

6 '' '' 0.74

9 '' '' 0.63
12'' '' 0.6
13. If the current is 15 A what will be the size of the cable?
2.5 mmsquare
14. MICC cable is used for what purpose? What material used for this cable?
 Used for Fire alarm and lighting circuits without conduits.

 Magnesium oxide
9
15. What is PILC, where it is used, why lead cover is used?
PILC:- Paper Insulated Lead Covered cable. It is used for chemical plant and refinery.
Lead cover is used to avoid chemical corrosion of cable
16. Why cable glands are used?
Cable glands are used to give mechanical protection of cable against damages of
cables during entering in MCC or junction box. It also gives earth continuity of
cable armour and equipment body.
17. What is the type of armor you have in single core cable? Why?
AWA – Non Magnetic
18. What are the points of a single core cable to be earthed?
Only at source side.
19. Why is it necessary to seal PICC cable ends?
Impregnated paper insulation over conductor is hygroscopic and will absorb moisture
if exposed.
20. What cable do you recommend for hazardous area? What is the advantage of
lead cover for the cable?
 PVCSWALC or MICC. To protect from contamination due to hydrocarbons and

corrosion.
21. What is polarization index?
tish of 2.5/5 KV megger used to test a equipment. IR value taken after 15 seconds
and the 60 seconds gives the true value.
 R60/R15 X IR (PI) should be 1.1 or greater.
MOTORS
1 What is the slip of an induction motor at the time of start?
 100%
2 What is the protection against single phasing?
 Negative sequence protection.
3
4 What is the difference between VCB and motor starter combination?
5 What are the possible causes of excessive vibration on a running motor?
Faulty bearing
Unbalance on rotor
Mis alignment
Faulty Foundation
Rotor bars open
6 What are the units of measurement for vibration and spike energy?
Vibration Velocity – mm/sec. Spike energy – gse.
7 How do you measure sleeve bearing clearance?
Plastic gauge or lead gauge wire to placed between the shaft and bearing and bolt
tightened to normal and measure flattened thickness of the gauge.
8 Explain different insulation classes and the corresponding temperature rise

allowed?
Y-90 E-120 F-155 C-180

A-105 B-130 H-180
12
9 What is the maximum speed obtained by 3 phase induction motor with normal
state supply?
Frequency F= PN/120
N= 120F = 120x50 =3000rpm

P 2
10 What is the advantage of Star delta starter over DOL starter?
Limiting starting current.
11 Why single phase motor is not self starting?
No revolving field.
12 What is thrust bearing, where generally it is used? Where sleeve bearings used?
Thrust Bearing is used for vertical plange mounted motor sin drive end side
Sleeve Bearing is used for HT motors in DE and NDE side.
13 YPM of motor

 Switch off the breaker and lock it
 Put caution notice in breaker and push button station
 Switch 'On' the Earth switch
 Disconnect Fan cover and clean physically
 Open the Terminal cover
 Check the Tightness of Terminals
 Check the Earth connections
 Insulation resistance and winding resistance to be checked
 Switch 'Off' the Earth switch
 Switch 'On' the breaker and start the motor
 Check the load current
14 If the motor is not stopping what will be the problem?
The 'Off' Button "NC" not open

The Contact gets jammed.
13
15 What is slip ring induction motor, how to take connection from rotor?
 To get high starting Toque, we include external resistance to the Rotor winding.
After motor attain full speed Rotor winding one short circuited.
 By using Slipring, Carbon brushes connections are taken from Rotor winding.
16 What it meant by MURRAY loop test?
Murray loop test:-
 For selecting the cables, manufactures gives the voltage drop/A/Mtr. It should be
selected according to the size and the necessity of power required. The calculation
given in for voltage of cables is for the reference and theory point of it.
17 Draw the power and control circuit for STAR-DELTA starter connected with 3
phase induction motor? And explain brief?
Star –Delta Starter:-

 If the stator winding is directly connected supply, because it will draw high
current. To reduce this high current (to control starting current0 Star/Delta starter
is used.
 In start position the stator windings are connected in star. Then voltage on each
phase winding will be equal to line voltage i.e. 58% of the line voltage. Due to
this reduced voltage the starting current will also reduce 1/3 times the current
which would have been taken while starting the motor direct across the line in
Delta.
 When the motor gains the speed the starter is quickly changed to run position.
Thus connecting the stator winding in Delta.
Figure:
14
18 Draw and explain these below motor? Also explain which type safety of hand
tools will be use when working with these motors?
a) A/C single phase motor. (b) Permanent capacitor motor. (c) Universal motor.
a) A/C Single phase motor
 Single phase's induction motors are not self stating. The single winding of
single phase motor will not produce a rotating filed by itself and some
arrangement is required to turn the alternating field which is improved into
rotating field. By providing a second winding (Auxiliary winding) on the
stator and to alter the phase of the current in the second winding. Thus making
it similar to a two phase motor. The phase displacement may be obtained by

connecting a capacitance in series with the stating winding or shunting one
winding by resistance and another by an inductance.
 Instead of using inductance or resistance for giving necessary phase
displacement in the starting winding a capacitor is used. The connection
diagram shown in the fig. This motor has high torque.
 Uses: - Lathe, Fan, Blower, Pumps etc.
Figure
b) Permanent capacitor motor
In this type there is no centrifugal switch. The capacitor remains permanently in

series in starting and running condition
Use :- Ceiling fan, Table fan and where low torque is required.
Figure:-
15
c) Universal motor
The motor is designed to work on both AC and DC supply

In the universal motor stator winding is in series with rotor winding. The stator is
built up of laminations instead of a solid piece as in DC series motor. When
working on AC the armature and field current have the same direction with
respect to each other. Hence the motor works like a ordinary series motor. The
speed is above synchronous speed and below the dangerous value while
working on AC. The load speed characteristic is similar to that of a DC series

motor.
Uses of Universal motors;- Portable drilling machine, Hand drills, Blowers,
Sewing machines etc.
Figure:-
Safety of Hand Tools
 Mostly all hand tools are high speed motors & Universal motors.
Earthing the machine is more important and the plug and sockets used
should have sufficient current rating. The flexible cable used for
extension should not be more than 15mts. All equipments should have
double insulated winding. The socket supply source should have a
ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker) 0.03A protection.
19 Draw and explain D.O.L starter diagram?
16
20 Draw the DOL starter power and control circuit for L.T motor and explain?
21 Draw and explain AUTO transformer starter?
17
22 What are the causes for motor is over loaded?
Over load ; b) Short circuit for motor winding ; c) Single phasing ; d) Loose
connection of power cable ; e) Bearing problem.
23 How to find the motor speed and write equation?
By '' Tacho meter''.

Equation N= 120F/p
24 What is 1 phase preventer?
In single phasing if one fuse blown out the motor will run in the same condition,
Motor will take start.
Single phasing preventer is relay which is used to prevent the equipment from single
phasing. If any fuse blown the motor will take higher current. In that case the
humming sound will come.
25 What are types of bearings?
g) Ball Bearing
h) Roller Bearing
i) Bush Bearing
j) Taper Roller Bearing
k) Sleeve Bearing
l) Thrust Bearing
18
H.T MOTORS
 Motors working with voltage 3.3 KV and above are HT motors. This motor
normally used for higher loads as the operating current can be reduced. Normally
these motors are star connected. These motors are having some special cooling
arrangements like forced air cooling. Condenser type cooling in which water is
circulated to cool the temperature inside. Instead of a ball bearing, sleeve bearings
are also used. For cooling the bearing, separate oil is used.
The following protection normally used;
Instantaneous over current

 Settled normally 10 times the rated current. Operates only during short circuit.
Thermal overload relay

 Set normally at 110% rated operates at motor overload.
Locked rotor or prolonged start protection

 Set normally at 125% the rated operates when the load got jammed. Set at normal
starting time + 2 secs.
Negative phase sequence

 Set normally at 25% the rated. Operates when phase unbalance occurs and single
phasing. (One phase failed)
Earth fault
 Set normally at 20% the rated operates when fault occurs between phase and
earth.
Motor protection relay is having all the above set protection
Motor is provided with the differential relay protection connected between Star side CTs
and phase side CTs as shown.
Figure
19
VIBRATION
 Vibration of motor is usually the result of troubles such as unbalance of rotor,

misalignment, looseness or bad bearings. Vibration is checked by vibration meter
VELOCIY AND DISPLACEMENT
 Vibration can be measured in terms of how fast the part moves. This is called the
peak velocity and is measured in inches/secs or millimeter/secs. Velocity is a
function of both displacement and frequency; it provides an added sensitivity to
high frequency vibrations.
 Vibrations can be measured in terms of how far the part moves back and forth.
This is called the peak to peak displacement measured in mils. 1mil= 25.4
microns.
BEARINGS (TYPES)
 The bearings used in electrical machineries are Ball bearings, Roller bearings,
Tapered roller bearings, Thrust bearings, Sleeve bearings, Needle bearings etc.
Generally on load side of the machine Roller bearings are used .
 D.E - Drive end
 N.D.E - Non drive end
Definition for bearing no. 6308
 6 – Refers deep groove ball bearing

 3 – Refers medium weight ( 2- Light weight 4- Heavy weight)
 08- 08X5 = 40mm diameter of the shaft
 7308 - Angular contact or thrust bearing

 C3 - Clearance extra for high temperature
 Z - Shield bearing
BEARINGS MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING
 Remove motor pulley with 3 leg puller if the motor is small and medium size. For
large pulley Hydraulic puller may be used
 Remove fan cover and fan
 Remove outer bearing cover on both ends and remove end shields with markings
 Take out the rotor from stator
 Now the motor is dismantled totally while assembling reverse the above
procedure.
20
PROTECTION
1 What is the different between measuring CT’s and protection CT’s?
Measuring CT
 Ratio error is less
 Saturates at almost 150% of rated current
Protection CT
 Ratio error –more
 Saturates at many times the rated current
2 Explain what is meant by CT 15, 5p 10?
 With a connected Burden of 15 VA; it will have a ratio error of 5% or less for
values of primary current up to 10 times rated current.
3 Draw and explain the principles of operations of biased percentage differential

protection relay?
 This relay protects only the zone connected in between the neutral CT and
residually connected CT in the phase side i.e.,., it is protecting star winding of
transformer. When any unbalance or earth fault occurs after the phase CT there
will be unbalanced current in neutral CT as well as residually connected phase CT
and both currents nullified at point '0' so there wont be and current follow in the
relay and the relay wont operate.
 When fault occurs in the winding there will be a current flow in the neutral CT
only. The current will operate the 87TG relay.
Figure
4 Will the differential relay respond to through faults, why?
 The percentage differential relay employs two restrained coils and an operating
coil per phase. The contact closing torque produced by the operating coil is
opposed by the restrained coil torque. Therefore during through fault conditions
21
 The setting of the relay is increased and relay operation due to spill current is
prevented. During internal faults torque produced by the restrained coil is
ineffective and the relay closed its contacts when setting current flows through the
operating coil.
 The spill current level for the relay to just operate expressed as percentage of the
through fault current causing it, is defined as the % bias of the relay.
 i.e. % Bias = Spill current for relay operation X 100

Through fault current causing it
5 Draw and explain the principle of restricted earth fault relay?
 For the star winding three line current transformers are balanced against current
transformer in the reatral connection. An external fault on star side will result
incurrent flowing in the line CT of affected phase and a balancing current in
neutral CT. the resultant current in the relay is therefore zero. Hence relay will not
operate during an internal fault the neutral CT only carries current and results in
operation of the relay.
6 Will the restricted earth faulty relay respond to earth faults on both sides of
transformer why?
 No because scheme does not cover the primary side.
7 What precautions will you take while disconnecting an ammeter from CT why?
 You will short CT

 With the secondary circuit open there is no secondary MMF to oppose that due to
primary current and all the primary MMF acts on the case as a Magnetizing
quantity, resulting in High secondary voltage.
 Dangerous to insulation of CT connected apparatus and danger to personnel.
8 What is meant by inverse time O/C relay?
 It is the relay whose characteristic is such that the time lag is not fixed but
varies inversely as the overload i.e. the longer the O/C the lesser the time lag.
 Plug setting for current & time setting has to be done.
 Advantage of inverse tike characteristic is that equipments can be utilized to
the most advantage so that it can safely take heavy over loads for short periods
and lesser over loads for longer periods.
22
9 What is relay coordination? What factors are considered in relay coordination?
 When number of relays on in service, obtaining the settings to achieve

discrimination between there to isolate only the faulty section of the power system
network leaving the rest of the system in disturbed is relay coordination.
Factors considered / methods used:-
 Time grading
 Current grading
 Combination of Time & Current grading.
10 What is reverse current protection? why is it required?
 Reverse current protection is used to protect parallel incoming feeders at S/S and
also generators operating in parallel. This safeguards the system against total
interruption of power supply in the event of fault in one of the feeders or one of
the generators.
EXPLIAN BRIEF
OVER LOAD RELAY TESTING.
 The characteristics of the relay should be selected and set to suit the protection
requirement of particular motor as the thermal time constant for the motor can
vary wildly(15 minutes to 1 hour) curve A indicates characteristic of motor
heating to reach maximum permissible temperature in 15 minutes for moderate
overload ( 1.3 times full load currents). The relay will trip according to
characteristics B for overload of 200% the relay will trip in less than 4 minutes.
Motor can with stand 200% overload for 4 minutes.
PUSH BUTTON STATION
 There are installed in the units near each motor for starting and stopping. The
control supply for the stations is 110v D.C leading from the respective switch
gears or 230V A.C
MEGGER VALUE
 The insulation resistance value of the winding of the motor shall be checked
periodically during Preventive maintenance
 For 3.3 KV motor the IR value shall be checked with 1KV megger
 For 11 KV motor the IR value shall be checked with 5 KV megger
WINDING RESISTANCE
 The winding resistance of the motor shall be checked during preventive
maintenance with the bridge. The winding resistance of the three windings should
be equal. 23
LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT
 Due to mechanical overload in motor locked rotor can sometimes happen and
during this time the motor will draw the maximum current equal to the starting
current. This is called the locked rotor current.
STARTING TIME
 The time taken for a motor from the starting to attain its full speed is called the
starting time. It will be generally 4 to 5 seconds for small and medium range
motors and 8 to 10 seconds for large motors.
UNDER VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
 Under voltage conditions in a motor greatly affect its performance. During this
condition the motor speed reduces it will draw more current and this will cause
rise in temperature of windings. For protecting the motor from this condition.
Under voltage release is provided.
POLARISATION INDEX
tish of 2.5/5 KV megger used to test an equipment. IR value taken after 15
seconds and the 60 seconds gives the true value.
R60
R15 X IR (PI) should be 1.1 or greater
EFFECT OF VOLTAGE OVER TORQUE
 The torque of machine is proportional to the square of the applied voltage.

Variation of line voltage will, therefore effect the operation of the machine.
EARTHING
 Generally earthing means non current carrying metallic part of electrical

equipments should be earthed to avoid danger of human life.
GRID RESISTANCE
 Grid resistance means in a industry or building the no. of earth pits joined parallel
together to get a minimum earth resistance value and the value should be less than
1.0 ohms acceptable in the industry.
24
PIT RESISTANCE
 Individual pit resistance can vary according to the solid resistance and the value
can be 5 ohms or more than that. But to get a minimum value all the pits should
be connected in parallel as grid.
EARTH PITS
 Earth pits are generally used by using charcoal, salt and G.I pipe of 3 mtrs in
length and 40mm diameter.
 Another type of earth pits is plate earth electrode and mesh type electrode with
copper or GI strip brought out.
 Another type in Gulf generally used are the solid rod of copper driven straightway
in to the earth to get minimum value by driving to a depth of max. 6 mtrs.
EARTH MEGGER
 For measuring the earth resistance earth megger is used, and the diagram given
below how to measure the earth resistance.
SAFE EARTH RESISTANCE

 Generally earth resistance of the total grid should be less than 1.0 ohms which is
acceptable for safe operation in industries.
ELCB
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

 If any leakage current passes through earth the circuit breaker trips.
 Normal operating conditions current will be Zero in the core balance CT. if any
leakage occurs in the load side, there will be an unbalanced current between phase
and neutral. That current will operate the trip. The CB test button is connected
between after the CT and neutral before CT. when test button is pressed current
flows from phase to neutral through the resistor that current only lows through
phase inside the CT. so this unbalance current fall in the CT will trip the CB
immediately.
Figure ;-
25
COORDINATION OF RELAY
 If any fault occurs in motor the nearest relay has trip D breaker itself so that it
won't affect the other system. Similarly if any fault occurs after A breaker the
nearest is A breakers relay. Sp A should trip and other system not affected.
 Normally the operating and tripping of breaker time will be around 350 (Msec)
milliseconds.
 If after A breaker fault occurs A will trip at 350 msec if it fails B will trip at 700
msec. If B also fails C will trip at 1 sec. This is called the co-ordination of Relays
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
 This relay operates when under voltage occurs in a connected system, nor5mally
this relay setting will be 80% of the applied voltage. This relay having two types
instantaneous and IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
 ILDMT relays are all disc type and the setting can be done through plug setting
arrangement.
FREEQUENCY
 In AC the voltage which completes one cycle of Sine wave form is called
frequency and the unit is HERTZ. Hz.
 Normally supply source will be 50hz.
POWER FACTOR
 When AC voltage used to an inductive load. The current tags the voltage by an
angle Cosine of that angle will give pf.
 P.F = cos0
 Other ways of calculating P.F = KW/KVA=R/Z= Resistance/Impedance
IMPROVING POWER FACTOR
 In industries capacitor is used.

 In major S/Stations synchronous condenser is used.
 For 110V DC control supply. A transformer 250/84 V AC is used.
 Reason for that is in AC RMS value=Peak value/root 2
 Peak value = 84X1.414 = 118V
26
ABOUT TRANSFORMER EXPLAIN
7. POWER TRANSFORMER PARTS
 Primary and secondary terminal boxes

 Transformer tank
 Primary winding
 Secondary winding
 Radiator tubes
 Conservator
 Explosion vent
 Bucholz relay
 Oil temperature gauge
 Breather
 Oil drain valve
 Cooling fans
Sample oil collection oil testing BDV
 The transformer windings are placed in oil for cooling as well as for insulation.
Oil samples to be collected and tested for breakdown voltage as per the
recommendation of the manufacture. Generally the transformer oil will be tested
once in three years for the BDV. One oil sample collected will be placed in a test
kit and tested. It should withstand 30KV for one minute. The sphere gap will be
kept at 2.5mm
8. ON AND OFF LOAD TAP CHANGER
 To adjust the operating voltage occasionally off load and on load tap chargers are
used. Off load tap changer can be operated only when the transformer is isolated
from service, the on load tap changer can be operated even in short times or at
peak load to obtain the desired output voltage without switching off the
transformer from service.
9. VECTOR GROUPS DYN
 The primary is connected in Delta and secondary in Star. The star point is
connected to neutral. There is phase displacement of plus 30 between the primary
and secondary. There is a phase shift of 30 forward. Hence the number 11 refers
to hour 11'0' clock.
Figures:-
27
ONAN
 Oil Natural. Air Natural cooling:- The oil converts the heat from core winding to
the tank and equalizes temperature on natural ventilation. Dissipation of heat is
assisted by constructi0on of tank with corrugated surface or by fitting cooling
tube to it. This type of transformers most common and can be used in output up to
3000 KVA.
ONAF
 Oil Natural. Air Forced Cooling:- in this type of cooling the winding is cooled by
air with alternative additional forced air cooling by running the fan fixed at the
radiator tubes.
10. PERCENTAGE IMPEDEMCE

 6.5% which means the percentage of normal voltage required on primary to cause
full load current flow through secondary bei9ng shorted. It refers to the short
circuit current. A short circuit on the secondary with full primary voltage the
current will be 100/6.5 times the full load current. Hence for an example the
percentage impedance of a desalted transformer will be 100% so that even at
shorted H.T terminals ( because of water high level) the primary current will not
go beyond the full load current and continue to work.
11. OIL AND WINDING ALARM TRIP
 The power transformer is provided with dial thermometer for oil temperature
range 0-100degress C. alarm contact set at 84.5c on actuation, flag relay falls and
initiate Minor trouble winding temperature indicator facilities monitoring and
indicating transformer hot spot temperature which initiates alarm and trip circuits.
12. PROTECTIONS OF TRANSFORMER
Buchholz relay (1st stage)

 This relay detects the gas evaluation due to internal trouble and gives an alarm,
and is suited to the detection of minor or slowly developing faults.
Buchholz relay (2nd stage)

 When a major fault takes place suddenly inside the Transformer. Oil flows
suddenly from the transformer proper to the conservator. The second stage of
Buchholz relay is actuated by this oil current.
Pressure relief device

 When the internal pressure of the Transformer rises above the set value. The
pressure relief device function.
28
Differential relay
 This relay detects the internal defects by comparing the input current and the
output current of the Transformer. If it functions combined with other protection
devices. It is indicative, in almost all cases of an internal fault. Note that this relay
sometimes functions by the exciting current when the Transformer is made line.
And this is of course not attributed to internal defects.
Over current relay, Ground fault relay

 These are intended for detecting faults in the electric system connected with the
Transformer. A fault in the Transformer results in the function of these relays.
This is always accompanied by the actuation of protective devices of the

Transformer.
TRANSFORMERS
1 Transformers transformation ratio….is?
 Transformer is a static device. Which converts high voltage to low voltage and
low voltage to high voltage? But temperatures kept constant (Frequency)
 Transformation ratio (K) = V1 = N1 = I2
o V2 N2 I1
2 Explain the function of buchhlozs relay for transformer protection?
 It is the gas and oil operated relay. It has two circuits, one is trip and second is
alarm. Any minor fault develops that time the evaporated gas will actuate the
alarm circuit, otherwise any major fault rush of oil will actuate the Trip Circuit.
3 What are the protections for transformers?
 Bucholz relay
 Overheated relay
 Earth fault relay
 Temperature sensor
For higher transformer additionally
 Restricted Earth fault relay

 Differential relay
4 How to check transformer oil, what should be value?
 To collect oil from bottom drain in test kit

 Adjust test kit spears (2.5mm or 4mm0
 Increase the voltage gradually up to tripping point
 The oil should with stand 30kv for 1 minute gap with a gap of 2.5mm 29
5 What is the breather, details about the silica gel?
 It is a small container, contains silicagel and oil. It absorbs the moisture from, the
atmospheric air and allow the fresh air to the conservator
What is C.T and P.T?

 CT is a Current Transformer which step down the current. It is used for current
measurement and protection.
6 Y.P.M of transformer..?

 Transfer the load to the other transformer
 Switch ''On'' the earth switch on primary and secondary side
 Physically clean the Transformer
 Check the insulation resistance of primary and secondary winding and check the
winding resistance
 Check the terminal tightness
 Check the earth connections of transformer
 Carry out BDV test of transformer oil
 Control box cleaned with contact cleaner
 Check the silica gel
 Check the HT and LT bushings
 Off' the earth switches
 Energize the transformer and give load
7 Which are the conditions for parallel operation of transformers?
 Voltage must be same as check tap-changer position

 Frequency must be same
 Phase sequence must be same
 Impedance of both the transformers has to be same
 Vector group of both must be same
8 What is meant by % impedance voltage?
 When impedance voltage is applied across one winding of a transformer it

produces normal Fl current to flow through second winding when its terminals are
short circuited expressed as % of applied voltage.
30
9 What is the functions breather?
 Accommodate the change in oil level with temperature

 Traps the moisture while breathing
10 Colour of fresh and used silica gel?
 Fresh - Blue
 Used - Pink
11 Quantities of transformer oil?
High dielectric strength 30 kv with 2.5 mm gap between spheres, moisture content
low (2 to 3 mgm JOH/g0). Acidity low, flash pint & pour point, viscosity.
Two transformers feeding a system with bus coupler closed and opened. What are the
advantages and disadvantages?
Bus closed :
Better stability & redundancy – advantage

Fault level increase – disadvantage
More cost of switchgear – disadvantage
Bus open :
 Reverse of the above
12 Draw the vector diagram of DY 11 transformer?

A2
What are the losses in transformer?
 Core loss & Copper loss
31
13 Which of loss is kept to the minimum in (a) distribution transformer, (b) power
transformer? Why?
 Distribution transformer - Core loss

 Power transformer - Copper loss
14 What is the approximate value of transformer’s magnetizing in rush current?
 The management inrush current of a transformer is in the tune of 16-20 times its
rated current.
15 What protections do you recommended for 10 MVA, 11/3.3 KVA transformers?
 Over current inst. & delayed

 Earth fault
 Differential
 Bucholze
 Temperature
32
H V CIRCUIT BREAKERS
1 What are the ratings required to be specified for a HV circuit breaker?
Rated voltage
Rated insulation level
Rated normal current
Rated frequency
Rated duration of short time current
Rated short circuit breaking current
Rated short circuit making current
Rated peak with stand current
Rated TRV (Transit Recovery Voltage for terminal fault)
2 What is meant by short circuit breaking current?
 The rated short circuit breaking current of a circuit breaker is the highest value of
short circuit current which a circuit breaker is capable of breaking under specified
condition of transient recovery voltage and power frequency voltage. Express in
KA, RMS at contact separation.
3 What is meant by short circuit making current?
 Rated making current=1.8xRoot 2 x rated short circuit breaking current.

= 2.5 x rated short circuit breaking current.
4 What is rated short time current (duration of short circuit)?
 It is the R.M.S value of current that the circuit breaker can carry in fully closed
position during a specified time under prescribed conditions of use and behavior.
 Expressed as KA for period of 1 second or 3 seconds.
5 What are the techniques employed to extinguish the arc in AC circuit breaker?
 High resistance interruption

 Low resistance or zero point interruption where are gets extinguished at natural
current zero of AC wave and is prevented from restating again by rapid build up
of di-electric strength of contact space.
6 What is anti pump relay?

 A feature in corperated in the circuit breaker or reclose scheme where by in the

event of a permanent fault repeated operations of the circuit beaker are prevented
when the closing impulse is longer than the sum of the protective relay and circuit
breaker operating times.
33
7 How can you ensure vacuums level inside the vacuums bottle?
 Vacuum Gauge
 By judging the pulling force of contact by hand or by spring balance
 By applying power frequency high voltage test.
8 What are the important checks or OCB’s during maintenance?
Check insulation resistance of each pole phase to phase/phase to ground

Check di electric strength of oil and oil level
Check mechanical operations
Clean insulators
Check contact length land simultaneous contacts touch
Measure contact resistance
9 What are the types of circuit breakers?
MCB – Miniature Circuit Breaker

MCCB – Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
OCB – Oil Circuit Breaker
MOCB – Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
ACB – Air Circuit Breaker
VCB – Vacuum Circuit Breaker
SF6 – Sulphur Hexa fluoride circuit breaker
10 How do you carry out the yearly preventive maintenance of VCB?
Obtain the permit

Switch OFF and rack out breaker
Discharge spring already
Physically clean the VCB
Check and clean the finger contact
Check the mechanism and apply grease
Electrically on the breaker three times for trial
Rack in the breaker in service position and give the load
Close the permit
34
11 How do you carry out the maintenance of A.C.B?
Obtain the work permit

Rack out the breaker and discharge the spring and already charged
Physically clean the ACB
Open the Arc check, Check and clean the fixed and moving contacts
Check and clean the finger contacts
Check the mechanism and grease it
Switch ''On'' and ''Off'' the breaker electrically for trial
Rack in the breaker in service position
Energize the breaker
Close the permit
12 What maintenance required on oil circuit breaker?

Check all circuit carrying parts and attend to the arcing contact
Test the oil and change it if it is bad
Inspect the insulation for possible damage
Check closing and tripping mechanism
35
LAMPS
INCANDESCENT LAMP
 The lamps consist of an evacuated glass bulb or gas filled having fine metallic
wire within it. The filament material normally used is tungsten. Tantrum & carbon
also used for filament. The filament should have the following properties.
 Melting point should be high.
 Vapour pressure and temp coefficient should be low
 Material should be ductile and mechanically strong enough to bear vibration
during use.
 Tungsten filament lamps have an average life of 1000 hours under normal
condition.
SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
 This type of lamp is of low luminously so the length of this lamp is large. To get
the required length it is made in the form of a U tube. Two oxide coated
electrodes are sealed in to the ends. The tube contains a little sodium and neon
gas. The U tube is enclosed in a double walled vacuum flask to keep the
temperature with in working range. Before the lamp starts working sodium is in
the form of a solid deposited on the side of tube walls. In the beginning it operates
as a low pressure neon lamp with pink colour. The lamp gets warm, sodium is
vaporized and it radiates yellow light and after about 10-15 minutes the lamp
starts giving full light.
MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
 It consists of a glass tube of borosilicate which is quite hard. At the two ends in
the tube are provided with specially coated electrodes. Near the upper electrode is
another auxiliary starting electrode which is connected to the bottom electrode
through a high resistance. The tube is sealed with an inside pressure of 1.5
atmosphere. This tube is further evolved by another tube the advantage of which
is that the heat of inner tube may not be dissipated outside.
 The lamp has screwed cap and is connected to the main through choke. To
improve the P.F a condenser connected across the mains.
 The inner in addition to the mercury, also contains small quantity of argon gas.
Since at the time of starting the tube is cold and the mercury is in the condensed
form. When the tube is switched on, tube start is glowing between main and
auxiliary electrodes and after about five minutes the lamp starts giving the full
output.
36
FLUORCENT TUBES
 Due to low pressure the lamp is in the form of long tube coated inside with
phosphor. The tube contains a small amount of mercury and a small quantity of
argon gas. When temperature increases the mercury changes into vapour form
which it takes over the conduction of current. At each end of the tube tungsten
electrode coated with an electron omitting material.
Figure:-
 At the time of switching ON the starter switch is in closed position. Current flows
through the choke and starters. The starter switch is open due to heating of its
bimetallic strip. The energy stored in the choke is suddenly released in the form of
a voltage surge which causes starting of discharge through the tube between
electrodes. This discharge is self sustaining and tube continues to glow. The
colour of the fluorescent lamp depends on the coating used.
 Calcium Tungstate - Blue

 Magnesium Tungstate - White Blue

 Cadmium Silicate - Yellow Pink
 Zinc Silicate - Green
 Average life of fluorescent tube is 3000 hours.
HALOGEN LAMP
 This type of lamp will be having tungsten filament connected from one end to
another end of a lengthy thin glass tube. This glass tube is filled with Halogen
Gas.
 Halogen is a family of gases. The gas the high temperature and the shape of glass
tube do not allow the evaporated gases of the filament to accumulate on the side
of the glass. Hence the life of this lamp is high.
37
BATTERIES & CHARGERS
How to connect the battery in series and parallel?
 If the Batteries are connected in Series the voltage will be increase and the
Batteries are connected in Parallel the Current will be increase
If one battery cell is dead, how to replace that battery?
 One by pass jumper is to be provided across the battery and replace it. After
replacing the by pass jumper must be removed.
How to get 24V using 1.5 V cells?
 16 number of cells are to be series connected we can get 24V

38
DISTRIBUTION
1 What is ring main and what are the advantages?
 In a ring main system each load current is connected to the next in the form of
closed ring around the system.
 The ring main contains advantages of duplicate mains with less cost.
 Quick isolation and more flexibility.
2 How can you limit the fault level in a power system?
 By inserting current limiting reactor in series with line.
3 In a 11 KV bus if you add a transformer 1000 KVA or add 1000 KVA motor in
which case fault level will increase in 11 kv bus and why?
 1000 KVA motor because if feeds fault current to 11KV bus during fault
conditions due to generator action.
4 Draw the single line diagram of a substation?
5 What are the advantages of neutral grounding?

6 What is the disadvantages of low P.F how can it be improved?
 Tariff will more

 Cable and switchgear size will increase by adding capacitors or by running
synchronous motor over circlet.
39
O/H TRANSMISSION
1 What is corona phenomenon? When does it occur?
 Corona is a type of electrical discharge at the surface of conductors at high

voltage because of voltage stress, it occurs at foul weather, depends on pressure,
temperature, humidity, pollution level, in air and condition of conductor surface.
2 What is acceptable corona losses in foul weather?
 5KW/KM
3 How does lightning arrestor work?
 Lightning arrestors employ some form of non leaner type of resistance like thyrite
or matrosil whose resistance decreases rapidly with increases of applied voltage.
But as soon as energy has been dissipated resistance is restored to a high value
which suppresses the arc across the gap effectively when line voltage returns to
normal.
4 What are the points to se checked when carrying out inspection of O/H lines?
 Frequency weekly/monthly depending in location

 Check points non growth of trees, birds nests, cracks of insulators, faulty line
regulation structure for mechanical defect-corrosion.
SAFETY
What precautions should take while working with electrical supply?
How many types work permits explain?

What precautions should take while working with open bus bars?
Motor protection depending on size and voltage level (on photo 3-phase asynchronous
motor 55 kW)
Motor protections vary widely depending on the size of the motor and voltage level
involved, thus only the more common ones are discussed in this technical article.
Protection Index
1. Motor Instantaneous Over-current Protection
2. Motor Timed Over-Current Protection
3. Thermal OverLoad
4. Motor Ground Fault Protection
5. Motor Stall Protection
6. Motor Over-Fluxing Protection
1. Motor Instantaneous Over-current Protection

Instantaneous over-current is usually the result of fault conditions (phase to phase, phase
to ground), in which current flow will greatly exceed normal values. Damage due to
winding overheating and burning damage associated with large fault currents can occur
without this type of protection.
These types of faults can be rapidly detected by a differential protection scheme using
Core Balance CTs as will be discussed later and cleared before major damage results. In
these situations, fast acting electromagnetic relays will be used to trip the affected motor.
Index Top
2. Motor Timed Over-Current Protection

Continuous operation of an electric motor at currents marginally above its rated value
can result in thermal damage to the motor.
The insulation can be degraded, resulting in reduced motor life through eventual internal
motor faults. Typically, an electric motor has a service factor rating listed on its
nameplate. This number represents the continuous allowable load limit that can be
maintained without sustaining damage to the motor. For example, a typical electric
motor is designed to withstand a continuous overload of about 15% without sustaining

damage and has a service factor = 115%.
Continuous operation at or above this value will result in thermal damage. To protect against motor
damage, we mustensure that this condition is not reached, hence we must trip the motor before the
overload limit (service factor) is reached.
The relay most commonly used for this purpose is the induction disc relay. In this relay
(Figure 1), the current in two coils produces opposing magnetic fluxes, which create a
torque on a disc. As the motor current increases, so does the torque on the disc.
When the torque overcomes the spring torque, the disc begins to rotate. When the moving
contact meets the stationary contact on the disc, the trip will operate.
Figure 1 - Induction Disc Relay
Tap settings and time characteristic adjustments can be made to alter the time delay of
the relay. The major benefit of the induction disk timed over current relay is that the
speed of rotation is proportional to the motor current.
Hence major over-current conditions will trip the supply breaker almost instantaneously,
while currents just above rated load will cause operation after several seconds (or
minutes).
Index Top
3. Thermal OverLoad
Another common type of relay used for timed overload protection is a thermal overload
relay. In this type of relay, the motor current or a fraction of the current through a
currenttransformer is connected to an in-line heater. Figure 2 shows a simplified thermal
overload relay. The heater (heated by I2R action) is used to heat a bimetallic strip, which
causes the displacement of a relay contact. A bimetallic strip consists of two different
materials bonded together, each having different thermal expansion properties.
As the materials are heated, one side will lengthen more than the other, causing bending.
Normal operating currents or short duration overload conditions, will not cause the
bimetallic element tobend enough to change the relay contact positions.
Excessive currents will cause increased heating of the bimetallic strip, which will cause relay contacts to
open and/or close, tripping the motor.
Figure 2 - Thermal Overload Relay

The thermal overload relay has an inherent reaction time, since the heater and bimetallic
element take time to heat. Care must be taken to match the current heating
characteristics of the motor or else the motor could be damaged during the locked rotor
starting conditions.
This type of relay can be used for direct protection against excessive motor current
caused by electrical faults and motor overloads. Also, it is often used in combination with
the timed over-current protection.
Thermal overload relays using in-line heaters and bimetallic strips, provide an alarm in
the case of continuous overload. This provides an opportunity for the operator to correct
the problem before it reaches trip level magnitude.
As we have stated, thermal over-load trips can occur during repetitive starts on a motor
or during motor over-loading. Thermal overload trips will seal-in to prevent the motor
contactor from closing. This lock-out will require manual reset before the motor can be
re-started. The operator or attendant will have to physically confirm that the motor has
had sufficient time to cool down and that the cause for the overload has been removed. If
the operator is confident that there is not a permanent fault on the motor the relay can be
reset.
Note however, that if an instantaneous over-current trip has occurred, no attempt at closing the motor
contactor should be made. An instantaneous trip will only occur if there is a fault in the motor or supply
cable and this must be corrected before any attempt to reset the relay.
Index Top
4. Motor Ground Fault Protection

In the detection of ground faults, as with the detection of instantaneous over-currents, it
is extremely important that the fault be detected and cleared quickly to prevent equipment
damage. Insulation damaged by heat (from extended overload operation), brittleness of
insulation (due to aging), wet insulation or mechanically damaged insulation can cause
ground faults.
Ground fault protection schemes use differential protection to detect and clear the faulted
equipment. For motors, the common method is to use a Core-Balance CT as illustrated in
Figure 3. The output of the core-balance CT will be the difference or imbalance of
current between the three phases.
If no ground fault is present, no current imbalance is present; hence no current will flow
in the protection circuit.
Figure 3 - Three Phase Ground Fault Protection
If a ground fault develops, a current imbalance will be present and a current will flow in
the protection circuit, causing it to operate to trip the supply breaker.
Figure 4 shows a similar protection scheme, with each of the windings of the motor
protected individually (this scheme is not normally installed in small motors, but may
appear in the protection of very large motors).
Figure 4 - Single Phase Ground Fault Protection
Index Top
5. Motor Stall Protection

Stalling or locking the rotor, is a situation in which the circuits of a motor are energized
but the rotor is not turning. Motors are particularly susceptible to overheating during
starts, due to high currents combined with low cooling air flows (due to the low speed of
the motor, cooling fans are delivering only small amounts of air).
This is also why some larger motors have a limit on the number of attempted motor starts
before a cooling off period is required. However, stall conditions can occur during
normal operation. For example, mechanical faults such as a seized bearing, heavy
loading or some type of foreign object caught in a pump could be possible causes of
motor stalling.
The loss of a single phase while the motor is not rotating or under high load, is another
situation in which a motor may stall.
The typical starting time of a motor is less than ten seconds. As long as this start time is not exceeded, no
damage to a motor will occur due to overheating from the high currents.During operation, a motor could
typically stall for twenty secondsor more without resulting in excessive insulation deterioration.
We use a stalling relay to protect motors during starts, since a standard thermal relay
has too much time delay. A stalling relay will allow the motor to draw normal starting
currents (which are several times normal load current) for a short time, but will trip the
motor for excessive time at high currents.
A stalling relay uses the operating principle of a thermal overload relay, but operates
faster than a standard thermal relay.
Figure 5 - Stalling Relay

A schematic representation of a stalling relay has be been provided in Figure 5 for

reference.
By passing a portion of the motor current directly through the bimetallic elements in this
relay, the heating is immediate, just as would be experienced within the windings of the
motor.
This type of relay is usually operational only when the motor current is above 3 times the
normal operating current and is switched out when the current is below 2 times the
normal operating current. This switching in/out is achieved by the use of an additional
relay contact.
When the motor is operating normally, the current in this protection scheme passes
through the resistor and bypasses the bimetallic elements.
Index Top
6. Motor Over-Fluxing Protection

As you can recall from the module on motor theory, the current drawn by a motor is
roughly proportional to the core flux required to produce rotation. Moreover, the flux in
the core is roughly proportional to the square of the slip speed.
I α f α s2
Obviously over-fluxing is most severe during the locked rotor or stall condition when the slip is at the
maximum. The stall relay previously discussed protects against this.
However, there is another condition where we can enter into a state of over-fluxing the
motor. If one of the three phases of the supply has high resistance or is open circuit (due
to a blown fuse, loose connection, etc.), then the magnetic flux becomes unbalanced and
the rotor will begin to slip further away from the stator field speed.
The rotor (shaft) speed will decrease while the supply current will increase causing
winding over-heating as well as core iron heating. Also intense vibration due to
unbalanced magnetic forces can cause damage to the motor windings and bearings.
This open-phase condition is oddly enough called single phasing of the motor, even
though two phases are still connected. If the motor continues to operate with an open
supply line, the current in the remaining two healthy leads will exceed twice the current
normally seen for a given load. This will result in rapid, uneven heating within the motor
and damage to insulation, windings, reduced machine life and thermal distortion.
If torque required by the load exceeds the amount of torque produced, the motor will stall. The motor will
draw locked rotor current ratings, which are, on average, 3-6 times full load current. This will lead to
excessive heating of the windings and will cause the insulation to be damaged. If the open circuit is present
before the motor start is attempted, it is unlikely that the motor will be able to start rotating.
The phase-unbalance relay used to protect against this scenario is similar in design to
the stall relay, but is set for about 20% of the full load current. A rough representation of
the operation of the relay is included in Figures 6 and 7 for reference only.
If any one of the phases in the motor loses power, the heater will cool down. The
bimetallic strip will turn, causing the unbalance contacts to close and the motor to be
tripped. This relay will also protect against thermal overload, as the heaters cause the
bimetallic strips to close the overload trip contact.
You will also see a compensating bimetal element, which will compensate for ambient
temperature changes, thus preventing unnecessary trips.
Figure 6 - Phase Unbalance and Overload Protection

Figure 7 - Phase Unbalance and Overload Protection

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Questions for Electrician

What are the protections normally provided for H.T motor?

 Over current (Inst)

What are the battery maintenance procedures?

 Obtain work permit

What is the specific gravity value of battery cell? How to measure?

 1280 for fully charged lead acid cell

 The specific gravity can be measured by ''Hydrometer''

What is the Bridge Megger? Where it is used

What is the difference between VCB and motor starter

What is use of Clip-on-meter?

What is AVO meter?

 A meter is used in electrical circuit to measuring the value of Current, Voltage

 British approval service for electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres. The

Detection of fires is achieved through the following monitors.

Containing of Electrical Fire:-

What is Halon Gas?

 Halon Gas is in the chemical name of Bromo Chlro-Dyflromethane.

1. How many types of cables? And explain these factors..

PVC- Polyvinyl Chloride

4cables touching 0.75

30cm spacing between cables

 4 cables touching 0.79

45cm spacing between cables

4 cables touching 0.81

2. If the current is 15 A what will be the size of the cable?

 Used for Fire alarm and lighting circuits without conduits.

 Isolated the cable

5. What is PILC, where it is used, why lead cover is used?

6. Why cable glands are used?

AWA – Non Magnetic

8. What are the points of a single core cable to be earthed?

Only at source side.

9. Why is it necessary to seal PICC cable ends?

 PVCSWALC or MICC. To protect from contamination due to hydrocarbons and

12. What is polarization index?

 R60/R15 X IR (PI) should be 1.1 or greater.

1 What is the slip of an induction motor at the time of start?

2 What is the protection against single phasing?

 Negative sequence protection.

5 What are the possible causes of excessive vibration on a running motor?

Vibration Velocity – mm/sec. Spike energy – gse.

7 How do you measure sleeve bearing clearance?

8 Explain different insulation classes and the corresponding temperature rise

Y-90 E-120 F-155 C-180

N= 120F = 120x50 =3000rpm

10 What is the advantage of Star delta starter over DOL starter?

Limiting starting current.

11 Why single phase motor is not self starting?

 Obtain the work permit

14 If the motor is not stopping what will be the problem?

The 'Off' Button "NC" not open

16 What it meant by MURRAY loop test?

Murray loop test:-

Star –Delta Starter:-

a) A/C Single phase motor

it similar to a two phase motor. The phase displacement may be obtained by