SCIENCE 10 REVIEWER – 4TH QUARTER  Gases exert Pressure

// PPTs + discussions // o The definition of pressure is the force

per unit area – so the total of all of
THE GAS LAWS the tiny collisions makes up the
PROPERTIES OF GASES pressure exerted by the gas

 Expand to completely fill their container KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

o Gases spread out to fill containers
until the concentration of gases is  The theory states that the tiny particles in all
uniform throughout the entire space forms of matter are in continuous motion

 Used by modern day chemists to explain the

 Take the shape of their container
behaviors and characteristics of ideal gases
o Since the particles are in constant
random motion, then the gases
 There are 3 basic assumptions of the KMT as
move in a straight line until they
it applies to ideal gases
collide with other particles or the
o Ideal gases are “perfect” gases that
sides of the container, which cause
are used as a model to describe
them to change directions until they
characteristics of real gases
collide with something else

 Low density KMT ASSUMPTIONS

o Much less than solid or liquid state
o allows us to be able to walk through  KMT ASSUMPTION NO. 1
the room without concerning ✓ A gas is composed of small hard
ourselves with air resistance particles

✓ The particles have an insignificant

 Compressible
volume and are relatively far
o Allows us to package a lot of gas in a
apart from one another
relatively small volume

✓ There is empty space between

 Mixtures of gases are always
particles
homogeneous
o Because of all of the empty spaces
✓ No attractive or repulsive forces
between gas molecules, gas
between particles
molecules can pass between each
other until each gas is mixed evenly
 KMT ASSUMPTION NO. 2
throughout the entire container
✓ The particles in a gas move in
constant random motion
 Gases Diffuse
o Some gases diffuse more rapidly than
✓ Particles move in straight paths
other gases based on their size and
and are completely independent
their energy
of each of other
o Explains why gases are able to spread
out to fill their containers
✓ Particles path is only
o It’s why we can all breath oxygen
changed by colliding with
anywhere in the room
 another particle or the
sides of its container  The quantity of gas in a given sample is
generally given in terms of moles of gas
 KMT ASSUMPTION NO. 3 o This of course is in terms of 6.02 x
1023 molecules per mole of the gas

 Don’t forget to convert mass to moles you

just divide by the molar mass of the gas

✓ All collisions a gas particle undergoes VOLUME (V)

are perfectly elastic
 The volume of a gas is simply the volume
of the container it is contained in
✓ They exert a pressure but don’t lose
 The metric unit of volume, liter (L), is often
any energy during the collisions
used
 There might also be problems that use cubic
MEASURING GASES meters as the unit for volume
o 1000 L = 1 m3
 The condition under which a gas is studied
is very important to its behavior AIR PRESSURE
 Pressure (P)
 Four Measurable Variables of Gases:
 A measure of the force applied by gas
1) Pressure
molecules on objects
2) Volume
3) Temperature
 Can be felt by:
4) Amount of Gas (no. of particles)
▪ Walls of a container
▪ Objects in air

 The result of force distributed over an

area

 The pressure of a gas is the force

exerted on the wall of the
 If one of these variables are changed, there
container, in which a gas is trapped
are corresponding changes in other variables
depending on its relationship
 Collisions between particles of a
gas and the walls of the container
 These variables affect the pressure of an
cause the pressure in a closed
enclosed gas (gas pressure)
container of gas

 Gas law equations can be derived

 Helium Filled Balloon
whenever one of these variables is altered
 The helium atoms in a balloon are
constantly moving
AMOUNT (n) o When many particles collide
with the walls of a container
 Refers to how many gas particles in the at the same time, they
sample
 produce a measurable
pressure
 The more frequent the collisions,
the greater the pressure is
 The speed of the particles and their
mass also affect the pressure
 STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
 The behavior of a gas depends very
strongly on the temperature and the
pressure at which the gas is held
 To make it easier to discuss the
behavior of a gas, it is convenient to
designate a set of standard
conditions, called STP
▪ Standard Temperature = 0C
or 273 K
▪ Standard Pressure = 1 atm or
760 mmHg or 101.325 kPa
 Atmospheric Pressure
 The pressure exerted by a column of
air from the top of the atmosphere to
the surface of the Earth
 Result of the fact that air has mass
and is colliding with everything under
the sun with a force
 Varies with altitude
o The lower the altitude, the
longer and heavier is the
column of air above an area
of the earth
 Measured with a barometer
 Knowing this atmospheric pressure
and predicting changes in the
atmospheric pressure is how
forecasters predict the weather
o Low pressure / dropping
pressure indicated a change
of weather from fair to rain
o High pressure is an indication
of clear skies and sun
TEMPERATURE (T)
 The temperature of a gas is generally
measured with a thermometer in Celsius
 All calculations involving gases should be
made after converting the Celsius to Kelvin
temperature
o Kelvin = C + 273
o Celcius = K – 273
 Raising the temperature of a gas will increase
its pressure if the volume of the gas and the
number of particles are constant
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PRESSURE
IN A FIXED VOLUME
 As the temperature rises, the average
kinetic energy of the particles in the air
increases
 With increased kinetic energy, the particles
move faster and collide more often with
the inner walls of the container
  Faster-moving particles hit the walls with
greater force
 More collisions and increased force cause the
pressure of the gas in the container to rise
GAS LAWS
ROBERT BOYLE
 Father of Modern Chemistry – a chemist and
natural philosopher
 An Anglo-Irish Chemist who studied the
variation of gas volumes with pressure

1. Boyle’s Law
 He investigated the relationship of volume
2. Charles’ law
and pressure of gas using a J-shaped tube
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
apparatus
4. Combined Gas Law
5. Avogadro’s Law
 In his experiment, he trapped air in the tube
6. Dalton’s Law
with liquid mercury
7. Ideal Gas Law
o He measured the:
8. Graham’s Law
▪ volume of the trapped air
▪ difference in the heights of
3
VOLUME AND PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP
the mercury columns in two
arms of the tube

 The volume of a gas depends on the external

 As he increased the amount of mercury in the
pressure applied to it
tube, he found out that the air pressure
decreases
 When the weight on the gas doubles, the
o With this, he then proposed the
volume of the gas decreases by one-half (as
Boyle’s Law
long as the temperature and amount of gas
does not change (see figure below)
BOYLE’S LAW

 When the pressure on the piston is increased

 This law states that the volume occupied by
by a factor of 3, the volume of the gas
a given mass of a gas at a constant
decreases to one-third of its original volume
temperature is inversely proportional to
the pressure
 Reducing the volume of a gas increases its
pressure if the temperature of the gas and
 This inverse proportionality between the
the number of particles are constant
volume and pressure of a gas can be
expressed as:
 This relationship is known to be as BOYLE’S
LAW
1
𝑉∝
𝑃
  Pressure and volume are inversely related at GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
constant temperature and amount of BOYLE’S LAW
molecules
 Any increase in volume causes a resulting
decrease in pressure

𝑃1 𝑉1 =𝑃2 𝑉2

 In Boyle’s law, the product P x V is constant

as long as T and n do not change

 To change symbol ∝ to an equal sign, a

proportionality constant, k, is introduced
1
V=k or PV = 𝑘
𝑃
BOYLE’S LAW AT WORK

LEARNING CHECK
For a cylinder containing helium gas, indicate if
cylinder A or cylinder B represents the new volume
for the following changes (n and T are constant).

 Doubling the pressure reduces the volume by

half. Conversely, when the volume doubles,
the pressure decreases by half
1. pressure decreases B
2. pressure increases A CONVERSION FOR UNITS OF PRESSURE

 1 atm = 101325 Pa
A sample of helium gas in a balloon has a volume of
6.4 L at a pressure of 0.70 atm. At 1.40 atm (T is  1 atm = 101.325 kPa
constant), is the new volume represented by A, B,  1 atm = 760 torr
or C?  1 atm = 760 mmHg
 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
 1 atm = 14.6959 Pound-force per square
inch

DERIVED FORMULAS (BOYLE’S LAW)

At a higher pressure (T constant), the new volume
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
is represented by the smaller balloon A 𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 =
𝑉1 𝑉2

𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 =
𝑃1 𝑃2
PROBLEM SOLVING – BOYLE’S LAW Unknown: P2 = ?
P1 V1
$ A sample of oxygen gas (O2) has a volume of Formula: P2 =
V2
8.0 L and a pressure of 1.0 atm. What is the 0.30 L
new pressure if the volume is decreased to Solution: P2 = 628 mmHg x 0.95 L
2.0 L. Answer: P2 = 2.0 x 102 mmHg

Given:
$ A 1.04 L sample of gas at 759 mmHg is
▪ V1 = 8.0 L
expanded until its volume is 2.24 L. What will
▪ V2 = 2.0 L
be the pressure in the expanded gas sample
▪ P1 = 1.0 atm
(at constant temperature)?
Unknown: P2 = ?
P1 V1 Given:
Formula: P2 = V2 ▪ V1 = 1.04 L
8.0 L ▪ V2 = 2.24 L
Solution: P2 = 1.0 atm x 2.0 L ▪ P1 = 759 mmHg
Answer: P2 = 4.0 atm
Unknown: P2 = ?
$ A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 20.0 Formula: P2 =
P1 V1
V2
L at 740 mm Hg. What will be the volume of
the gas at 2.00 atm if temperature is made Solution: P2 = 759 mmHg x
1.04 L
2.24 L
constant?
Answer: P2 = 352 mmHg
Given:
▪ V1 = 20.0 L PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
▪ P1 = 740 mmHg ✓ Breathing
▪ P2 = 2.0 atm x 760 = 1520 mmHg o Inhalation
▪ the lungs expand
Unknown: V2 = ?
▪ the pressure in the lungs
P1 V1
Formula: V2 = decreases
P2
▪ air flows towards the lower
740 mmHg
Solution: P2 = 20.0 L x 1520 mmHg
pressure in the lungs

Answer: P2 = 9.7 L o Exhalation

▪ lung volume decreases
$ Freon in an air-conditioning unit has a ▪ pressure within the lungs
volume of 0.30 L. It is allowed to function in increases
a room, where the pressure is about 628 ▪ air flows from the higher
mmHg, assuming that the temperature is in pressure in the lungs to the
constant state. Find the final pressure of outside
freon when its volume is increased to 0.95 L
✓ The Bends
Given: o When the diver begins his ascent and
▪ V1 = 0.30 L the pressure is lessened, these gas
▪ V2 = 0.95 L molecules begin to expand back to
▪ P1 = 628 mmHg their normal volume
 o With a slow ascent, or through the (Kelvin) temperature, mathematically
use of a depressurization chamber, expressed as:
those gasses can work their way back 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇
out of the bloodstream slowly and
Where:
normally
V = volume
o But if the diver ascends too quickly,
k = Charles’ law constant of
the blood in their veins becomes a
Proportionality
foamy mess
T = Temperature in Kelvins

✓ Spray Paint  As the temperature of the gas increases, so

o The moment the nozzle of a spray
paint can goes down, the seal is
broken and the propellant instantly
boils, expands into a gas, and pushes
down on the paint. Under the high
pressure, the paint is forced out of
the nozzle as it attempts to reach an
area with lower pressure
2
VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE
does its volume, and as its temperature
decreases, so does its volume
 Explanation:
▪ Raising the temperature of a gas
causes the gas to fill a greater volume
as long as pressure remains constant
▪ Gases expand at a constant rate as
temperature increases, and the rate
of expansion is similar for all gases

 As a gas is heated, it expands

o This causes the density of the gas to
decrease

 Because the hot air in the balloon is less  Volume of a gas varies directly with the
dense than the surrounding air, it rises absolute temperature at constant
pressure

JACQUES-ALEXANDRE CHARLES  If the temperature of a given amount of gas

is doubled, for example, its volume will also
 Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor
double (as long as pressure remains
 Discovered that the volume of a gas at
unchanged)
constant pressure changes with temperature

CHARLES’ LAW 2𝑉 = 2𝑘𝑇

 The law says that at constant pressure, the

 Charles’ Law can be modified to a convenient
volume of a fixed number of particles of gas
form by solving for k
is directly proportional to the absolute
 𝑘 = 𝑉/𝑇
 In a sample with volume V1 & temperature
T1, changing either volume or temperature
converts these variables to V2 and T2
𝑉1 / 𝑇1 = 𝑘 = 𝑉2 / 𝑇2
Therefore:
𝑉1 𝑇2 = 𝑉2 𝑇1
CHARLES’ LAW AT WORK
 As the temperature increases, the volume
increases. Conversely, when the
temperature decreases, volume decreases
DEMONSTRATION OF CHARLES’ LAW
 In this experiment, balloons keep a small
amount of gas (air) at an approximately
constant pressure
 As the balloons are dipped into a beaker of
liquid nitrogen (-196°C; -320°F), the air
inside them quickly cools. The volume of the
air inside the balloons decreases as the
temperature of the balloons decreases
RELATIONSHIP OF BOYLE’S LAW AND
CHARLES LAW
 Boyle’s Law
o If a gas is held at a constant
temperature, the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure
o Compressing a gas to half of its initial
volume doubles its pressure
 Charles’s Law
o If a gas is held at a constant pressure,
the volume is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature
o Heating a gas to double its original
temperature doubles its volume
DERIVED FORMULAS (CHARLES’ LAW)
𝑉1 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇1
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 =
𝑉2 𝑉1
𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇2
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 =
𝑇2 𝑇1
PROBLEM SOLVING – CHARLES’ LAW
$ A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21 °C.
If the temperature drops to 0 °C, what is the
new volume of the balloon (P constant)?
Given:
 ▪ V1 = 785 mL • Warm the water gently while stirring
▪ T1 = 21 °C + 273 = 294 K and the air inside the ball will expand
▪ T2 = 0 °C + 273 = 273 K as it heats up
• The expanding air will push out the
Unknown: V2 = ?
dent and restore the ball’s roundness
𝑉1 𝑇2
Formula: 𝑽𝟐 =

Solution: V2 =
𝑇1

785 𝑚𝐿 (273 𝐾)
294 𝐾
3
Answer: V2 = 729 mL GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW

$ A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420
mL at a temperature of 18 °C. At what
temperature (in °C) will the volume of the
oxygen be 640 mL (P and n constant)?
Given:
▪ V1 = 420 mL
▪ V2 = 640 mL
▪ T1 = 18 °C + 273 = 291 K
 One of the assumptions in the Kinetic
Molecular Theory is the effect of the
temperature on the motion of gas particles
 This was proven by French Chemist and
Physicist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802
 He summarizes his findings from the
experiment he conducted and with this, he
came up with the Gay-Lussac’s Law

Unknown: T2 = ?  This law states that the pressure of a fixed

𝑉2 𝑇1 amount of gas is directly proportional to the
Formula: 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑉1
absolute temperature (Kelvin).
640 𝑚𝐿 (291 𝐾)
Solution: T2 = 420 𝑚𝐿
 It can be expressed as:
443 K – 273 = 170 °C
Answer: T2 = 170 °C

 The equation for this law is:

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
✓ Hot Air Balloon
• The hot air that gives the hot-air
balloon its name is commonly created
by a propane gas burner that sends GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF GAY-
powerful jets of flame into the LUSSAC’S LAW
colorful rip-stop nylon envelope
• Once the balloon is aloft, its height is
maintained by opening and closing
the blast valve, which controls the
flow of the gas to the burner

✓ Dented Ping Pong Ball

• Restore its roundness by popping it in
a pan of water
DERIVED FORMULAS (GAY-LUSSAC’S COMBINED GAS LAW
LAW)
 The three gas laws discussed can be
𝑃1 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇1 combined and may be expressed into one
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 =
𝑃2 𝑃1 equation
 It can be expressed as:
𝑃2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇2
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 =
𝑇2 𝑇1

PROBLEM SOLVING – GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW

$ A sample of gas exerted a pressure of 745

mmHg at 30.0 °C. What would be the
temperature required to change the pressure
to standard conditions?

Given:
▪ P1 = 745 mmHg
▪ T1 = 30.0 °C + 273 = 303 K
▪ P2 = 760 mmHg

Unknown: T2 = ?
𝑃2 𝑇1 DERIVED FORMULAS (COMBINED GAS
Formula: 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑃1 LAW)
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 (303 𝐾)
Solution: T2 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1
745 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 =
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
Answer: T2 = 310 K
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 =
𝑉1 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑇1

✓ Firing a Bullet 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2
o When gunpowder burns, it creates 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 =
𝑃1 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇1
a significant amount of
superheated gas PROBLEM SOLVING – COMBINED GAS
o The high pressure of the hot gas LAW
behind the bullet forces it out of
$ A given mass of a gas has a volume of 893
the barrel of the gun
mL at -33 °C and 480 torr. Calculate the
volume of the gas at 30 °C and 210 torr of
✓ Heating a closed aerosol can pressure and the amount of gas is constant
o The increased pressure may cause
the container to explode. You Given:
don't toss an "empty" can of ▪ P1 = 480 torr
hairspray into afire ▪ T1 = -33 °C + 273 = 240 K
▪ V1 = 893 mL
✓ Pressure Cooker ▪ T2 = 30 °C + 273 = 303 K
▪ P2 = 210 torr

2 Unknown: V2 = ?
 Formula: 𝑽𝟐 =
𝑃 1 𝑉1 𝑇2
 It can be expressed as:
𝑃 2 𝑇1

480 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 (893 𝑚𝐿) (303 𝐾)

Solution: V2 = 210 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 (240 𝐾)

Answer: V2 = 2600 mL

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS  The volume of a container holding a gas will

increase with increasing numbers of gas
✓ Thermodynamics particles because there are more particles
✓ Fluid Mechanics impacting the wall of the container
✓ Can be used to calculate pressure, volume,
or temperature for the gas in clouds to AVOGADRO’S PRINCIPLE
forecast weather

AVOGADRO’S LAW
3

 If we assume that equal volumes of all gases

 Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro,
Count of Quaregna and Cerreto
o Proposed that equal volumes of all
gases contain the same number of
molecules
o Explained why the volume of gases in
reactions are in ratios of small
integers, as in the combustion of
Hydrogen
▪ 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (g)
(2 vol) (1 vol) (2 vol)
contain the same number of molecules, then
by measuring the mass of the same volume
of different gases, we can determine the
relative weights of each element
 It follows then that a sample of any element,
weighing an amount in grams numerically
equal to its atomic weight, contains the same
number of atoms as any other element
meeting the same requirement

 “Equal volumes of gases at the same

temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules regardless of their
chemical nature and physical properties”
 If the amount of gas in a container is
increased, the volume increases
 If the amount of gas in a container is
decreased, the volume decreases
VOLUME OF GAS AT STP
 According to Avogadro’s law, 1 mole of any
gas will occupy the same volume as one mole
of any other gas at the same temperature
and pressure
 At 1 atm and 273 K, the volume of 1 mol of
gas is 22.4 L → molar volume
MOLAR VOLUME AS A CONVERSION grams of helium were added to the cylinder
FACTOR if the volume was changed from 2.00 L to
2.70 L? (the temperature was held constant)
22.4 𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 22.4 𝐿 Given:
▪ V1 = 2.00 L
USING MOLAR VOLUME
▪ V2 = 2.70 L
 The molar volume is used to convert moles ▪ n1 = 2.0 g He →
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒
to liters 2.0 𝑔 𝐻𝑒 = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒
4.00 𝑔 𝐻𝑒

Unknown: n2 = ?
𝑉2 𝑛1
Formula: 𝒏𝟐 = 𝑉1

2.70 𝐿(0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒)

Solution: n2 =
2.0 𝐿
FORMULA DERIVATIONS (AVOGADRO’S
4.00 𝑔 𝐻𝑒
LAW) n2 = 0.7 x
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑒
𝑉1 𝑛2 𝑉2 𝑛1 Answer: n2 = 3 g He
𝒏𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 =
𝑉2 𝑉1

𝑉2 𝑛1 𝑉1 𝑛2
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = EXERCISES – STP & MOLAR VOLUME
𝑛2 𝑛1
1. What would be the volume, in liters, of a
PROBLEM SOLVING 34.56 g CO2 sample at STP conditions?
$ A 0.685-mole sample of N2O gas at 1.50 atm
and 45 °C occupies a volume of 85.0 mL.
what volume, in liters, would a 0.655-mole
sample of N2O gas occupy at the same
temperature and pressure?

Given:
▪ V1 = 85.0 mL
2. What is the volume of 56.0 N2 at STP?
▪ n1 = 0.685 mol N2O
▪ n2 = 0.655 mol N2O

Unknown: V2 = ?
𝑉1 𝑛2
Formula: 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑛1
85.0 𝑚𝐿 (0.655 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 𝑂 )

Solution: V2 =
(0.685 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 𝑂
1000 3. Find the volume of a 75.0 g SO2 gas at STP.
Answer: V2 = 0.0813 L

$ A cylinder with a movable piston contains

2.00 g of Helium, He, at room temperature.
More helium was added to the cylinder and
the volume was adjusted so that the gas
pressure remained the same. How many